人機(jī)交互論文中英對(duì)照.doc

An Agenda for Human-Computer Interaction Research: 交互方式和輸入/輸出設(shè)備 Interaction Styles羅伯特jk的雅各布簡(jiǎn)介 INTRODUCTION 日益改善的瓶頸交互系統(tǒng)的有用性 The bottleneck in improving the usefulness of interactive systems increasingly 在于在執(zhí)行請(qǐng)求不予處理任務(wù)本身，而是在溝lies not in performing the processing task itself but in communicating requests and結(jié)果之間的系統(tǒng)和它的用戶。 results between the system and its user. 在這方面取得進(jìn)展的最好的杠桿 The best leverage for progress in this area因此，現(xiàn)在就是在用戶界面，而不是系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部。 therefore now lies at the user interface, rather than the system internals. 更快，更 Faster, more便捷的方式為用戶和計(jì)算機(jī)自然，更多的交流信息 natural, and more convenient means for users and computers to exchange information是必要的。 are needed. 在用戶的身邊，互動(dòng)系統(tǒng)技術(shù)是受制于 On the users side, interactive system technology is constrained by the人際交往能力的性質(zhì)，機(jī)關(guān)和;在電腦旁，這是濃度， nature of human communication organs and abilities; on the computer side, it is con- 緊張只有輸入/輸出設(shè)備和方法，我們可以發(fā)明。 strained only by input/output devices and methods that we can invent. 我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn) The challenge我們面前的是設(shè)計(jì)新的設(shè)備和對(duì)話，更好地適合種和利用 before us is to design new devices and types of dialogues that better fit and exploit the有關(guān)特點(diǎn)人類通訊的。 communication-relevant characteristics of humans. The problem of human-computer interaction can be viewed as two powerful信息處理器（人機(jī)）企圖相互溝通 information processors (human and computer) attempting to communicate with each其他通過一個(gè)窄帶寬，高約束接口（Tufte著，1989）。 other via a narrow-bandwidth, highly constrained interface . 研究Research in這方面的嘗試，以增加在該接口的有用帶寬。 this area attempts to increase the useful bandwidth across that interface. 更快，更 Faster, more自然-特別少的順序，更多的并行-計(jì)算機(jī)模式的用戶 naturaland particularly less sequential, more parallelmodes of user-computer通信將有助于消除這個(gè)瓶頸。 communication will help remove this bottleneck. 一項(xiàng)研究議程人機(jī)交互： Interaction Styles and Input/Output Devices 交互方式Robert JK Jacob INTRODUCTION 簡(jiǎn)介 The bottleneck in improving the usefulness of interactive systems increasingly 日益改善的障礙交互系統(tǒng)的有用性lies not in performing the processing task itself but in communicating requests and 在于在執(zhí)行請(qǐng)求不予處理任務(wù)本身，而是在溝通和results between the system and its user. 結(jié)果之間的系統(tǒng)和它的用戶。 The best leverage for progress in this area 在這方面取得進(jìn)展的最好的杠桿therefore now lies at the user interface, rather than the system internals. 因此，現(xiàn)在就是在用戶界面，而不是系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部。 Faster, more 更快，更natural, and more convenient means for users and computers to exchange information便捷的方式為用戶和計(jì)算機(jī)自然，更多的交流信息are needed. 是必要的。 On the users side, interactive system technology is constrained by the 在用戶的身邊，互動(dòng)系統(tǒng)技術(shù)是受制于nature of human communication organs and abilities; on the computer side, it is con-人際交往能力的性質(zhì)，機(jī)關(guān)和;在電腦旁，這是濃度, strained only by input/output devices and methods that we can invent. 緊張只有輸入/輸出設(shè)備和方法，我們可以發(fā)明。 The challenge 我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn)before us is to design new devices and types of dialogues that better fit and exploit the 我們面前的是設(shè)計(jì)新的設(shè)備和對(duì)話，更好地適合種和利用communication-relevant characteristics of humans. 有關(guān)特點(diǎn)人類通訊的。 The problem of human-computer interaction can be viewed as two powerful 這種相互作用問題人機(jī)可以被看作是兩個(gè)強(qiáng)大的information processors (human and computer) attempting to communicate with each信息處理器（人機(jī)）企圖相互溝通other via a narrow-bandwidth, highly constrained interface (Tufte, 1989).