關(guān)于輪式裝載機(jī)的典型的外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文翻譯

1 附錄一 外文資料原文 Wheel Loader Prototypes In the 1920s, small agricultural tractors were outfitted with a loader bucket for re-handling of light materials. This contraption served as the earliest prototype for the modern wheel loader. The earliest versions of the wheel loader were nothing more than a pivoting bucket and lift arms mounted on a farm-type tractor. A bucket was mounted on a tractor using wire ropes through a clutch-operated winch, and then dumped by gravity through a trip release mechanism. By the 1930s, a number of manufacturers were developing small wheel loaders by fastening buckets onto tractors. E.Boydell & Co., in Manchester England, was one of the first recorded makers of a bucket-mounted tractor with their Muir-Hill loader, a 0.5-cubic yard (0.4 m3) cable-controlled bucket mounted on a 28 horsepower Fordson Tractor. Rigid Frame Wheel Loaders In 1939, an engineer from Chicago by the name of Frank G. Hough developed the first self contained, two-wheel drive, rubber tired, loader called the Hough Model HS. The machine had a bucket capacity of 1/3 cubic yard (0.25 m3). The bucket was dumped by gravity through a latch mechanism. Other manufacturers began to produce integrated four-wheel drive wheel loaders. Many of the first wheel loaders had rigid frames. Though these machines were integrated, their rigid frames limited maneuverability resulting in the machines to turn in large circles rendering them useless to operate in tight places.The first three wheel loaders developed by Caterpillar, for example, had rigid frames. Other manufacturers like Euclid/ Terex entered the wheel loader market in 1957, rather late, with a small rigid frame wheel loader unit known as the L-7. Furukawa FL35I 4x4 Articulated Wheel Loader Perhaps one of the most significant milestones in the evolution of the wheel loader was the introduction of the articulated frame. Mixermobile Manufacturers in Portland, Oregon first pioneered this technology in 1953 with the Scoopmobile Model LD-5, In 1944, Hough went on to manufacture a loader with the first 2 hydraulically actuated bucket tilt. This gave the machine the ability to control dumping and the operator could approach a bank in low gear and scoop a full bucket by tilting the bucket back during loading. In 1947, Hough would advance wheel loader development once again when the company developed the worlds first four-wheel drive hydraulic wheel loader the HM Model. The model is still considered the forerunner for the modern wheel loader. Mixermobile Manufacturing can be credited with introducing the first wheel loaders with hydraulic motors when it developed the Model H wheel loader in 1952 and the Model HP wheel loader in 1957. These loaders had a single centrally mounted bucket arm. The Tractomotive Corp., founded by Van Dobeus, was another company to introduce the hydraulic wheel loader to the U.S. market. This involved fastening a hydraulic wheel mechanism with hydraulic power to the bucket crowd. This development transformed the wheel loader virtually from a re-handling machine to a digging machine. Front Pivot Arm As wheel loaders increased in size through the 1950s, concern for safety arose, particularly in the positioning of the loader arm pivot. Positioned behind the operator, the loader arms, as they moved up and down, were in close proximity to the operator. This posed problems. First, the moving arms presented an