2017下半年教師資格證考試《英語學(xué)科知識(shí)與教學(xué)能力》(高級(jí)中學(xué))

文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP 20172017 下半年教師資格證考試下半年教師資格證考試 英語學(xué)科知識(shí)與教學(xué)能力 英語學(xué)科知識(shí)與教學(xué)能力 高級(jí)中學(xué)高級(jí)中學(xué) 本卷共分為 2 大題 33 小題 作答時(shí)間為 120 分鐘 總分 150 分 90 分及格 一 單項(xiàng)選擇題 本大題共 30 小題 每小題 2 分 共 60 分 在 每小題列出的四個(gè)備選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)最佳答案 請(qǐng)用 2B 鉛筆把答題 卡上對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答案字母按要求涂黑 錯(cuò)選 多選或未選均無分 1 The sound of th in thin is A voiceless dental and fricative B voiced dental and fricative C voiceless dental and affricative D voiced dental and affricative 答案 A 解析 考查輔音的發(fā)音 本題屬于語音知識(shí) 也屬于語言學(xué)中語音學(xué)的 知識(shí) th 字母組合在單詞 thin 中發(fā) 音 發(fā)此音時(shí) 聲帶是不振動(dòng)的 即不帶聲的 voiceless 另外 發(fā) 音時(shí)舌頭要頂住牙齒 所以叫齒音 dental 按照發(fā)音方式 它是空氣通過與牙齒摩擦發(fā)出的聲音 屬于摩擦音 fricative 故選 A 2 Of all the following pairs of words is a minimal pair A boot and bought B deep and dog C either and neither D ghost and best 答案 A 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP 解析 考查音系學(xué)中的最小對(duì)立體 最小對(duì)立體 minimalpair 指除了出 現(xiàn)在同一位置上的一個(gè)音之外其余都相同的兩個(gè)語音組合 在音位分析中 只 涉及一個(gè)音素差別的對(duì)立體叫做最小對(duì)立體 如 pen pen 和 ben ben 幾個(gè)選 項(xiàng)中只有 A 項(xiàng)中兩個(gè)單詞的元音發(fā)音不同 前后兩個(gè)音都是爆破音 b 和 t 故選 A 3 can fly very high in sky A The birds the B The birds C Birds the D Birds 答案 C 解析 考查冠詞 句意為 鳥可以在天空中飛得很高 不定冠詞 單 數(shù)名詞 或單個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)名詞可表示一類 這里 birds 指的是鳥類 表示泛指 不 加定冠詞 sky 是世界上獨(dú)一無二事物 前面用定冠詞 the 修飾 故選 C 4 In my opinion she is kind and polite so I put her rudeness today down as A ordinal B untimely C progressive D accidental 答案 D 解析 考查形容詞辨析 句意為 在我看來她是善良和有禮貌的 因此 我認(rèn)為她今天的粗魯是偶然的 0rdinary 普通的 untimely 過早的 不適時(shí)的 progressive 進(jìn)步的 進(jìn)行的 accidental 意外的 偶然 的 故選 D 5 With spring approaching the pink of the apple blossom is beginning to 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP A show B grow C rise D ascend 答案 A 解析 考查動(dòng)詞辨析 句意為 隨著春天的到來 粉紅的蘋果花開始出 現(xiàn)在枝頭 show 露出 出現(xiàn) 顯現(xiàn) grow 生長(zhǎng) rise 上升 ascend 攀登 上升 此處春天到來 粉紅的蘋果花應(yīng)該是顯露出來 故選 A 6 Mr Woods I am here just in case anything out of the ordinary A happens B happen C would happen D will happen 答案 A 解析 考查狀語從句及其時(shí)態(tài) 句意為 伍茲先生 我在這里只是以防 不尋常的事情發(fā)生 提及將來可能出現(xiàn)的情況成為某人現(xiàn)在做某事的理由時(shí) 可以用 in case 或 just in case 在狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來 時(shí) 另外 anything 是不定代詞 作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù) 故選 A 7 I look back on this pleasant holiday in Beijing with pleasure A anything but B all but C everything but D nothing but 答案 D 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP 解析 考查短語辨析 句意為 我回憶起在北京的這個(gè)只有樂趣的快樂 的假期 any thing but 根本不 絕不 all but 除 外全都 every thing but 除了 都 not hing but 僅僅 只 故選 D 8 Tom take this baggage and put it you can find enough space A which B in which C wherever D whereas 答案 C 解析 考查狀語從句 句意為 湯姆 拿走這個(gè)行李 把它放在你能找 到有足夠空間放它的地方 分析句子成分可知 put 后面缺少狀語 where 和 inwhich 都可以在定語從句里做地點(diǎn)狀語 但該句是由 and 連接的并列復(fù)合句 and 后面的句子中缺少先行詞 所以它不是定語從句 而是狀語從句 用 wherever 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句 表示 在 的任何 所有 地方 故選 C 9 What is the main rhetoric device used in The Pentagon was divided on the air strike A Synecdoche B Metonymy C Metaphor D Oxymoron 答案 B 解析 考查修辭學(xué) 題干意思是 The Pentagon was divided on the air strike 這句話主要用了什么修辭手法 上面句子的字面意思是 五角大 樓就空襲事件產(chǎn)生分歧 顯然不合理 實(shí)際應(yīng)該是五角大樓里的人對(duì)空襲事 件意見不 這里的 五角大樓 一詞是美國(guó)國(guó)防部的代名詞 指代在這座建筑 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP 里工作的人 英語中將借代通稱為 metonymy 