英語中的外來詞(翻譯)исправлен.docx

論英語詞匯中的外來詞作者：林新：2012 : : /yingyu/60323_2.html摘要：詞匯是語言的基本材料，因此足夠的英語詞匯量是成功運用英語的關(guān)鍵因素。現(xiàn)代英語中，外來詞匯占有相當(dāng)大的比重，詳細(xì)了解英語詞匯演化發(fā)展的歷史過程，尤其是外來詞匯的形成、來源及種類，有助于學(xué)習(xí)者準(zhǔn)確把握詞匯的深刻文化內(nèi)涵，從而恰當(dāng)運用英語詞匯進(jìn)行內(nèi)容廣泛的各種交際活動。一、引言英語是當(dāng)今世界上廣泛使用的社交語言。從使用它的人口來說，以英語為母語的人數(shù)大約有四億多人，僅次于漢語，居世界第二位；而以英語作為第二語言或者在一定程度上使用英語的人數(shù)，分布在世界的各個角落、各個民族。古英語構(gòu)成了英語詞匯的核心，這些單詞一直沿用至今；英語中外來詞匯的融入，豐富了英語的詞匯量和詞義，對英語的發(fā)展起到了積極的推動作用。外來詞匯的廣泛運用使人們意識到了異域文化因素在英語使用中的重要價值，因此對于英語學(xué)習(xí)者來說，了解、掌握外來詞匯對于提高英語水平至關(guān)重要。二、英語詞匯分類從詞源學(xué)的角度講英語詞匯可分為本土詞匯 (native words) 和外來詞匯 (borrowed words) 兩類。本土詞匯形成于公元5世紀(jì)，由德國日耳曼民族帶入不列顛島，被稱為央格魯撒克遜詞匯 (Anglo-Saxon words) 。英語的本土詞匯數(shù)量大約在50,000-60,000，在現(xiàn)代英語中約占詞匯總量的20%，多為日常基本用語。外來詞匯是指借用其它國家的語言形成的英語詞匯。英語中的外來詞匯在現(xiàn)代英語中占有相當(dāng)大的比重，約占現(xiàn)代英語詞匯總量的80%。三、外來詞匯的形成英語中的外來詞匯在英國與不同國家、地區(qū)、文化的民族間不斷進(jìn)行的入侵征服、殖民統(tǒng)治、貿(mào)易往來和文化交流中形成。四、外來詞匯的來源法語、拉丁語、希臘語、德語是英語中外來詞匯的主要來源，但日常使用的英語詞匯中還有很多來源于其它語種的國家。以下舉例說明不同時期英語中外來詞匯的來源。（一）中古英語時期 (1100-1500年)古英語時期（6001100年），央格魯撒克遜詞匯形成了英語的本土詞匯, 從中古時期，英語早期外來詞匯開始出現(xiàn)在英語詞匯中。1法語French伴隨著諾曼征服，法語詞匯流入英國，來源于法語的各類英語外來詞匯如下。法律與政治類：attorney, chancellor, chattel, country, court, crime, defendant, evidence, government, jail, judge, jury, parliament, plaintiff, plea, prison, revenue, state, tax, verdict, etc.；宗教類：abbot, chaplain, chapter, clergy, friar, prayer, preach, priest, religion, sacrament, saint, sermon, etc.；爵位類：baron, baroness; count, countess; duke, duchess; marquis, marquess; prince, princess; viscount, viscountess; noble, royal, etc.；軍事類：army, artillery, battle, captain, company, corporal, defense, enemy, marine, navy, sergeant, soldier, volunteer, etc.；餐飲類：beef, boil, butcher, dine, fry, mutton, pork, poultry, roast, salmon, stew, veal, etc.；文化藝術(shù)類：art, bracelet, clarinet, dance, oboe, painting, sculpture, etc.；珠寶、服飾類：diamond, fashion, fur, jewel, pendant, satin, ruby, etc.；其它方面的詞匯：adventure, change, charge, chart, courage, devout, dignity, enamor, feign, fruit, letter, literature, magic, male, female, mirror, proud, question, regard, special, etc. 諾曼人的入侵為英語帶來了大量的法語詞匯，這使得現(xiàn)代英語中出現(xiàn)大量英法對照的同義或近義詞：shut/close，answer/reply，smell/odor，yearly/annual，ask/demand，room/chamber，wish/desire，might/power。另一有趣的現(xiàn)象是產(chǎn)肉的動物多為英語詞，如：ox，cow，calf，sheep，swine，deer，而它們的肉則是法語詞，如：beef，veal，mutton，pork，bacon，venison。2斯堪的納維亞語 Scandinavian大部分斯堪的納維亞語詞匯首次出現(xiàn)在中世紀(jì)英語書面語中，但有些詞匯早在公元9-10世紀(jì)就已經(jīng)形成了。 如：anger, blight, by-law, cake, call, clumsy, doze, egg, fellow, gear, get, give, hit, husband, kick, kill, law, low, lump, rag, raise, root, scorch, score, scowl, scrape, scrub, seat, skill, skin, skirt, sky, sly, take, they, them, their, thrall, thrust, ugly, want, window, wing, etc. （二）現(xiàn)代英語早期 (1500-1650年)文藝復(fù)興時期，大量的拉丁語和希臘語詞匯由學(xué)者們引入英國。早期的殖民擴張也使得其它國家的詞匯流入英國。1拉丁語 Latin如：agile, area, capsule, compensate, discus, disc/disk, expensive, gradual, habitual, insane, janitor, meditate, notorious, orbit, peninsula, physician, superintendent, ultimate, vindicate, etc. 2希臘語 Greek如：anonymous, atmosphere, autograph, catastrophe, climax, comedy, critic, data, ecstasy, history, ostracize, parasite, pneumonia, skeleton, tonic, tragedy, etc. （三）現(xiàn)代英語 (1650-至今)這一時期由于出現(xiàn)了大規(guī)模的殖民擴張，工業(yè)和技術(shù)革命以及美洲移民等重大事件使得外來詞匯更加深刻而廣泛地融入英語詞匯中。 