其他通過一個(gè)窄帶寬，高約束接口。 Research in 研究this area attempts to increase the useful bandwidth across that interface.這方面的嘗試，以增加在該接口的有用帶寬。Faster, mo更快，更naturaland particularly less sequential, more parallelmodes of user-computer自然-特別少的順序，更多的并行-計(jì)算機(jī)模式的用戶communication will help remove this bottleneck. 通信將有助于消除這個(gè)瓶頸。Current technology has been stronger in the computer-to-user direction ( output Current technology has been stronger in the computer-to-user direction ( output在計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)方面的設(shè)備，我們將用以下，但在輸入設(shè)備 devices in computer science terms, which we will use hereinafter, but input devices in心理方面的電腦），比用戶到，因此用戶電腦的對(duì)話通常是 psychological terms) than user-to-computer, so user-computer dialogues are typically片面的，與計(jì)算機(jī)帶寬到用戶遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于從該 one-sided, with the bandwidth from the computer to the user far greater than that from用戶的計(jì)算機(jī)。 user to computer. 我們特別感興趣的輸入媒介，可以幫助糾正 We are especially interested in input media that can help redress這個(gè)快速的不平衡從用戶方便地獲取數(shù)據(jù)和。 this imbalance by obtaining data from the user conveniently and rapidly. 輸入是一個(gè) Input is a被忽視的領(lǐng)域相對(duì)于輸出，特別是考慮作出的巨大進(jìn)步 neglected field relative to output, particularly considering the great strides made in計(jì)算機(jī)圖形，但由于這個(gè)原因，也是一個(gè)地區(qū)，提供了最大的 computer graphics, but for that reason it is also an area that provides the greatest機(jī)會(huì)的研究和進(jìn)展。 opportunity for research and progress. 然而有趣的是，輸入的數(shù)據(jù)的來(lái)源 Interestingly, however, input is the source of也許是一個(gè)最大的成功故事為基礎(chǔ)的研究理論，在鹽酸-的 perhaps the single biggest success story for theoretically-based research in HCIthe 鼠標(biāo)（卡，1978）mouse. A basic research program in interactive systems provides the opportunity to go除了為每個(gè)特定的用戶界面的直接關(guān)注發(fā)展中國(guó)家 beyond the immediate concerns of developing the user interface for each particular新的系統(tǒng)，并允許人機(jī)交互系統(tǒng)的研究普遍存在的問題，許多未來(lái)， new system and allows the study of HCI problems that pervade many future systems,因此這種研究可以有更大的影響力遠(yuǎn)長(zhǎng)期研究。 and thus such research can have far greater leverage in the long run. 的關(guān)系 The relationship基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用開發(fā)的理想在這方面形成一個(gè)環(huán)流， between basic research and application development in this area ideally forms a circu摩爾鏈：在特定接口的應(yīng)用推廣和遇到lar chain: specific interface problems encountered in applications are generalized and然后在基礎(chǔ)研究解決的新的互動(dòng)模式，通過發(fā)明或技術(shù);及 then solved in basic research by inventing new interaction modes or techniques; and這些一般的方法可以適用于除制訂具體的用戶 these general approaches can then be applied to the development of specific user inter面孔。faces. 最后，重要的是要記住，修改一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的用戶界面， Finally, it is important to remember that modifying 目前的技術(shù)已在計(jì)算機(jī)強(qiáng)大到用戶的方向（ 輸出devices in computer science terms, which we will use hereinafter, but input devices in在計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)方面的設(shè)備，我們將用以下，但在輸入設(shè)備psychological terms) than user-to-computer, so user-computer dialogues are typically 心理方面的電腦），比用戶到，因此用戶電腦的對(duì)話通常是one-sided, with the bandwidth from the computer to the user far greater than that from片面的，與計(jì)算機(jī)帶寬到用戶遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于從該user to computer.用戶的計(jì)算機(jī)。 We are especially interested in input media that can help redress 我們特別感興趣的輸入媒介，可以幫助糾正this imbalance by obtaining data from the user conveniently and rapidly.