換喻 轉(zhuǎn)喻 指用一個(gè)事物來取 代另一個(gè)相關(guān)事物 這種修辭手法可以使語言更豐富 更生動(dòng) 也可以避免重 復(fù) 在新聞寫作中 這個(gè)修辭手法會(huì)經(jīng)常被用來幫助創(chuàng)造多樣性 故選 B synecdoche 提喻 通常指用事物本身的一部分來代替其整體 比如以 hands 代 persons 以 wheels 代 car metaphor 隱喻 暗喻 是簡(jiǎn)縮了的明喻 是將某 一事物的名稱用于另一事物 通過比較形成 oxymoron 矛盾修飾法 是把兩個(gè) 意思相反 互相矛盾或互不協(xié)調(diào)的詞用在一起 以產(chǎn)生警句式的修辭效果 10 Which inference in the brackets of the following sentences is a presupposition A Ede caught a trout Ede caught a fish B Don t sit on Carol s bed Carol has a bed C This blimp is over the house The house is under the blimp D Coffee would keep me awake all night I don t want coffee 答案 B 解析 考查語義學(xué)中的句義關(guān)系 題干意思是 下列括號(hào)里對(duì)句子的推 斷哪個(gè)是預(yù)設(shè) presupposition 前提 預(yù)設(shè) 通常被認(rèn)為是一種背景信息 也就 是說的話已經(jīng)包含了另外的判斷 比如 我可以借你的自行車嗎 說這句話 必須有一個(gè)前提 那就是 你有自行車 所以從語義的角度來看 句子所包 含的 前提 預(yù)設(shè) 和這個(gè)句子本身的意義有十分密切的關(guān)系 該題中 B 項(xiàng) 不要坐在卡羅爾的床上 的前提條件是 卡羅爾有床 符合題干意思 故 選 B 11 Which of the following instructions is helpful in developing students ability to make inferences A Listen to a story and write a summary B Listen to a story and work out the writer s intention C Listen to the story of a boy and then draw a picture of him D Listen to a story and note down the specific date of an event 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP 答案 B 解析 考查聽力技能教學(xué) 題干意思是 以下哪項(xiàng)指令有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生 的推斷能力 A 項(xiàng) 聽故事 寫摘要 B 項(xiàng) 聽故事 確定作者的意圖 C 項(xiàng) 聽一個(gè)男孩的故事 然后畫一幅他的畫 D 項(xiàng) 聽故事 記下事件的具 體日期 在聽力技能教學(xué)中 讓學(xué)生通過聽材料來分析和判斷作者意圖 即 根據(jù)聽力材料中的已有信息推斷出未知信息 這可以訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的推斷能力 故 選 B 12 The most suitable question type to check students comprehension and develop their critical thinking is A rhetorical questions B referential questions C close questions D display questions 答案 B 解析 考查課堂提問的類型 題干意思是 哪一種類型的問題最適合用 于檢測(cè)學(xué)生的理解以及培養(yǎng)他們的批判性思維 rhetorical questions 反問 句 句子表面是疑問形式 但說話者的態(tài)度和意見很明確 并不需要聽話者 的回答 referential questions 參考性問題 此類問題一般沒有現(xiàn)成的答 案 教師也沒有明確的答案 提問的目的在于力求學(xué)生發(fā)散思維 尋求信息 一般包括推理 評(píng)價(jià)性的問題和批判 創(chuàng)造性的問題 close questions 封 閉性問題 有固定答案且答案是唯一的 學(xué)生回答時(shí)借助再認(rèn)或再現(xiàn) 通常 用于強(qiáng)化鞏固課堂 display questions 展示性問題 這種問題的答案通常 是唯一的 教師預(yù)先知道問題的答案 提問只是為了考查學(xué)生對(duì)語言知識(shí)的掌 握情況 學(xué)生作答時(shí)只需憑借表層理解 短時(shí)記憶 或是快速查找課文 便能 找到答案 一般包括對(duì)是非 對(duì)錯(cuò)的選擇性問題和事實(shí) 回憶性問題 故選 B 13 Diagnostic test is often used for the purpose of A finding out what students know and don t know 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP B measuring students general language proficiency C knowing whether students have the right language aptitude D checking whether students have achieved the teaching objectives 答案 A 解析 考查語言測(cè)試類型 題干意思是 診斷性測(cè)試的主要目的是什么 診斷性測(cè)試是語言測(cè)試的一種類型 它主要用來探測(cè)和發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生的理解和表達(dá) 障礙 以便教師及時(shí)改進(jìn)教學(xué)手段 從而積極地干預(yù)學(xué)習(xí)過程 診斷性測(cè)試常 常基于教師的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和學(xué)生對(duì)某些語言點(diǎn)尚未完全掌握所表現(xiàn)出的種種跡象 來命題 其成績(jī)一般不用來衡量和評(píng)估學(xué)生的語言水平 因此只有 A 項(xiàng) 發(fā)現(xiàn) 學(xué)生知道什么和不知道什么 符合題意 B 項(xiàng)屬于水平測(cè)試 proficiency test C 項(xiàng)屬于能力測(cè)試 aptitude test D 項(xiàng)屬于學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)測(cè)試 achievement test 故選 A 14 Which of the following activities is often used to develop students speaking accuracy A Identifying and correcting oral mistakes B Acting out the dialogue in the text C Having discussions in groups D Describing people in pair 答案 A 解析 考查口語教學(xué)活動(dòng) 題于意思是 