來自歐洲國家語言的詞匯1）法語 French法語仍然是英語外來詞匯中專業(yè)詞匯的主要來源。如文化領(lǐng)域的詞匯有：ballet, bouillabaisse, cabernet, cachet, chaise longue, champagne, chic, cognac, corsage, faux pas, nom de plume, quiche, rouge, roulet, sachet, salon, saloon, sang frond, savoir faire,etc.；軍事領(lǐng)域的詞匯如：bastion, brigade, battalion, cavalry, grenade, infantry, palisade, rebuff, bayonet, etc.；其它方面的詞匯：bigot, chassis, clique, denim, garage, grotesque, niche, shock, etc. 2）西班牙語 Spanish英語外來詞匯中源自西班牙語的常見詞匯有：armada, adobe, alligator, alpaca, armadillo, barricade, bravado, cannibal, canyon, coyote, desperado, embargo, enchilada, guitar, marijuana, mesa, mosquito, mustang, ranch, taco, tornado, tortilla, vigilante, etc. 3）意大利語 Italian英語外來詞匯中來自意大利語的詞匯如：alto, balcony, broccoli, cameo, casino, cupola, duo, fresco, fugue, ghetto, gondola, grotto, macaroni, motto, piano, opera, pantaloons, prima，regatta, sequin, soprano, opera, stanza, stucco, studio, tempo, torso, umbrella, viola, violin, etc. 4）荷蘭語 Dutch英語中外來詞匯由荷蘭語演變來的詞匯涉及航運、戰(zhàn)爭、服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)、藝術(shù)、飲食等諸多方面。航運類：boom, bow, bowsprit, buoy, commodore, cruise, dock, freight, keel, keelhaul, leak, pump, reef, scoop, scour, skipper, sloop, smuggle, splice, tackle, yawl, yacht, etc.；戰(zhàn)爭類：beleaguer, holster, freebooter, furlough, onslaught, etc.；服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)類：bale, cambric, mart, selvage, spool, stripe；etc.；藝術(shù)類：easel, etching, landscape, sketch, etc.；餐飲類：booze, coleslaw, cookie, cranberry, crullers, gin, hops, stockfish, waffle, etc. 5） 德語 German源自德語的英語外來詞如：bum, dunk, feldspar, quartz, hex, lager, knackwurst, liverwurst, loafer, noodle, poodle, dachshund, pretzel, pinochle, delicatessen, hamburger, frankfurter, wiener, hausfrau, kindergarten, Oktoberfest, schuss, wunderkind, strudel, etc. 6）斯堪的納維亞語 Scandinavian如：fjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbord, etc. 7）俄語 Russian如：fjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbord, etc. 來自其它國家語言的詞匯1）梵語Sanskrit如：avatar, karma, mahatma, swastika, yoga, etc. 2）印度語Hindi如：bandanna, bangle, bungalow, chintz, cot, cummerbund, dungaree, juggernaut, jungle, loot, maharaja, nabob, pajamas, shampoo, thug, kedgeree, jamboree, etc. 3）波斯語Persian 如：check, checkmate, chess, etc. 4）阿拉伯語Arabic如：gazelle, giraffe, harem, hashish, lute, minaret, mosque, myrrh, salaam, sirocco, sultan, vizier, bazaar, caravan, etc. 5）非洲國家語言African languages如：banjo, boogie-woodier, chigger, goober, gorilla, gumbo, jazz, jitterbug, jitters, voodoo, yam, zebra, zombie, etc. 6）美洲印第安語American Indian languages如：avocado, cacao, cannibal, canoe, chipmunk, chocolate, chili, hammock, hominy, hurricane, maize, moccasin, moose, papoose, pecan, possum, potato, skunk, squaw, succotash, squash, teepee, terrapin, tobacco, toboggan, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam, woodchuck, etc. 7）漢語Chinese如：kingcup, ketchup, tea, ginseng, kowtow, litchi, hung, kowtow, Yemen, cheongsam，typhoon, etc.8）日語Japanese如：geisha, judo, jujitsu, kamikaze, karaoke, kimono, samurai, soy, sumo, sushi, tsunami, etc. 9）太平洋島國語言Pacific Islands如：bamboo, gingham, rattan, taboo, tattoo, ukulele, boondocks, etc. 10）澳洲詞匯Australia如：boomerang, budgerigar, didgeridoo, kangaroo, etc. 