這個(gè)快速的不平衡從用戶方便地獲取數(shù)據(jù)和。Input i輸入是一個(gè)neglected field relative to output, particularly considering the great strides made in被忽視的領(lǐng)域相對(duì)于輸出，特別是考慮作出的巨大進(jìn)步computer graphics, but for that reason it is also an area that provides the greatest計(jì)算機(jī)圖形，但由于這個(gè)原因，也是一個(gè)地區(qū)，提供了最大的opportunity for research and progress.機(jī)會(huì)的研究和進(jìn)展。 Interestingly, however, input is the source of 然而有趣的是，輸入的數(shù)據(jù)的來(lái)源perhaps the single biggest success story for theoretically-based research in HCIthe也許是一個(gè)最大的成功故事為基礎(chǔ)的研究理論HCI-mouse (Card, 19鼠標(biāo)。 A basic research program in interactive systems provides the opportunity to go一個(gè)交互系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)研究項(xiàng)目提供了機(jī)會(huì)去beyond the immediate concerns of developing the user interface for each particular除了為每個(gè)特定的用戶界面的直接關(guān)注發(fā)展中國(guó)家new system and allows the study of HCI problems that pervade many future systems新的系統(tǒng)，并允許人機(jī)交互系統(tǒng)的研究普遍存在的問題，許多未來(lái),and thus such research can have far greater leverage in the long因此這種研究可以有更大的影響力遠(yuǎn)長(zhǎng)期研究。 The relationship 的關(guān)系between basic research and application development in this area ideally forms a circu-基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用開發(fā)的理想在這方面形成一個(gè)環(huán)流，lar chain: specific interface problems encountered in applications are generalized 摩爾鏈：在特定接口的應(yīng)用推廣和遇到的問題then solved in basic research by inventing new interaction modes or techniques; and然后在基礎(chǔ)研究解決的新的互動(dòng)模式，通過發(fā)明或技術(shù);及these general approaches can then be applied to the development of specific user inter-這些一般的方法可以適用于除制訂具體的用戶faces.面孔。 Finally, it is important to remember that modifying the user interface of a sys- 最后，重要的是要記住，修改一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的用戶界面，tem, particularly the characteristics of its input/output media is not simply tinke透射電子顯微鏡，特別是媒體的特點(diǎn)，其輸入/輸出不只是修修補(bǔ)補(bǔ)with the superficial appearance of the system.該系統(tǒng)與表面外觀。 It changes the users fundamental per- 它改變了用戶的基本每ception of a system (Ledgard, 1980).按照一個(gè)系統(tǒng)。 Interaction research goes to the heart of how 去互動(dòng)研究如何對(duì)心臟。the user interface of a sys透射電子顯微鏡，特別是媒體的特點(diǎn)，其輸入/輸出不只是修修補(bǔ)補(bǔ)tem, particularly the characteristics of its input/output media is not simply tinkering該系統(tǒng)與表面外觀。 with the superficial appearance of the system. 它改變了用戶的基本每 It changes the users fundamental perception一個(gè)系統(tǒng)（萊德加德，1980）。ception of a system .Interaction research goes to the heart of how.人民的理解和使用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，而不是簡(jiǎn)單的表面。 people comprehend and work with computer systems, not simply the surface. 下一個(gè)交互風(fēng)格 Interaction Style 除了這個(gè)總的框架，超越設(shè)備的改善，特別是 Beyond this general framework, and beyond improvements in particular device技術(shù)，計(jì)算機(jī)類的趨勢(shì)是一個(gè)新的輸入/輸出設(shè)備和人力 technologies, a trend toward a new class of input/output device and human-computer交互風(fēng)格正在形成。 interaction style is emerging. 其設(shè)備對(duì)輸入外地特別是 Its effect on the field of input devices specifically is to用戶提供移動(dòng)的對(duì)象為促動(dòng) ，通過具體的命令 move from providing objects for the user to actuate through specific commands to簡(jiǎn)單地 感應(yīng)使用者的身體。 simply sensing the users body. 尼爾森介紹了這種新一代互動(dòng) Nielsen describes this next generation interaction作風(fēng)非命令為基礎(chǔ)： style as non-command-based: people comprehend and work with computer systems, not simply the surface“第五代用戶界面模式似乎是圍繞著 The fifth generation user interface paradigm seems to be centered around非基于命令的對(duì)話。 