accident just waiting to happen. Second, the moving parts limited the operators side visibility, particularly when in a raised position. In the late 1950s, a number of American wheel loader manufacturers were working in collaboration with the National Safety Council to reposition the arm pivot to be in front of the operator rather than behind. Hough was one of the first manufacturers to come up with a new, safer design with the production of their Model HO wheel loader.Other manufacturers quickly followed suit in adopting the front mounted pivot including Caterpillar in 1958, Case in 1959, Allis-Chalmers in 1961 and Michigan in 1962. Large-sized Wheel Loaders 3 As the 1960s arrived, the trend in wheel loader production focused on larger machines with greater payload capacity. After Caterpillar launched their six-cubic yard (4.6-m3) Model 998 in 1963, a number of industry surveys revealed a need for loaders to be much larger than the standard size of five to six cubic yards (3.8 to 4.6 m3). The market was demanding more rugged mobility from loading tools and larger wheel loaders were deemed the solution. Manufacturers began to flood the market with larger sized wheel loaders. Hough Division of International Harvester built the H-400, a wheel loader with a 10-cubic yard (7.6-m3) bucket. Other manufacturers responded by producing loaders with 10-cubic yard (7.6-m3) buckets including Caterpillars 992, the Scoopmobile 1200 and Michigans 475. Over the years, the industry has continued to push the boundaries in terms of payload capacity. In the 1970s, a number of wheel loaders were showcased at 1975 CONEXPO with increased payload capacity not otherwise seen before in the industry including Houghs 21-cubic yard (16-m3) 580 Payloader and Clark-Michigans massive 675 wheel loader with a 24-cubic yard (18.3-m3) capacity.15 In 1986, the record in payload capacity was broken when Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd., developed the largest wheel loader with a 25-cubic yard (19-m3) capacity for Japans Surface Mining Equipment for Coal Technology Research Association. Eventually, other manufacturers including Caterpillar, Komatsu, and LeTourneau would delve into making loaders with capacities of 20 cubic yards (15.3 m3). LeTourneaus Legacy 1988 Komatsu WA600-1L Wheel LoaderLeTourneau is a manufacturer that has a reputation of building record-breaking heavy equipment. The company developed and still manufacturers the largest wheel loader in the world, the L-2350.This loader is primarily used in surface mining and boasts a 2300 horsepower machine and an 80-ton, 53-cubic yard (40.5-m3) capacity rock bucket and a breakout force of 266,000 pounds. The height, to the top of the cab and bucket fully raised, is a staggering 43 feet and nine inches (13.23 m). The machine was designed to load 300- to 400-ton plus mining trucks in four to five passes. 4 Le Tourneaus wheel loaders feature diesel-electric drive with DC electric motors in each wheel, a concept developed by LeTourneau himself. In the 1960s, the company started producing very large electric loaders with power to the hoist and bucket tilt transmitted through a rack-and-pinion drive. At first, these huge rack-and-pinion motors were not very commercially successful because the advantage of articulated steering was diminished due to the loaders industrial strength. As a result, few were actually built. One such model was the SL-40 model nicknamed the Monster and measuring 52 feet (16 