以下哪項(xiàng)活動(dòng)通常用于培養(yǎng)學(xué) 生的口語準(zhǔn)確性 A 項(xiàng) 識(shí)別并糾正口語錯(cuò)誤 B 項(xiàng) 表演文中的對(duì)話 C 項(xiàng) 分組討論 D 項(xiàng) 兩人一組描述人物 口語糾錯(cuò)可保證語言的正確輸 出 為精確表達(dá)奠定基礎(chǔ) 是關(guān)注準(zhǔn)確性的口語活動(dòng)一角色扮演 課堂分組討 論 小組活動(dòng)都是關(guān)注流利性的口語活動(dòng) 故選 A 15 If a teacher asks students to make their own learning plan he she is trying to develop their A cognitive strategy 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP B affective strategy C communicative strategy D metacognitive strategy 答案 D 解析 考查學(xué)習(xí)策略 題干意思是 如果教師讓學(xué)生制定他們的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì) 劃 他 她是在培養(yǎng)他們的什么策略 不同的研究者對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)策略有不同的分類 但各種分類法中基本都涉及四種策略 即認(rèn)知策略 元認(rèn)知策略 情感策略和 交際策略 其中元認(rèn)知策略 metacognitive strategy 指學(xué)生對(duì)自己的認(rèn)知過 程及結(jié)果的有效監(jiān)視及控制的策略 包括計(jì)劃策略 監(jiān)控策略和調(diào)節(jié)策略 計(jì) 劃策略指的是對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)等活動(dòng)的事前規(guī)劃 如制定學(xué) 習(xí)計(jì)劃等 故選 D 16 When a teacher tells the students that the word dog may imply loyalty he she is teaching the of the word A denotative meaning B collocative meaning C conceptual meaning D connotative meaning 答案 D 解析 考查詞匯教學(xué)內(nèi)容 題于意思是 當(dāng)教師告訴學(xué)生 dog 這詞也暗 含 忠誠(chéng) 的意思時(shí) 教師是在教單詞的什么意義 詞的意義一般分為詞匯意義 和語法意義兩個(gè)方面 前者指詞所表達(dá)的意思 通常分為外延意義 denotative meaning 和內(nèi)涵意義 connotativemeaning 后者指詞與詞之間的相互關(guān)系 包括搭配 近義詞 反義詞和下義詞 外延意義也叫概念意義 conceptual meaning 或所指意義 referential meaning 是詞匯的最基本意義 是語言符 號(hào)所代表的事物的最基本特征的抽象概括 常視作是詞語在詞典中的定義或釋 義 內(nèi)涵意義指詞的隱含意義或象征意義 如 d09 一詞 原本意思是 狗 一種動(dòng)物 也就是我們所說的外延意義 而狗象征著忠誠(chéng) 因此 忠誠(chéng) 是它 的一個(gè)內(nèi)涵意義 故選 D 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP 17 Which of the following is the last step in the process of writing essays A Editing the writings B Writing topic sentences for paragraphs C Gathering information and ideas relevant to the topic D Organizing the information and ideas into a logical sequence 答案 A 解析 考查寫作教學(xué)過程 題干意思是 下列哪項(xiàng)是寫作過程的最后一 步 A 項(xiàng) 校改作文 B 項(xiàng) 寫出每段的中心句 C 項(xiàng) 收集與話題相關(guān)的 信息 D 項(xiàng) 按邏輯順序組織信息 寫作一般包括寫前準(zhǔn)備 寫初稿 寫 后編輯和校改等幾個(gè)步驟 準(zhǔn)備階段主要是尋找話題 明確主題 根據(jù)寫作目 的收集與主題相關(guān)的信息 組織素材和規(guī)劃文章結(jié)構(gòu) 列出提綱 初稿階段包 括起草文章 添加內(nèi)容 修改階段包括檢查所寫內(nèi)容 加工潤(rùn)色 同伴互改和 小組評(píng)議等 故選 A 18 The main purpose of asking questions about the topic before listening is to A meet students expectation B increase students confidence C activate students schemata D provide feedback on tasks 答案 C 解析 考查聽力教學(xué)活動(dòng) 題干意思是 在聽前提出與話題相關(guān)的問題 其主要目的是什么 A 項(xiàng) 滿足學(xué)生的期望 B 項(xiàng) 增強(qiáng)學(xué)生自信 C 項(xiàng) 激活學(xué)生的圖式 D 項(xiàng) 提供任務(wù)反饋 在聽前階段 教師提出與話題 相關(guān)的問題可以激活學(xué)生頭腦中已有的關(guān)于聽力材料的圖式知識(shí) 激活有關(guān)聽 力話題的背景信息 故選 C 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP 19 If a teacher asks students to fill in the blanks in a passage with that which or whom he she is least likely focusing on grammar at A lexical level B syntactic level C discourse level D morphological level 答案 D 解析 考查語法教學(xué)內(nèi)容 題于意思是 如果教師讓學(xué)生用 that which whom 進(jìn)行填空 那么他 她最不可能關(guān)注語法的哪個(gè)層面 lexical level 詞匯層面 syntactic level 句法層面 discourse level 語篇 層面 morphological level 形態(tài)學(xué)層面 語法教學(xué)的內(nèi)容不僅包括語言 形式 結(jié)構(gòu) 還包括語意和語用 語言形式 結(jié)構(gòu)包括詞法 句法等 語意包 括語法形式與結(jié)構(gòu)的意義 語用指語言在一定的語境 語篇中的表意功能 該 教師讓學(xué)生選擇關(guān)系代詞填空 目的是讓學(xué)生掌握定語從句這項(xiàng)語法的形式 意義和運(yùn)用 形態(tài)學(xué)是研究詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)詞規(guī)則的科學(xué) 故選 D 20 If a teacher asks students to talk about their hobbies in groups he she is trying to encourage A peer correction B peer feedback C peer interaction D peer assessment 答案 C 解析 考查小組活動(dòng) 題干意思是 如果教師讓學(xué)生分組談?wù)撍麄兊膼?