non-command-based dialogues. 這個(gè)詞是有點(diǎn)消極的方式 This term is a somewhat negative way of描述一個(gè)新的互動(dòng)形式，但到目前為止，統(tǒng)一概念 characterizing a new form of interaction but so far, the unifying concept似乎是完全放棄所有的耳朵的基本原則， does seem to be exactly the abandonment of the principle underlying all ear肝范例：這是一個(gè)對(duì)話的具體和精確控制lier paradigms: That a dialogue has to be controlled by specific and precise和由用戶發(fā)出的命令作出答復(fù)和處理由計(jì)算機(jī)。 commands issued by the user and processed and replied to by the computer.新接口往往甚至沒有傳統(tǒng)意義上的對(duì)話 The new interfaces are often not even dialogues in the traditional meaning of這個(gè)詞，盡管他們顯然有一些分析 the word, even though they obviously can be analyzed as having some dialogue content at some level since they do involve the exchange of infor-mation之間的用戶和計(jì)算機(jī)。 mation between a user and a computer.人民的理解和使用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，而不是簡(jiǎn)單的表面。 The Next Interaction Style 交互風(fēng)格 Beyond this general framework, and beyond improvements in particular device 除了這個(gè)總的框架，超越設(shè)備的改善，特別是technologies, a trend toward a new class of input/output device and human-computer技術(shù)，計(jì)算機(jī)類的趨勢(shì)是一個(gè)新的輸入/輸出設(shè)備和人力interaction style is emerging.交互風(fēng)格正在形成。 Its effect on the field of input devices specifically is to 其設(shè)備對(duì)輸入外地特別是move from providing objects for the user to actuate through specific commands to用戶提供移動(dòng)的對(duì)象為促動(dòng) ，通過具體的命令simply sensing the users body.簡(jiǎn)單地感應(yīng)使用者的身體。 Nielsen describes this next generation interaction尼爾森介紹了這種新一代互動(dòng) style as non-command-based: 作風(fēng)非命令為基礎(chǔ)：“第五代用戶界面模式似乎是圍繞著non-command-based dialogues. 非基于命令的對(duì)話。This term is a somewhat negative way of這個(gè)詞是有點(diǎn)消極的方式characterizing a new form of interaction but so far, the unifying concept描述一個(gè)新的互動(dòng)形式，但到目前為止，統(tǒng)一概念does seem to be exactly the abandonment of the principle underlying all ear-似乎是完全放棄所有的耳朵的基本原則lier paradigms: That a dialogue has to be controlled by specific and precise，肝范例：這是一個(gè)對(duì)話的具體和精確控制commands issued by the user and processed and replied to by the computer.和由用戶發(fā)出的命令作出答復(fù)和處理由計(jì)算機(jī)。The new interfaces are often not even dialogues in the traditional meaning of新接口往往甚至沒有傳統(tǒng)意義上的對(duì)話the word, even though they obviously can be analyzed as having some這個(gè)詞，盡管他們顯然有一些分析dialogue content at some level since they do involve the exchange of infor-對(duì)話層次的內(nèi)容，因?yàn)樗麄冏鲆恍┥婕癐nfor的交流， mation between a user and a computermation之間的用戶和計(jì)算機(jī)。 The principles shown at CHI90 在CHI90所示的原則which I am summarizing as being non-command-based interaction are eye我所總結(jié)的是非基于命令的交互的眼睛tracking interfaces, artificial realities, play-along music accompaniment, and跟蹤接口，人工現(xiàn)實(shí)，發(fā)揮沿音樂伴奏， agents. (Nielsen, 1990)和代理商。The principles shown at CHI90我所總結(jié)的是非基于命令的交互的眼睛 which I am summarizing as being non-command-based interaction are eye跟蹤接口，人工現(xiàn)實(shí)，發(fā)揮沿音樂伴奏， tracking interfaces, artificial realities, play-along music accompaniment, and代理商。“（尼爾森，1990） agents. This new style of input will require new devices, new types of interaction tech-niques，新的軟件方法來(lái)對(duì)付他們。 niques, and new software approaches to deal with them. 不同于傳統(tǒng)的投入， Unlike traditional inputs,如鍵盤和鼠標(biāo)，代表的新的投入故意少一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)的 such as keyboards and mice, the new inputs represent less intentional actuation of a設(shè)備或發(fā)出的命令，但更喜歡用戶被動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)。 