m) long. The present day line of LeTourneau wheel loaders is derived from the L-700 series electrical drive model first produced in 1968. The L-700 was the forerunner to a series of successful loaders produced in large amounts to this day. The machines have departed from the rack-and-pinion motors but retain the electric drive wheels. Though the rack-and-pinion motor wheel loaders where not big sellers, they did prove to work hard and had a life cycle of more than 20 years. New Developments Today, electrical loaders exist on the market and function with much the same capacity and versatility as diesel engine or gasoline engine wheel loaders. Wheel loaders also come with a range of attachments such as grapples, forks, and buckets in varying sizes that expand their tasking to include light demolition and tunneling.21 Some wheel loaders come equipped with ride control, which allows for greater operating speeds on bumpy surfaces. New breakthroughs in adopting hybrid technology to reduce fuel transmissions are underway. In March 2008, Volvo unveiled at CONEXPO, a pre-production prototype of its L220F Hybrid wheel loader. The loader will offer a 10 percent reduction in fuel consumption. The technology has been developed within the Volvo Group and remains confidential and subject to patents. Slated for production in late 2009, the L220F will be the industrys first commercially available hybrid wheel loader. Volvo also has come up with a design concept for a wheel loader called the Gryphin. It is the companys futuristic vision of what a wheel loader may look like well 5 into the year 2020. The Gryphin has a hybrid diesel and electric power motor. Replacing the standard transmissions, drivelines, and axles, the Gryphin will feature electrical motors inside each wheel which will make it run quieter than current models. The cab of the Gryphin is also unique and entirely composed of glass that will provide the operator with a greater range of visibility on all sides. How it Works A wheel loader today is comprised of a pivoted frame, usually articulated, with the engine mounted over the rear wheels, and a cab or canopy resting over the front or rear end frame. The pivot arrangement of the machine is key in giving the wheel loader the capability to maneuver and work in small turning circles. 1974 W14 Wheel LoaderWheel loaders are segmented in the market according to their horsepower. Compact wheel loaders are loaders with 80 horsepower or less, and then the classification is broken down accordingly from 80 to 150 horsepower, 150 to 200 horsepower and 200 to 250 horsepower. Power is supplied from a diesel engine through a torque converter and power shift gears to drive the wheels. Most wheel loaders are now four-wheel drive requiring that all wheels be of the same size but the machines can be operated in two-wheel drive too. Rear wheel drive enhances the machines digging capability while front wheel drive enables better traction when carrying a full bucket. Specifications In the equipment industry a set of specification criteria are used to measure a wheel loaders performance capacity and usefulness for handling certain construction applications. These include bucket features including the size of the bucket and cutting edges or teeth, tires and their ability to provide traction, tipping load and counterweight, speed, and breakout force. Breakout force is the most-quoted specification for wheel loaders and provides an indication of a wheel loaders