好 那么他 她是在鼓勵(lì)什么 peer correction 同伴糾錯(cuò) peer feedback 同伴反饋 peer interaction 同伴交往 peer assessment 同伴評(píng)價(jià) 教師讓學(xué)生分組談?wù)撍麄兊膼酆?可以促進(jìn)同學(xué)之 間的交流和互動(dòng) 故選 C 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP 請(qǐng)閱讀 Passage 1 完成第 21 25 小題 Passage 1 With her magical first novel Garcia joins a growing chorus of talented Latino writers whose voices are suddenly reaching a far wider more diverse audience Unlike Latin American writers such as Colombia s Gabriel Garcia Marquee of Peru s Mario Vargas Llosa whose translated works became popular here in the 1970s these authors are writing in English and drawing their themes from two cultures Their stories from Dreaming in Cuban to Julia Alvarez s How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accent and Victor Villasenor s Rain of Gold offer insight into the mixture of economic opportunity and discrimination that Latinos encounter in the United States Garcia Girls for example is the story of four sisters weathering their transition from wealthy Dominicans to ragtag immigrants We didn t feel we had the beat the United States had to offer one of the girls says We had only second hand stuff rental houses in one redneck Catholic neighborhood after another clothes at Round Robin a black and white TV afflicted with wavy lines Alvarez a Middlebury College professor Who emigrated from Santo Domingo when she was 10 says being an immigrant has given her a special vantage point We travel on that border between two worlds and we can see both points of view With few exceptions such as Chicano writer Rudolfo Anaya many Hispanic Americans have been writing in virtual obscurity for years nurtured only by small presses like Houston s Arte Publico or the Bilingual Press in Tempe Ariz Only with the recent success of Sandra Cisneros s Woman Hollering Creek and Oscar Hijuelos s prize winning novel The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love have mainstream publishers begun opening door to other Latinos Julie 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP Grau Cisneros s editor at Turtle Bay says Editors may now be looking more carefully at a book that before they would have deemed too exotic for the general readership But if Villasenor s experience is any indication some editors are still wary In 1989 Putnam gave Villasenor a 75 000 advance for the hardcover rights to Rain of Gold the compelling saga of his family s migration from Mexico to California But the editors says Villasenor wanted major changes They were going to destroy the book It s nonfiction they wanted to publish it as a novel And they wanted to change the title to Rio Grande which sounded like some old John Wayne movie After a year of strained relations he mortgaged his house borrowed his mother s life savings and bought back the rights to the book that had taken 10 years to write In frustration Villasenor turned to Arte Publico In the eight months since its release Rain of Gold has done extremely well considering its limited distribution 20 000 copies have been sold If we were a mainstream publisher this book would have been on The New York Times best seller list for weeks says Arte Pulico s Nicolas Kanelos The author may still have a shot he has sold the paperback rights to Dell And he was just named a keynote speaker with Molly Ivins and Norman Schwarzkop0 for the American Booksellers Association convention