device or issuance of a command, but are more like passive monitoring of the user.出于這個(gè)原因，往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)投入同時(shí)又與一，因?yàn)椴煌?For that reason the inputs tend to occur concurrently with one another, as different用戶方面的進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)。 aspects of the user are monitored. 從dev的觀點(diǎn)研究點(diǎn)對(duì)輸入 From the point of view of research in input dev冰，這種風(fēng)格需要改變傳統(tǒng)設(shè)備被動(dòng)設(shè)備ices, this style requires a change from conventional devices to passive equipment that感官的用戶。 senses the user. 這種設(shè)備的例子是不顯眼的三維跟蹤器， Examples of such devices are unobtrusive three-dimensional trackers,手工測(cè)量裝置，識(shí)別）遙控?cái)z影機(jī)（加上適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞?，范?hand-measuring devices, remote cameras (plus appropriate pattern recognition), range照相機(jī)，眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)，甚至生理監(jiān)視器。 cameras, eye movement monitors, and even physiological monitors. “自然” The natural這些輸入設(shè)備的素質(zhì)都非常匹配新的輸出技術(shù)，如 qualities of these input devices are well matched to new output technologies such as立體顯示，頭加上顯示器，方向性，非語(yǔ)音音頻。 stereoscopic displays, head-coupled displays, and directional, non-speech audio.Common Characteristics of the Emerging Interaction Styles 在討論研究的具體領(lǐng)域，我們會(huì)考慮整體環(huán)境， Before discussing specific areas of research, we will consider the overall environ彪是在地平線上。ment that is on the horizon. 新的非命令式的特點(diǎn)可以基于 The new non-command-based style can be characterized作為觀察的基礎(chǔ)上的用戶而不是用戶驅(qū)動(dòng)。 as based on observation of the user rather than user actuated. 本節(jié)列舉 This section enumerates和一些新的接口的共同特點(diǎn)，他們要求這些 some of the common characteristics of these new 這種輸入新的樣式將需要新設(shè)備，新類型的互動(dòng)技術(shù)， niques, and new software approaches to deal with them. niques，新的軟件方法來(lái)對(duì)付他們。 Unlike traditional inputs, 不同于傳統(tǒng)的投入， such as keyboards and mice, the new inputs represent less intentional actuation of如鍵盤和鼠標(biāo)，代表的新的投入故意少一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)的device or issuance of a command, but are more like passive monitoring of the user.設(shè)備或發(fā)出的命令，但更喜歡用戶被動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)。For that reason the inputs tend to occur concurrently with one another, as different出于這個(gè)原因，往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)投入同時(shí)又與一，因?yàn)椴煌琣spects of the user are monitored.用戶方面的進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)。 From the point of view of research in input d從dev的觀點(diǎn)研究點(diǎn)對(duì)輸入ices, this style requires a change from conventional devices to passive equipment that，這種風(fēng)格需要改變傳統(tǒng)設(shè)備被動(dòng)設(shè)備senses the user.感官的用戶。 Examples of such devices are unobtrusive three-dimensional trackers,這種設(shè)備的例子是不顯眼的三維跟蹤器， hand-measuring devices, remote cameras (plus appropriate pattern recognition), range（手工測(cè)量裝置，識(shí)別）遙控?cái)z影機(jī)加上適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞?，范圍cameras, eye movement monitors, and even physiological monitors.照相機(jī)，眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)，甚至生理監(jiān)視器。 The natural “自然” qualities of these input devices are well matched to new output technologies such as 這些輸入設(shè)備的素質(zhì)都非常匹配新的輸出技術(shù)，如stereoscopic displays, head-coupled displays, and directional, non-speech audio.立體顯示，頭加上顯示器，方向性，非語(yǔ)音音頻。