lecture1專業(yè)英語的特點.ppt

Lecture 1 Features of Specialized English,專業(yè)英語的特點,1.1 什么是專業(yè)英語,是結(jié)合各自專業(yè)的科技英語 有很強的專業(yè)性，涉及的面更加狹窄，與專業(yè)內(nèi)容配合更為密切。,隸屬于科技英語 是科技英語的一部分，以表達科技概念、理論與事實為主要目的。遵守科技英語的語法體系和翻譯方法;特別注重客觀事實和真理，表達準(zhǔn)確、精練和正式。,專業(yè)英語的學(xué)習(xí)需要有一個良好的科技英語基礎(chǔ)，同時要注意其自身的詞匯特點、語法特點、修辭特點和翻譯特點等等。,1.2 學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)英語的重要性,(1) 科研信息獲取,(2) 研究成果展示,(3) 國際交流合作,當(dāng)前大部分資料都可以通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)傳播，而這些資料中90以上都是英語。,世界上科技情報資料的交流主要靠使用英語,對于材料科學(xué)與工程等專業(yè)來說，絕大部分專業(yè)資料和信息都是以英語形式出觀。,專業(yè)英語閱讀能力,申報國家獎項 申請專利 發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文：,85以上的科技資料都是以英語形式出版的,專業(yè)英語寫作能力,專業(yè)英語表達、聽說、應(yīng)變能力,1.3 Grammar Features,客觀性（objective）準(zhǔn)確性（accuracy）精練性(conciseness),(1) 廣泛使用被動語態(tài),(2) 廣泛使用非謂語形式,(3) 省略句使用頻繁,(4) It句型和祈使句使用頻繁,(5) 復(fù)雜長句使用頻繁,(6) 后置形容詞短語作定語多,語法特點,(1) 廣泛使用被動語態(tài),1.3 Grammar Features,主體多為客觀的事物、現(xiàn)象和過程，在敘述推理過程中切忌加進作者個人的主觀臆斷；,中心是客觀現(xiàn)象及事物本身，而非動作的發(fā)出者，把論證說明的對象置于句子主語的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引讀者的注意。,(客觀性),1) Work hardening can be removed by annealing treatment.,加工硬化可以通過退火處理去除。,2)Nanocrystalline materials are prepared by means of various techniques.,納米晶材料可以由很多方法制備。,1.3 Grammar Features,3) If the load were removed the material will return to its initial condition.,如果去掉載荷，材料將回到其初始狀態(tài)。,4) The start of dislocation is determined by relative orientations of external force axis with respect to slip plane and slip direction.,位錯的啟動取決于外加應(yīng)力軸與滑移面和滑移方向的相對取向。,5) Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.,用于高科技領(lǐng)域的材料有時被稱為先進材料。,1.3 Grammar Features,(2)廣泛使用非謂語形式,非謂語動詞在句子中可以起到名詞，形容詞或副詞作用，動詞的非謂語形式分為動名詞,分詞,動詞不定式。, 動名詞,用動名詞短語取代時間從句或簡化時間陳述句,The beaker should be cleaned before it is used.,2) The metal becomes hot. It is placed in the furnace.,Once being placed in the furnace, the metal becomes hot.,金屬放置在爐中會變熱。,The beaker should be cleaned before being used.,燒杯在使用前應(yīng)先清潔。,(精煉),1.3 Grammar Features,3) We must do various experiments before a new alloy is designed.,Before designing a new alloy we must do various experiments.,在設(shè)計一個新的合金之前，我們必須做各種實驗,用動名詞短語做主語,4) Changing the percentage of each component is a method for designing a new alloy.,改變每種成分的百分比是設(shè)計新合金的一種方法,1.3 Grammar Features, 分詞,過去分詞短語替代從句中的被動語態(tài) 現(xiàn)在分詞短語替代從句中的主動語態(tài),The cross section of a jet engine, which is shown in Fig.1, illustrates the use of metallic materials for a number of critical applications.,The cross section of a jet engine shown in Fig.1 illustrates the use of metallic materials for a number of critical applications.,圖1所示噴氣發(fā)動機橫截面舉例說明了金屬材料在大量嚴(yán)苛條件下的應(yīng)用。