digging ability. History General Services and Workshop Facilities 6 Gough Gough & Hamer has operated Engineering and Manufacturing divisions since the mid 1950s. Since the 1960s and up to 1989, engineering work was carried out primarily by the Gough Gough & Hamer Manufacturing Division, which specialised in the assembly of Hyster and Caterpillar machines. In the 1980s the role was expanded to include in house steel fabrication of frames for Hyster and Caterpillar machines. This included all aspects of production, from cutting plate to machining. This work was made possible by innovative weld fixtures designed by Andrew Gallington, who later established systems and planning for the computerised manufacturing management system. Machines assembled during this period include Hyster Electric Lift Trucks, H40XL up to H275H machines. Caterpillar machines built under the Fieldchief name ranged from 910 to 966 Wheel Loaders, 518 Log Skidders and 120G/130G Graders. In 1988 Bill Cannell was employed by Gough Gough & Hamers Christchurch branch to manage the production of Transmix Concrete Mixers. Gough Gough and Hamer now accounts for 70% of the New Zealand market in Transit Concrete Mixer. At about this time, Hyster and Caterpillar machines were able to be imported into New Zealand fully built up. This lead to the close of Gough Gough & Hamers Manufacturing Division and the engineering resources where then passed over to Gough Gough & Hamers Christchurch branch. The Manufacturing Divisions key staff were transferred to Christchurch branch, and a number of new staff were employed with specialised knowledge of the Transmix Range. the new staff included Charlie Greatbatch, Gough Engineerings Works Manager, and Neil Seales, the Machine Shop Forman. In 1990 Gough Gough & Hamer added Fieldchief Logging Forks designed by Andrew Gallington to its range of products, as well as a number of other custom designed products. In 1994 Gough Engineering was established as a business unit of Gough, Gough & Hamer to specialise in the design and manufacture of existing Gough Gough & Hamer products such as Fieldchief Buckets and Log Forks, Transmix Concrete mixers and Concrete Batch Plants. As well as its own designed products, Gough Engineering also established itself as a project steel fabricator building 7 conveyers, bins and screw conveyors. In 1995 Gough Engineering included a 3D CAD program to its resources and Solid Modelling in 1998. The introduction of CAD improved Gough Engineerings product design flexibility and resulted in an ever increasing range of products, such as Automatic Batching Plants, Cement Silos, wheel loader and excavator buckets as well as custom design and build projects. In 1996 Gough Engineering established a site in Auckland, which quickly expanded and required a new workshop to be built in 2000. In 1999 Gough Engineering installed the largest CNC Profile cutter in the South Island to cut its ever increasing product range. Fieldchief Products Gough Gough and Hamer has built a wide range of products under the Fieldchief brand name for the earthmoving, processing and construction industries for over fifty years. From the early 1970s to 1989 Gough Gough & Hamers Manufacturing Division assembled Caterpillar machines and manufactured a number of components due to import regulations on wheeled machines. During this period Fieldchief became synonymous Caterpillar performance and quality. In the early 1980s Manufacturing Division began in-house