Common Characteristics of the Emerging Interaction Styles 互動(dòng)形式共同特點(diǎn)的新興 Before discussing specific areas of research, we will consider the overall environ- 在討論研究的具體領(lǐng)域，我們會(huì)考慮整體環(huán)境ment that is on the horizon.是在地平線上。 The new non-command-based style can be characterized 新的非命令式的特點(diǎn)可以基于as based on observation of the user rather than user actuated.作為觀察的基礎(chǔ)上的用戶而不是用戶驅(qū)動(dòng)。This section enumerates 本節(jié)列舉some of the common characteristics of these new interfaces and the requirements they和一些新的接口的共同特點(diǎn)，他們要求這些impose on their software, hardware, and input/output devices (Green, 1991).強(qiáng)加給他們的軟件，硬件和輸入/輸出設(shè)備。 interfaces and the requirements they強(qiáng)加給他們的軟件，硬件和輸入/輸出設(shè)備（綠，1991）。 impose on their software, hardware, and input/output devices. These interfaces are more highly interactive than their predecessors. 也就是說，他們 That is, they為了避免限制用戶的輸入設(shè)置有效的，無(wú)論什么狀態(tài) attempt to avoid restricting the users set of valid inputs, no matter what state the申請(qǐng)所在，這是更重要的，僅僅移動(dòng)到一個(gè)不太moded互動(dòng) application is in. This is more significant that just moving to a less mode interaction風(fēng)格：一指揮基地的詞匯什么可以被認(rèn)為是增加劇作家， style: the base vocabulary of what can be considered a command increased dramati和Cally。cally. 他們還通常有兩個(gè)基本appli許多自由度的， They also typically have many degrees of freedom in both the underlying appli-陽(yáng)離子和交互設(shè)備。 cation and the interaction devices. 例如，一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的數(shù)據(jù)手套有16度 For example a standard DataGlove has 16 degrees自由，每一個(gè)都可以進(jìn)行采樣多達(dá)60次的市盈率。 of freedom, each of which can be sampled up to 60 times per second. 此外， In addition, the用戶可以一般工作幾個(gè)輸入或輸出設(shè)備的同時(shí)。 user may typically operate several input or output devices simultaneously. 這些 These接口，因此需要一個(gè)大量的輸入和輸出的帶寬，從而導(dǎo)致 interfaces thus require large amounts of input and output bandwidth, which leads to a資源需要投入大量的硬件來(lái)處理高比特率數(shù)據(jù)作為 need for devoting significant hardware resources to processing high bit rates of data as以及數(shù)據(jù)壓縮與識(shí)別算法，需要處理大量的，但 well as to data reduction and recognition algorithms needed to handle voluminous, but不精確的投入。 imprecise inputs. 新的界面風(fēng)格特點(diǎn)也將更加密切設(shè)備 New interface styles will also be characterized by devices that are more closely匹配比計(jì)算機(jī)的用戶的特性。 matched to the users characteristics than the computers. 而不是一個(gè)用戶培訓(xùn) Rather than training a user操作鍵盤，他可能被允許使用他現(xiàn)有的，自然的交際 to operate a keyboard, he might be allowed to use his existing, natural communicative技能（比如手勢(shì)，語(yǔ)音，手寫，甚至眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)），而 abilities (such as gesture, speech, handwriting, or even eye movements), while the計(jì)算機(jī)將被編程來(lái)感知用戶的操作和解釋他們?cè)?computer will be programmed to perceive the users actions and interpret them in a這樣有意義的對(duì)話。 way meaningful to the dialogue. 這個(gè)解釋將需要越來(lái)越多 This interpretation will require an increasing amount致力于互動(dòng)的處理能力以及技術(shù)處理用戶 of processing power devoted to user interaction as well as techniques for 這些接口更高度的互動(dòng)比他們的前輩。 That is, they 也就是說，他們attempt to avoid restricting the users set of valid inputs, no matter what state the為了避免限制用戶的輸入設(shè)置有效的，無(wú)論什么狀態(tài)application is in. This is more significant that just moving to a less moded interaction申請(qǐng)所在，這是更重要的，僅僅移動(dòng)到一個(gè)不太方式互動(dòng)style: the base vocabulary of what can be considered a command increased dramati-風(fēng)格：一指揮基地的詞匯什么可以被認(rèn)為是增加明顯性cally.They also typically have many degrees of freedom in both the underlying appli-他們還通常有兩個(gè)基本應(yīng)用cation and the