,1.3 Grammar Features,2) The term “structure”, as it was pointed out above, means the arrangement of a materials atoms.,The term “structure”, as pointed out above, means the arrangement of a materials atoms.,正如上面所指出的那樣，“結(jié)構(gòu)”這個術(shù)語指材料的原子排布。,3) A micrograph of a stainless steel sample, which is showing grains and grain boundaries, is shown in fig. 1.,A micrograph of a stainless steel sample showing grains and grain boundaries is shown in fig. 1.,展示晶粒與晶界的不銹鋼樣品微觀形貌圖如圖1所示。,1.3 Grammar Features, 不定式,用不定式短語來替代表示目的和功能的從句或語句,(1) The strength of the structural material is higher and higher so that the increasing demand of modern industry is satisfied.,The strength of the structural material is higher and higher to satisfy the increasing demand of modern industry.,結(jié)構(gòu)材料的強度越來越高，目的就是滿足不斷增長的現(xiàn)代工業(yè)需求。,(2) What does a furnace do? It heat-up a material.,The function of a furnace is to heat-up a material.,爐子的作用就是加熱材料。,1.3 Grammar Features,(3) 省略句使用頻繁,省略成分：狀語從句中的主語、全部或部分謂語；定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞which和that、從句中的助詞等；還常用介詞短語替代從句。,1) If it is possible, the system should work under ultra-high pressure.,If possible, the system should work under ultra-high pressure.,2) As illustrated in Fig.1, there is a crack on the surface of the metal.,As in Fig.1, there is a crack on the surface of the metal.,就像圖1所示的那樣，金屬表面有一個裂紋。,可能的話，這個系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該在超高壓下工作。,(精煉),1.3 Grammar Features,As already discussed 前已討論 As explained before 前已解釋 As described above 如上所示 If possible (necessary)如果可能（必要）,常用的省略形式：,If so 倘若如此 As previously mentioned 前已提到 When needed (necessary, feasible)必要時 Where feasible 在實際可行的場合 Where possible 在可能的情況下,1.3 Grammar Features,(4) It句型和祈使句使用頻繁,It句型：it 充當(dāng)形式主語，避免句子“頭重腳輕”,It is very important (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) to,It takes very much time learning,It is clear (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) that,It happened that ,It must be admitted that,祈使句: 無主語，精煉。,Let A be equal to B.設(shè)A等于B。,Consider a high-pressure chamber. 假如有一個高壓室。,（準(zhǔn)確、精煉）,1.3 Grammar Features,(5) 復(fù)雜長句使用頻繁,It has been mentioned above that the electrons in a metal are able to move freely through the metal, that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.,前面已經(jīng)提到：金屬中電子能自由地通過金屬，電子的移動在金屬中形成了電流，電子在熱傳導(dǎo)中起著重要的作用。,（準(zhǔn)確、精煉）,為了完整、準(zhǔn)確地表達事物內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，使用大量從句,1.3 Grammar Features,(6) 后置形容詞短語作定語多,代替定語從句作后置定語，使句子簡潔、緊湊，不至于累贅。