steel fabrication of Wheel Loader, Log Skidder and Grader frames. As import regulations were dropped the Fieldchief name was applied to Buckets, Log Forks and attachments currently manufactured by Gough Engineering. The oldest Fieldchief product that we know of is a Fieldchief Swamp Plough serial number GH5000/5 which is located at Brayshaw Historical Park near Blenheim. We still have a copy of the blue prints should you need one. The plough was manufactured in the 1950s and is in excellent condition and no doubt will remain that way. Brayshaw Historical Park is well worth a visit for machinery enthusiasts as the collection includes engines of all types most of which are in working order. Rippers and Blades were first produced in 1966 followed in 1972 with the assembly of 950A and 966C wheel loaders. In 1981 930 and 920 wheel loaders were added. 8 During this period a number of different wheel loader buckets were produced. Other parts that were made locally include hydraulic rams, pins and bushes and a wide range of castings. Up until the 1980s most of the steel fabrication was supplied by local steel fabricators, the assembly of machines being the main activity. As new models were released the Manufacturing Division established its own steel fabrication workshop. The 950B was the first of the new design Caterpillar machines to be made in 1984； major fabrications built included the bucket, lift arm, loader frame, ROPS Cab and engine frame. Other wheel loaders produced included 966D,E, 950E, 936,926,916. In 1981 130G Graders were added to the product range followed by 120Gs. 518 and 528 were also produced. In 1989 Gough Gough & Hamers Manufacturing Division closed which could have seen the end of the Fieldchief name if not for Goughs Christchurch Branch offering to employ staff from Manufacturing Division until 1994 when Gough Engineering was established. During this time Caterpillar buckets were manufactured under a revised licence agreement with Caterpillar which ended in 1996. Gough Engineering began building to its own drawings and currently offers over 130 different wheel loader and excavator buckets, Forestry Body kits and a wide range of custom products. By drawings the buckets ourselves we gained insight often taken for granted that allowed custom designed products to be produced economically. In 1990 the first Fieldchief Log Fork was design after consulting with a wide range of logging contractors a process that continues today to continually improve the product. In 1995 3D CAD drawings system was introduced followed by solid modelling and in-house CNC profile cutting in 1999. Backed by its history and manufacturing systems Gough Engineering is able to supply standard and custom designed products for Caterpillar machines. Fieldchief product now covers a wide range of application and machines. 9 附錄二： 中文翻譯 輪式裝載機(jī)的典型 20 世紀(jì) 20 年代，小型農(nóng)用拖拉機(jī)都配備的輕質(zhì)材料 re-handling 裝載機(jī)鏟斗。這難以置信擔(dān)任現(xiàn)代輪式裝載機(jī)的最早的原型。輪式裝載機(jī)的最早版本是旋轉(zhuǎn)桶和電梯武器裝載上農(nóng)場型拖拉機(jī)。一桶裝上拖拉機(jī)離合器的絞盤，通過 使用金屬絲繩，然后甩重力了通過旅行釋放機(jī)制。 20 世紀(jì) 30 年代，多家廠家正在發(fā)展小型輪式裝載機(jī)的緊固水桶到拖拉機(jī)上?？萍脊驹谟鼜厮固兀把b的拖拉機(jī)的他們繆爾山加載程序的第一次錄制制造商之一， 28 馬力拖拉機(jī)裝入 0.5 立方碼 (0.4 m3) 電纜控制斗。 剛性框架輪式裝載機(jī) 1939 年，來自芝加哥的一位工程師弗蘭克 G.霍夫的名稱，開發(fā)第一個自包含、 兩輪驅(qū)動、 橡膠累了、 裝載機(jī)稱為 Hough 模型 HS。這臺機(jī)器了斗容量的 1/3 立方碼 (0.25 m3)。桶重力通過閂鎖機(jī)制被甩了。 其他制造商開始生產(chǎn)綜合四輪驅(qū)動輪式裝載機(jī)。許多第一次的輪式裝載機(jī)的有剛架。雖然這些機(jī)器被集成在一起，他們剛架有限導(dǎo)致要轉(zhuǎn)大圓圈損在嚴(yán)密的地方經(jīng)營的機(jī)的操縱性能。