物理學(xué)專業(yè)英語期末重點(diǎn).docx

1、 vectors矢量：velocity（速度v）acceleration（加速度a）force（力f）displacement（位移）,Vectors(向量)2、 scalars標(biāo)量：speed（速率）weight（重量）mass（質(zhì)量）volume（體積）energy（能量）work（功）3、 The unit of SI(國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單位)：metre米,kilogram千克KG,second秒S,newton牛頓N,watt瓦特W,ampere安培A,joule焦耳J4、 連線：length長度-metre(M米)，mass質(zhì)量-kilogram(KG千克)，time時間-second(S秒)，current電流-ampere(A安培)，temperature溫度-kelvin(K開爾文)，amount物質(zhì)的量-mole(MOL摩爾)，charge電荷-coulomb(C庫倫)，force力-neton(N牛頓)，energy能量-joule（J焦耳），resistance電阻-ohm（歐姆）5、 ()Average velocity is not necessarily the same as average speed.平均速度不等于平均速率。6、 概念Displacement 位移is distance moved in a particular direction. metre (m).7、 If two or more forces act on something, their combined effect iscalled the resultant force. 如果兩個或更多的力的作用點(diǎn)，他們的組合效果被稱為合力。8、 The turning effect of a force is called a moment（力矩）9、 On earth, everything feels the downward force of gravity。This gravitational force is called weight.（重力）10、 Near the Ethers surface, the gravitational force on each kg is about 10 N:the gravitational field strength重力場強(qiáng)度 is 10 N kg-1. This is represented by the symbol g.（g的概念）11、 Work功 is done whenever a force makes something move.12、 Things have energy 能if they can do work。工作的物體都有能量。13、 Energy exists in different forms:（能量存在形勢） Kinetic energy，Potential energy，Internal energy，Heat (thermal energy)，Radiant energy14、 Energy changes能量守恒定律According to the law of conservation of energy: Energy cannot be made or destroyed, but it can be changed fromone form to another. 能量的變化。根據(jù)能量守恒定律：能量不能被破壞，但它可以從一種形式轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種。15、 計算勢能：work done = force distance moved = mg h So potential energy勢能 = mgh For example, if a 2 kg stone is 5 m above the ground, and g is 10 N kg-1, then the stones PE = 2105 = 100 J.16、 計算動能： kinetic energy = 1/2mv2 For example, if a 2 kg stone has a speed of 10 m s-1, it KE = 1/22102 = 100 J.17、 Everything is made from about 100 substances called elements.元素18、 Kelvin 開爾文scaleThis has the same sized degree as the Celsius scale, but its zero is absolute zero (-273 C)19、 多選Heat can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation, as well as by evaporation. 熱量可以傳送通過傳導(dǎo)，對流，輻射，以及由蒸發(fā)。20、 The region around a magnet where magnetic forces act is sometimes called a magnetic field.磁場21、 If one end of a bar magnet is moved into a coil, as below, an EMF (voltage) is generated in the coil. This effect is called electromagnetic induction.電磁感應(yīng)22、 ()The EMF makes a current flow in the circuit. 電動勢使電路中的電流流動。23、 多選The induced EMF (and the current) is increased if :the magnet is moved faster ,there are more turns on the coil, a magnet giving a stronger field is used.電動勢增加條件24、 Transverse wave橫向波 The oscillations are at right-angles to the direction of travel25、 Longitudinal wave 縱向波The oscillations are in line with the direction of travel, so that a compress (squash) is followed by a rarefaction (stretch), and so on:26、 多選Wave features：Amplitude，F(xiàn)requency，Wavelength，Speed27、 speed = frequency wavelength速度=頻率波長 For example, if the frequency is 5 Hz and the wavelength is 2 m,then the wave speed is 10 m s-128、 多選Wave in a ripple tank：Reflection，Refraction，Diffraction，Interference29、 waves bend around the edges of a narrow gap. This is called diffraction.