,1) Samples treated by SMAT have surface characteristics, which are analogous to those of samples treated by shot peening.,Samples treated by SMAT have surface characteristics analogous to those of samples treated by shot peening.,2) The instruments present include some precise ones which are relative to micro-analysis.,The instruments present include some precise ones relative to micro-analysis.,經(jīng)表面機械研磨處理的樣品具有表面特性，與經(jīng)噴丸處理的樣品表面特性相似。,現(xiàn)有的儀器中有一些與顯微分析有關(guān)的精密儀器,（精煉）,1.4 Rhetoric Features,注重科學(xué)技術(shù)方面的觀察、試驗和客觀規(guī)律、事物特征,涉及的內(nèi)容(如概念、原理、定理或定律、規(guī)則、方法等)大多沒有特定的時間關(guān)系和時效性,(1) 廣泛使用一般現(xiàn)在時,(2)較多地使用圖、表和公式,常使用數(shù)據(jù)、圖、表和公式等非語言因素來表明科技概念、原理、定理或定律、規(guī)則、方法等。,(3) 邏輯語法使用多,修辭特點,進行條件論述、理論分析和公式推導(dǎo)時，多使用邏輯語法，即表示條件、原因、語氣轉(zhuǎn)折、限制、假設(shè)和邏輯順序等詞匯,although, because, but, if, once, only, suppose, as a result, because of, due to, so, therefore, thus, without等。,1.5 Vocabulary Features,(1) 詞匯分類,專業(yè)或技術(shù)詞匯,次技術(shù)詞匯,austenite（奧氏體) martensite (馬氏體）augite（輝石） diffraction (衍射） superconductivity （超導(dǎo)特性）,很多專業(yè)和學(xué)科所共有的詞匯,不同專業(yè)和學(xué)科往往具有不同詞義,某個專業(yè)所特有的詞匯，其專業(yè)性強，詞義狹窄和單一。,dislocation :,散開，解散,脫臼，脫位,斷層，斷錯,phase:,周相，階段，時期,物相,twins：,雙胞胎,孿晶,aging:,年老的，衰老的,時效,：專業(yè)或技術(shù)詞匯，次技術(shù)詞匯，非技術(shù)詞匯,詞匯特點,位錯,1.5 Vocabulary Features,非技術(shù)詞匯,在普通英語或非專業(yè)英語中使用較少，但實際卻屬于非專業(yè)英語的詞匯,take in - absorb,Look into - examine,find out - discover,turn round - rotate,make good use of - utilize,change - convert,1.5 Vocabulary Features,(2) 詞匯構(gòu)成,1) 合成法,由相互獨立的兩個或更多的詞合成得到新詞,名詞+名詞（n.+n.）n. :,grain boundary, grain size, point defect,名詞+形容詞(n+adj.) adj.：,ice-cold, network-wide,名詞+副詞(n+adv.)n.，adj.:,feedback,形容詞名詞（adj+n）n.，adj.：,high-speed, newtype,形容詞+名詞+ed (adj.+n.+ed)adj.:,forward-directed，small-sized,介詞+名詞(prep.+n.)adj., n.：,overhead, on-line,1.5 Vocabulary Features,2)派生法,通過對詞根加上各種前綴或后綴來構(gòu)成新詞,專業(yè)英語詞匯大部分都是用派生法構(gòu)成的， semi-構(gòu)成的詞有230個以上: semiconductor thermo-130 個以上：thermo-chemical micro- 300個以上: microstructure auto- 260個以上: automobile,前綴（prefix）：詞義變化，詞類不變 后綴（suffix）：詞義可能變化可能不變，詞類一定會變,常用的前綴和后綴卻多達百個，可見派生法的構(gòu)詞能力是非常強的。作為一個專業(yè)技術(shù)人員，至少應(yīng)掌握50個常用前綴和后綴。,名詞前綴,名詞后綴,形容詞后綴,副詞后綴,動詞后綴,詞根,3) 詞匯縮略,1.5 Vocabulary Features,只由詞匯中的部分字母或由詞組中每個詞匯的首字母。,節(jié)略詞，縮略詞，首字詞和縮寫詞,節(jié)略詞：只取詞匯前面幾個字母或只由后面詞根組成,ad,del,exam,deg,lab,di(a),dir,dep,advertisement;,delete,examination,degree,laboratory,diameter,directory,department,1.5 Vocabulary Features,縮略詞：由詞組中某些詞的詞頭字母（有時多于一個）所組成，作為一個詞按照正常的規(guī)則發(fā)音,SMAT,surface mechanical attrition treatment 表面機械研磨處理,首字詞：與縮略詞類似，區(qū)別在于每個實詞只取第一個字母，且必須逐字母念出,TEM SEM XRD EBSD,Transmission Electron Microscope 透射電子顯微鏡,Scanning Electron Microscope 掃描電子顯微鏡,X-ray Diffraction X射線衍射,Electron Backscattered Diffraction 背散射電子衍射,縮寫詞：并不一定由某個詞組的首字母組成。有些縮寫詞僅由一個單詞變化而來，且大多數(shù)縮寫詞每個字母后都附有一個句點。,1.5 Vocabulary Features,appx.appendix 附錄 fig.figure 圖 sq.square 平方 tab. table 表,混合法:由兩個詞匯的第一個詞匯的前面幾個字母和第二個詞匯的后面幾個字母結(jié)合在一起構(gòu)成。