由毛毛蟲，開發(fā)的第三個輪式裝載機(jī)，例如了剛架。其他制造商喜歡歐幾里得 / 特雷克斯輪式裝載機(jī)市場中輸入 1957 年較晚，與小剛架輪式裝載機(jī)單元稱為 L-7。 古河 FL35I 4 x 4 鉸接式裝載機(jī) 也許在輪式裝載機(jī)的演變中的最重要里程碑之一是鉸接架的介紹。廠商在俄勒岡州波特蘭首創(chuàng)這一技術(shù)在 1953 年模型 LD-5，在 1944 年，霍夫接著液壓與第一個生產(chǎn)裝載機(jī)驅(qū)動斗傾斜。這給了機(jī)器控制傾倒的能力，操作員可以接近低齒輪的一家銀行和通過裝載期間回傾斜桶鏟充分的斗。 1947 年，霍夫?qū)⑼七M(jìn)輪式裝載機(jī)發(fā)展再一次當(dāng)公司開發(fā)了世界上第一個四輪驅(qū)動液壓輪式裝載機(jī) HM 模型。模型仍被視為現(xiàn)代輪式裝載機(jī)的先行者。 制造可以引進(jìn)與液壓馬達(dá)時它開發(fā)模型 H 輪式裝載機(jī)在 1952 年的第一個輪式裝載機(jī)和模型 HP 輪式裝載機(jī)在 1957 年貸記。這些裝載機(jī)了單一的集中裝入的斗臂。 公司，創(chuàng)辦的，是另一家公司向美國市場介紹液壓輪式裝載機(jī)。這涉及緊固液 壓輪機(jī)制與液壓動力向斗人群。這一發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)型挖坑機(jī)幾乎從機(jī)輪式裝載機(jī)。 前臂 由于輪式裝載機(jī)增加在上世紀(jì) 50 年代的大小，關(guān)切的安全的問題，特別是在裝載 10 機(jī)臂支點的定位。定位該運算符的背后，加載程序的武器，向上和向下，移動了接近的操作員。這所帶來的問題。第一，動胳膊提出了只等待發(fā)生意外。第二，移動部件有限的營辦商側(cè)的可見性，尤其是在增高的位置。在上世紀(jì) 50 年代末，美國輪式裝載機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠家的數(shù)目正在重新定位臂支點是操作員的前面，而不是后面的國家安全局與協(xié)作。霍夫是第一次來新的、 更安全的設(shè)計，與他們的模型何輪式裝載機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠商之一。其他制造商迅速跟進(jìn)在通過包括卡特彼勒于 1958 年，案件于 1959 年，阿利斯 查默斯在 1961 年和 1962 年密歇根的前已裝入數(shù)據(jù)透視。 大型輪式裝載機(jī) 到 60 年代，輪式裝載機(jī)生產(chǎn)趨勢集中在較大的機(jī)器上更大的有效載荷能力?？ㄌ乇死胀瞥銎淞⒎皆鹤雍?(4.6 m3) 模型 998 1963 年，多項行業(yè)調(diào)查透露裝載機(jī)要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸的五到六立方碼 （ 3.8 至 4.6 m3） 的需要。市場苛刻的從加載工具更堅固耐用的移動性和大型輪式裝 載機(jī)被當(dāng)作解決方案。制造商開始把防洪與大型大中型的輪式裝載機(jī)市場。國際聯(lián)合收割機(jī) Hough 司建 H 400，與 10 立方碼 (7.6 m3) 斗輪式裝載機(jī)。其他廠商的反應(yīng)包括卡特彼勒 992， 1200 和密歇根州的 475 10 立方碼 (7.6 m3) 斗生產(chǎn)裝載機(jī)。 多年來，該行業(yè)繼續(xù)的有效載荷能力的極限。上世紀(jì) 70 年代，輪式裝載機(jī)的一些展示了在 1975 年工程機(jī)械博覽會與增加有效載荷能力，否則不包括霍夫的 21 立方碼 (16-m3) 580 業(yè)內(nèi)見過和克拉克密歇根大規(guī)模 675 輪式裝載機(jī) 24 立方碼 (18.3 m3) 能力。 15 1986 年，有效載荷能力中的記錄壞了當(dāng)川崎重工有限公司為煤技術(shù)研究協(xié)會開發(fā)規(guī)模最大的輪式裝載機(jī)，與日本的表面采礦設(shè)備 25 立方碼 （ 19 m3） 的能力。最終，包括卡特彼勒、 小松和萊圖爾諾其他制造商會深入研究制作裝載機(jī) 20 立方碼 （ 15.3 m3） 的能力。 的遺產(chǎn) 1988 小松 WA600 1 L 輪是生產(chǎn)商的破紀(jì)錄的重型裝備建設(shè)的聲譽(yù)。公司開發(fā)，并仍在世界中， L-2350 年最大的輪式裝載機(jī)的制造商。這個加載器主要用于表面采礦和擁有 2300 馬力機(jī)和 80 噸、 53 立方碼 (40.5 m3) 容量巖桶和漏鋼的 266,000 磅力。高度、 駕駛室及充分提高，斗的頂部是驚人 43 英尺 9 英寸 (13.23 m)。這臺機(jī)器被為了加載 300-400 噸加挖掘的卡車在四、 五刀路。 勒圖諾輪式裝載機(jī)功能柴油電動傳動的直流電動馬達(dá)的每個車輪，由萊圖爾諾自己 11 開發(fā)的概念。 20 世紀(jì) 60 年代，該公司開始生產(chǎn)齒條和驅(qū)動器通過傳輸?shù)奶嵘龣C(jī)和桶傾斜的權(quán)力很大電動裝載機(jī)。首先，這些巨大的齒條和馬達(dá)非常商業(yè)上的成功由于沒有鉸接式轉(zhuǎn)向的優(yōu)勢加載 器的工業(yè)力量減弱。結(jié)果，很少有人真正建成。這樣一個模型的是綽號的怪物和測量 52 英尺 （ 16 米） 長的 SL 40 模式。 萊圖爾諾輪式裝載機(jī)的現(xiàn)今線被從 1968 年首次生產(chǎn)電驅(qū)動模型的 L 700 系列。L-700 是一系列的成功到今天大量生產(chǎn)的裝載機(jī)先行的。機(jī)器已離開齒條和電機(jī)，但仍保留電驅(qū)動車輪。雖然和齒條電機(jī)輪式裝載機(jī)凡不大賣，他們確實努力工作，已超過 20 年的生命周期。 新進(jìn)展 今天，電氣裝載機(jī)存在的市場和函數(shù)具有相同的容量和多功能性為柴油發(fā)動機(jī)或汽油引擎輪式裝載機(jī)。輪式裝載機(jī)也有了一系列的攤子、 叉、 和擴(kuò)大其任務(wù)，包括輕拆除和隧道的不同大小的桶等附件。 21 一些輪式裝載機(jī)來配備騎控件，它允許更大的工作速度，在崎嶇不平的表面上的。 政府現(xiàn)正進(jìn)行新的突破，在采用混合動力技術(shù)，減少燃料傳輸。 2008 年 3 月沃爾沃亮相工程機(jī)械博覽會生產(chǎn)前其 L220F 混合輪式裝載機(jī)的原型。加載程序?qū)⑻峁┤剂舷臏p少 10%。技術(shù)沃爾沃集團(tuán)內(nèi)已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生，并保持機(jī)密，并受專利。定于 2009 年底生產(chǎn)， L220F 將是該行業(yè)的第一個商用混合輪式裝載機(jī)。 沃爾沃還提出了名為的裝載機(jī)的設(shè)計理念。這是關(guān)于未來愿景的輪式裝載機(jī)可外觀到 2020 年。有一個柴油混合動力汽車和電動馬達(dá)。替換標(biāo)準(zhǔn)變速器、 動力傳動系統(tǒng)可和車軸， 將功能電動馬達(dá)，它將使每個車輪內(nèi)的運行更安靜，比當(dāng)前的模型。的出租車也是玻璃的獨特的完全由將為經(jīng)營者提供更大范圍的所有邊可見性。 裝載機(jī)是怎么工作的 輪式裝載機(jī)今天是組成的透視的框架，通常鉸接式，與引擎安裝上的后輪，和駕駛室或冠層停留的前端或后端框架。樞紐布置的機(jī)器是在給予輪式裝載機(jī)的機(jī) 動和小型車削圈工作能力的關(guān)鍵。 1974 W14 輪裝載機(jī)市場按其馬力在分節(jié)。緊湊型輪式裝載機(jī)裝載機(jī) 80 馬力或更少，并分類然后壞了相應(yīng)地從 80 到 150 匹馬力、 150