五、外來詞匯的種類英語中外來詞匯主要有四種，分別為：同化詞、非同化詞、譯借詞和借義詞。（一）同化詞（Denizens）這些外來詞匯符合英語的讀音和拼寫規(guī)則，最初來源于拉丁語、希臘語、法語和斯堪的納維亞語。如：port from ports（拉丁語），cup from cupper（拉丁語），pork from pork（法語），change from chancier（法語）等。（二）非同化詞（Aliens）這些詞匯保留了原單詞的讀音和拼寫規(guī)則，因此能夠很容易辨識出這些詞匯的非英國本土詞匯特征。如：dcor（法語）, blitzkrieg（德語），kowtow（漢語），bazaar（波斯語），emir（阿拉伯語），intermezzo（意大利語）等。（三）譯借詞（Translation-loans）譯借詞指將其它語言的詞匯利用翻譯的手段逐字地借用英語詞匯表述。這種詞匯又可分為：根據(jù)詞義翻譯的詞匯（words translated according to the meaning）和根據(jù)發(fā)音翻譯的詞匯（words translated according to the sound) 兩種形式。1根據(jù)詞義翻譯的詞匯如：mother tongue from lingua materna （拉丁語），long time no see from haojiubujian（漢語），surplus value from Mehrwert (德語)，masterpiece from Meisterstuck (德語)，black humour from humour noir (法語)等。2根據(jù)發(fā)音翻譯的詞匯如：kulak from kyrak (俄語)，ketchup from ke-tsiap（漢語方言），lama from lama (藏語)等。（四）借義詞（Semantic-loans）這些詞匯在原有詞匯的基礎(chǔ)上引入了其它語言的詞義，使得詞義更加豐富。如：英語中dream一詞的本義是喜悅，享受和音樂（joy and music），它的現(xiàn)代含義（夢想，做夢）來源于挪威語；pioneer 一詞的本義是探險家（explorer), 由于引入了俄語的詞意，因此現(xiàn)在具有先鋒，先驅(qū)者的含義。六、結(jié)語英語學(xué)習(xí)者應(yīng)重視外來詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)，英語教師在教學(xué)過程也應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)外來詞匯的發(fā)展歷史和地域特征進(jìn)行講解，使學(xué)生了解英語外來詞匯形成的歷史過程，拓展學(xué)生的文化視野，增強學(xué)生對英語詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的興趣，使他們能夠根據(jù)不同語境恰當(dāng)使用外來詞匯，從而提高他們的英語綜合運用能力。參考文獻(xiàn)：1 Mary S. Serjeantson. A History of Foreign Words in English M. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1962.2 張維友. 英語詞匯學(xué) M. 北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社, 2000.3 韓哲. 新英語外來語詞典 K. 哈爾濱：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社, 1997. .: :2012 : : /yingyu/60323_2.html: , . , . , , , , , , .1. . , . , , 400 , . , . , . , , , , , , . . - (native words) (borrowed words). 5- , , - (Anglo-Saxon words). 50,000-60,000, 20% , . , . , , 80% . . , , , , () , . ., , , , . .(A) (1100-1500.). (6001100.), - , .1. . French. , , . ：attorney, chancellor, chattel, country, court, crime, defendant, evidence, government, jail, judge, jury, parliament, plaintiff, plea, prison, revenue, state, tax, verdict, etc.； ：abbot, chaplain, chapter, clergy, friar, prayer, preach, priest, religion, sacrament, saint, sermon, etc.； ：baron, baroness; count, countess; duke, duchess; marquis, marquees; prince, princess; viscount, viscounts; noble, royal, etc.； ：army, artillery, battle, captain, company, corporal, defense, enemy, marine, navy, sergeant, soldier, volunteer, etc.； ：beef, boil, butcher, dine, fry, mutton, pork, poultry, roast, salmon, stew, veal, etc.； ：art, bracelet, clarinet, dance, oboe, painting, sculpture, etc.； ：diamond, fashion, fur, jewel, pendant, satin, ruby, etc.