衍射30、 Sound waves are longitudinal聲波是長縱波31、 Uncertainty誤差: systematic uncertainties系統(tǒng)誤差（these occur because of some inaccuracy in the measuring system or in how it is being used）, random uncertainties隨機(jī)誤差(these can occur because there is a limit to the sensitivity of the measuring instrument or to how accurately you can read it)32、 For example, say you measure a current I, a voltage V, and calculate a resistance R using the equation R=V/I. If there is a 3% uncertainty in V and a 4% uncertainty in I, then there is a 7% uncertainty in your calculated value of R.例如，你測量到電流I，和電壓V，計算電阻R，使用公式R=V/I，如果V有3%的誤差，I有4%的誤差，那么你計算結(jié)果R就有7%的誤差。33、 A2=AA, the % uncertainty in A2 is twice that in A.34、 In this equation, m and c are constants常數(shù), as shown below. Y and x are variables because they can take different values. X is the independent variable自變量, y is the dependent variable因變量: its value depends on the value of X.35、 (/選擇)Labelling graph axes:標(biāo)號圖軸 The scales on the graphs axes are pure , unitless numbers and not voltages or currents.36、 Vectors are quantities which have both magnitude (size) and direction. Examples include displacement and force.向量是有大小和方向的量，例如位移和力。37、 ()Any vector can be resolved into components.任何矢量都能被分解成分力38、 There are two types of motion: translational and rotational .平動和轉(zhuǎn)動39、 A pair of equal but opposite forces is called a couple.力偶40、 The total moment of a couple is called a torque.力偶距41、 Newton called this resistance to change in motion inertia.慣性42、 The quantity forcetime is called an impulse.沖量43、 When the objects velocity is V ,its KE=1/2mv244、 Elastic collision :An elastic collision is one in which the total kinetic energy of the colliding objects remains constant彈性碰撞是在其中的物體碰撞的總動能不變45、 Inelastic collision:In an inelastic collision, kinetic energy is converted into head在非彈性碰撞中，動能轉(zhuǎn)化為首要的。46、 Without friction, no forward force would be needed to maintain a steady velocity, so no work would be done. 無摩擦，沒有前進(jìn)的動力，將需要維持一個穩(wěn)定的速度，所以沒有工作就完成了。47、 If point P moves to P, then the angle is called the Angular displacement角位移48、 The rate of rotation can be measured either as an angular velocity or as a frequency. 旋轉(zhuǎn)率可以作為角速度或頻率。49、 ()To produce centripetal acceleration, a centripetal force is need. 產(chǎn)生向心加速度，向心力是需50、 Centripetal force is not produced by circular motion. It is the force needed for circular motion. 向心力不是由圓周運(yùn)動所產(chǎn)生的。它是由圓周運(yùn)動所需的力產(chǎn)生。51、 All masses attract each other with a gravitational force.（萬有引力）一切物質(zhì)由于引力相互吸引。52、 If a mass feels a gravitational force, then it is in a gravitational field.（萬有引力場）如果質(zhì)量有引力，那么他在萬有引力場53、 Work must be done to move a mass against a gravitational field. 工作必須做到對引力場的大規(guī)模行動。54、 (Arial 字體)Like energy ，gravitational potential is a scalar. 像能量，引力勢是一個標(biāo)量。55、 At infinity, the gravitational potential is zero. 無窮大，引力勢為零。56、 Elsewhere, the gravitational potential is negative. 別處，引力勢為負(fù)。57、 The speed of the waves through space ，called the speed of light波的速度通過空間，稱為光的速度58、 The waves above are in phase and reinforce each other. This is called constructive interference.干涉相長59、 The waves above have a phase difference of 1/2 cycle (180) and cancel each other. This is called destructive interference.干涉相消60、 Double-slit diffraction雙縫衍射 Single-slit diffraction單縫衍射 convex lens凸透鏡 concave lens 凹透鏡 optical center光學(xué)中心 focal length 焦距61、 The spreading of light from a slit is an example of diffraction. 傳播的光從一個狹縫的衍射為例62、 The waves produced are known as stationary waves駐波. At nodes波節(jié) the amplitude of the oscillation is always zero. At antinodes波腹, it is always a maximum.。