in May Long before they gained this sort of attention however Villasenor Cisneros and other Latino writers were quietly building devoted followings Crossing the country they read in local bookstores libraries and schools Their stories they found appeal not only to Latinos who identify with them but to a surprising number of Anglos who find in them a refreshingly different perspective on American life 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP Still there are unusual pressures on these writers Cisneros vividly recalls the angst she went through in writing the final short stories for Woman Hollering I was traumatized that it was going to be one of the first Chicano books out there I felt I had this responsibility to my community to represent us in all our diversity 21 Which of the following is true of Garcia as a Latino writer according to the passage A She offered insight into the confrontations between two cultures B She emigrated from Santo Domingo when she was 10 years old C She became popular for her translated works in America in the 1970s D She described her transition from wealthy Dominicans to ragtag immigrants 答案 A 解析 細(xì)節(jié)題 定位到第一段 根據(jù)第二句 Unlike Latin American writers such as whose translated works became popular here in the 1970s these authors are writing in English and drawing their themes from two cultures 可知 A 項(xiàng)正確 C 項(xiàng)不正確 根據(jù)最后一句 Alvarez a Middlebury College professor who emigrated from Santo Domingo when she was 10 可知 B 項(xiàng)不正確 根據(jù) Garcia Girls for example is the story offour sisters weathering their transition from wealthy Dominicans to ragtag immigrants 可知 D 項(xiàng)不正確 22 What advantage do the new generation Latino writers have over Latin American writers according to the passage A The former are able to write in two different languages B The former can translate their works into different languages 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP C The former are able to express ideas from a bi cultural perspective D The former can travel freely across the border between two countries 答案 C 解析 細(xì)節(jié)題 根據(jù)第一段第二句 Unlike Latin American writers these authors arewritingin English and drawing their themes from two cultures 及最后一句 being an immigrant has given her a special vantage point Wetravel on that borde rbetween two worlds and we can see bothpoints of view 可知 C 項(xiàng)正確 23 Which of the following is true of the Latino writers according to Paragraph 2 A Their works are full of obscurities B None of their works won an overnight success C Most of them remained unknown to the public for years D They have great difficulty getting their works published 答案 C 解析 細(xì)節(jié)題 定位到第二段 第一句提到 With few exceptions such as Chicano writer Rudol fo Anaya many Hispanic Americans have been writing in virtual obscurity for years virtual obscurity 是默 默無聞 不出名的意思 與 C 項(xiàng)中的 unknown 意思相近 所以 C 項(xiàng)正確 A 項(xiàng) 是對(duì) obscurity 的錯(cuò)誤理解 B 項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤 第二句提到 Only with the recent success of D 項(xiàng)文章沒有提到 24 What can be drawn from Villasenor s experience A Some editors of mainstream publishers are critical B Many Latino writers were mostly favored by small presses C Rain of Gold was going to be one of the first Chicano books 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP D Rain of Gold was intended to be published as a novel by the author 答案 A 解析 推斷題 定位到第三段 第一句提到 But if Villasenor s experienceisanyindication some editors are still wary wary 的 意思是 機(jī)警的 謹(jǐn)慎的 與 A 項(xiàng)中 critical 