；：adventure, change, charge, chart, courage, devout, dignity, enamor, feign, fruit, letter, literature, magic, male, female, mirror, proud, question, regard, special, etc. , , - : shut/close，answer/reply，smell/odor，yearly/annual，ask/demand，room/chamber，wish/desire，might/power. : : ox，cow，calf，sheep，swine，deer， , : beef，veal，mutton，pork，bacon，venison.2. . Scandinavian. , , , 9-10 , : anger, blight, by-law, cake, call, clumsy, doze, egg, fellow, gear, get, give, hit, husband, kick, kill, law, low, lump, rag, raise, root, scorch, score, scowl, scrape, scrub, seat, skill, skin, skirt, sky, sly, take, they, them, their, thrall, thrust, ugly, want, window, wing, etc. (B) (1500-1650). , , . .1. . Latin.Agile, area, capsule, compensate, discus, disc/disk, expensive, gradual, habitual, insane, janitor, meditate, notorious, orbit, peninsula, physician, superintendent, ultimate, vindicate, etc.2. . Greek. : anonymous, atmosphere, autograph, catastrophe, climax, comedy, critic, data, ecstasy, history, ostracize, parasite, pneumonia, skeleton, tonic, tragedy, etc.(C) (1650. ). , , , .(1) .1) . French. . : ballet, bouillabaisse, cabernet, cachet, chaise longue, champagne, chic, cognac, corsage, faux pas, nom de plume, quiche, rouge, roulette, sachet, salon, saloon, sang frond, savoir faire, etc. ：bastion, brigade, battalion, cavalry, grenade, infantry, palisade, rebuff, bayonet, etc.； ：bigot, chassis, clique, denim, garage, grotesque, niche, shock, etc. 2) . Spanish. : armada, adobe, alligator, alpaca, armadillo, barricade, bravado, cannibal, canyon, coyote, desperado, embargo, enchilada, guitar, marijuana, mesa, mosquito, mustang, ranch, taco, tornado, tortilla, vigilante, etc. 3) . Italian . : alto, balcony, broccoli, cameo, casino, cupola, duo, fresco, fugue, ghetto, gondola, grotto, macaroni, motto, piano, opera, pantaloons, prima，regatta, sequin, soprano, opera, stanza, stucco, studio, tempo, torso, umbrella, viola, violin, etc.4) . Dutch. , , , , , , . ：boom, bow, bowsprit, buoy, commodore, cruise, dock, freight, keel, keelhaul, leak, pump, reef, scoop, scour, skipper, sloop, smuggle, splice, tackle, yawl, yacht, etc.； ：beleaguer, holster, freebooter, furlough, onslaught, etc.；- ：bale, cambric, mart, selvage, spool, stripe；etc.； ：easel, etching, landscape, sketch, etc.； ：booze, coleslaw, cookie, cranberry, crullers, gin, hops, stockfish, waffle, etc. 5) . German.Bum, dunk, feldspar, quartz, hex, lager, knackwurst, liverwurst, loafer, noodle, poodle, dachshund, pretzel, pinochle, delicatessen, hamburger, frankfurter, wiener, hausfrau, kindergarten, Oktoberfest, schuss, wunderkind, strudel, etc. 6) . Scandinavian.Fjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbord, etc.7) . Russian.Fjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbord, etc. .1) . Sanskrit.Avatar, karma, mahatma, swastika, yoga, etc.2) . Hindi.Bandanna, bangle, bungalow, chintz, cot, cummerbund, dungaree, juggernaut, jungle, loot, maharaja, nabob, pajamas, shampoo, thug, kedgeree, jamboree, etc.3) . Persian.Check, checkmate, chess, etc4) . Arabic.Gazelle, giraffe, harem, hashish, lute, minaret, mosque, myrrh, salaam, sirocco, sultan, vizier, bazaar, caravan, etc. 5) . African languages.Banjo, boogie-woodier, chigger, goober, gorilla, gumbo, jazz, jitterbug, jitters, voodoo, yam