,positron negatron,positive electron正電子, negative electron負電子,1.5 Vocabulary Features,字母外形法 :對一些形狀與字母外形相似的物體，可以利用連字符把字母和名詞連接在一起組成新詞匯。,X-ray X 射線 Y-direction Y軸方向,人名法:對一些科學(xué)家、發(fā)明家所發(fā)現(xiàn)或發(fā)明的理論、方法、定理或定律、東西和物品等，用他們的名字組成新詞。,Mole摩爾,Volt伏特,Watt瓦特,Ampere安培,Hertz赫茲,Kelvin開爾文,Coulomb-庫侖,2.4 Symbol and Formula,(1) 國際單位制中的前綴,(2)小數(shù)，分?jǐn)?shù)，百分?jǐn)?shù),1.6 Symbol and Formula,0.1: zero point one, point one, o point one, one tenth, decimal one 0.01: point zero one, 10.35: ten point three five,1/2: a (one) half 1/3: a third 1/4: one quarter 1/8: a eighth 2/3: two-thirds, two over three, two divided by three 3/4: three-fourths, three quarters 3%: three percent 0.2% : point two percent 5: five per mille,(3)冪（power）根（root）,x to the second power,1.6 Symbol and Formula,: x square,x squared ,the square of x,the second power of x,y to the third power,:y cube,y cubed,the cube of y,the third power of y,:the nth power of a , a to the n power,: the square root o f three,: the cube (third ) root of a,:the nth root of a,1.6 Symbol and Formula,(4)幾何形狀 三角形 triangle 四邊形 tetragon 長方形 rectangle 五邊形 pentagon 六邊形 hexagon 圓形 circle 梯形 trapezoid 菱形 rhombus 平行四邊形 parallelogram 卵形 oval 橢圓形 ellipse 錐形 pyramid 圓錐形 cone 圓柱體 cylinder 球形 sphere,2.4 Symbol and Formula,(5) 數(shù)學(xué)運算符號,1.7 Useful Expression,(1) To indicate the relationship 相關(guān)性 relative to 相對于 be related to in relation to in relation about related be in connection with something relevant與相應(yīng)的某物有關(guān)聯(lián) the relevance of 與有關(guān) with a similar pattern to 與相同 be in accord with the results,1.7 Useful Expression,(1) To indicate the relationship 與相反 on the contrary in contrary but quite on the contrary in sharp contrast contrary to what would be expected contrary to the expectation that contrary to previous beliefs/observations contrary to the hypothesis/predictions contrary to current popular truisms (眾所周知） contrary to current cognitive theories (認知的理論）,1.7 Useful Expression,(2) To indicate cause and effect accordingly as a result consequently for this reason hence in short otherwise(否則，另外） then therefore thus,1.7 Useful Expression,(3) To Indicate Addition additionally again as can be easily understood also and then besides equally important especially for the same reason finally first further furthermore in addition last likewise moreover next second third too evidently obviously roughly speaking broadly speaking,1.7 Useful Expression,(4) To indicate concession (退讓） after all although this may be true at the same time even though even so naturally of course,1.7 Useful Expression,(5) To indicate Comparison in a like manner likewise s