的意思是對(duì)應(yīng)的 接下來是具 體說明 Byt tge edutirs wanted major changes Theywere going to destroy the book It s nonfiction they wanted to publish it as anovel And they wanted to change the title to Rio Grande 由此可以推斷出 A 項(xiàng) B C 項(xiàng)文中沒有提到相關(guān)內(nèi)容 結(jié)合最后一句 After ayear of strained relations he bought back the rights to the book that had taken 10 years to write 可知作者最終買回了這本書的版 權(quán) 也就是說作者并不同意出版商把它改編成小說出版的做法 D 項(xiàng)說法不正 確 25 What did the new generation Latino writers do to get their works known to the public A They avoided writing those too exotic for readers B They revised their works as required by press C They translated their works into English D They read their books in public places 答案 D 解析 細(xì)節(jié)題 根據(jù)最后一段中的 Crossing the country they read in local bookstores libraries and schools 可知 D 項(xiàng)正確 Passage 2 請(qǐng)閱讀 Passage 2 完成第 26 30 小題 Passage 2 Scientists have been surprised at how deeply culture the language we 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP speak the values we absorb shapes the brain and are rethinking findings derived from studies of Westerners To take one recent example a region behind the forehead called the medial prefrontal cortex supposedly represents the self it is active when we we being the Americans in the study think of our own identity and traits But with Chinese volunteers the results were strikingly different The me circuit hummed not only when they thought whether a particular adjective described themselves but also when they considered whether it described their mother The Westerners showed no such overlap between self and mom Depending whether one lives in a culture that views the self as autonomous and unique or as connected to and part of a larger whole this neural circuit takes on quite different functions Cultural neuroscience as this new field is called is about discovering such differences Some of the findings as with the me mom circuit buttress longstanding notions of cultural differences For instance it is a cultural cliche that Westerners focus on individual objects while East Asians pay attention to context and background another manifestation of the individualism collectivism split Sure enough when shown complex busy scenes Asian Americans and non Asian Americans recruited different brain regions The Asians showed more activity in areas that process figure ground relations holistic context while the Americans showed more activity in regions that recognize objects Psychologist Nalini Ambady of Tufts found something similar when she and colleagues showed drawings of people in a submissive pose head down shoulders hunched or a dominant one arms crossed face 文檔來源 準(zhǔn)題庫 APP forward to Japanese and Americans The brain s dopamine fueled reward circuit became most active at the sight of the stance dominant for Americans submissive for Japanese that each volunteer s culture most values they reported in 2009 This raises an obvious chicken and egg question but the smart money is on culture shaping the brain not vice versa Cultural neuroscience wouldn t be making waves if it found neurobiological bases only for well known cultural differences It is also uncovering the unexpected For instance a 2006 study found that native Chinese speakers use a different region of the brain to do simple arithmetic 3 4 or decide which number is larger than native English speakers do even though both use Arabic numerals The Chinese use the circuits that process visual and spatial information and plan movements the latter may be related to the use