產(chǎn)生的波被稱為駐波。在節(jié)點(diǎn)的振蕩的幅度是零。在波腹，它始終是一個最大的。63、 Sound waves are longitudinal.光波是縱波64、 Where the end of a pipe(管) is open, there is an antinode.波腹65、 Where the end of a pipe is close, there is a node波節(jié)66、 The image in a plane mirror is known as a virtual image 虛像because no rays pass throught it.67、 The diameter直徑 of the objective lens 物鏡is called its aperture.光圈1、 In a fluid: Pressure acts in all directions. The force produced is always at right-angles to the surface under pressure .Pressure increases with depth. 在液體中的：壓力作用在所有方向。產(chǎn)生的力總是垂直受壓力的表面。壓力隨深度增加而增加。2、 翻譯，選擇：When balanced forces act on something, its acceleration is zero. This means that it is either stationary or moving at a steady velocity.(steady speed in a straight line) 當(dāng)平衡力作用在物體上，它的加速度是零。這意味著無論是固定的或移動的在一個穩(wěn)定的速度。（在一條直線上穩(wěn)定的速率）。3、 According to the kinetic theory, matter is made up of tiny, randomly moving particles. Each particle may be a single atom, a group of atoms called a molecule, or an ion. The three normal phase of a matter are solid, liquid, and gas.根據(jù)動力學(xué)理論，物質(zhì)是由微小的、隨機(jī)移動的粒子組成。每個粒子都可能是一個單獨(dú)的原子，很多原子就被稱為分子或離子。物質(zhì)的三種正常狀態(tài)是固體液體和氣體。4、 The heat required to change a liquid into a gas (or a solid into a liquid) is called latent heat. When water evaporates on the back of your hand, it takes the laten heat it needs from your hand. That is why there is a cooling effect。改變液體變成氣體所需要的熱能被稱為潛熱。當(dāng)水在你的手背蒸發(fā)時候，它從你的手背帶走他需要的潛熱，這就是為什么有冷卻作用。5、 In an optical fiber, light entering one end of the glass or plastic fiber is totally internally reflected until it comes out of the other.在光纖中，當(dāng)光進(jìn)入玻璃或塑料光纖的一端是完全內(nèi)部反射的，直到光從另一端出來。6、 Numbers written using powers of 10 are in scientific notation or standard form. This is also used for small numbers. For example, 0.002 can be written as 210-3.數(shù)字可以用科學(xué)計數(shù)法或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式寫成10的冪形式，它也可以記錄小的數(shù)字，例如0.002就可以寫成210-37、 As a general guideline, a calculate result should have no more significant figures than any of the measurements used in the calculation.作為一般準(zhǔn)則，計算結(jié)果不會比計算中使用的測量有效數(shù)字更重要。8、 If an object is in equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moment about any axis is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments.如果一個物體在平衡狀態(tài)，對任何的軸順時針力矩之和都等于所有的逆時針力矩之和。9、 If there is no resultant force acting: a stationary object will stay at rest, a moving object will maintain a constant velocity (a steady speed in a straight line).如果沒有合力作用：一個靜止的物體會保持靜止；一個運(yùn)動的物體會保持恒定速度運(yùn)動（在一條直線上的恒定速率） 牛頓第一定律10、 The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting.一個物體的動量的變化量和它所受的合力成正比。牛頓第2定律11、 If A is exerting a force on B, then B is exerting an equal but opposite force on A.如果A發(fā)出一個力作用在B上，那么B也發(fā)出同樣但是相反的力作用在A上。To every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction.對于每一次作用，都會有一個相等但是方向相反的反作用力。牛頓第三定律12、 Law of conservation of momentum：when the object in a system interact ,their total momentum remains constant, provided that there is no external force on the system. 動量守恒定律,當(dāng)一個物體在一個不提供任何其他外力作用的系統(tǒng)中，他們的總動量是保持不變的。13、 When something accelerates, its velocity changes. As velocity is a vector, this can mean a change in speed or direction (or both). Centripetal acceleration is produced by a change in direction, not speed.當(dāng)物體有了加速度，它的速度就會變化。因?yàn)樗俣仁鞘噶浚@意味著可以改變速率或方向（或二者都改變）。向心加速度的產(chǎn)生是由于方向的改變而不是速率的大小14、 If a satellite is in a