product life cycle theory (國際貿(mào)易英文)產(chǎn)品生命周期理論教程文件.ppt

TheProductLife CycleTheory Theproductlife cyclemodeloftrade PLC PCT ProductCycleTheory Why Consider Themodel PLC claimsthatmanyproductsgothroughatradecycle duringwhichtheUnitedStatesisinitiallyanexporter thenlosesitsexportmarketsandmayfinallybecomeanimporteroftheproduct LouisT Wells JR 2 OUTLINE BackgroundBriefIntroductionStagesoftheProductCycleTradeImplicationsofProductCycle 3 IBackground FactorEndowmentTheoryassumedthat sametechnologyinproduction productionfunction 生產(chǎn)函數(shù) kindofproducts eg someadvancedcountries shareverysimilargeneraleconomicconditions Butinreality thetechnologyeverycountryadopteddoesexistgap andthisgapisdynamicallychanging Toexplainthecausesofinternationaltradeandtradepatternsbasedonthechangesintechnology in1961 theU S economistM V PosnerproposedtheTechnologicalGapTheoryandgaveanexplanation 4 TechnologicalGapTheory 技術(shù)差距論 Trademaybecausedbytechnicalchangesanddevelopments Particulartechnicalchangesoriginateinonecountry comparativecostdifferences 比較成本差異 mayinducetradeinparticulargoodsduringthelapseoftimetakenfortherestoftheworldtoimitateonecountry sinnovation InternationalTradeandTechnicalChangeAdemandlag 需求時(shí)滯 Aimitationlag 模仿時(shí)滯 Areactionlag 反應(yīng)時(shí)滯 Amasterylag 掌握時(shí)滯 5 IBackground TechnologicalGapModel 6 t0 創(chuàng)新國生產(chǎn)和出口 模仿國生產(chǎn)和出口 T 時(shí)間 創(chuàng)新國生產(chǎn) 創(chuàng)新國進(jìn)口 模仿國出口 創(chuàng)新國出口 模仿國進(jìn)口 t1 t2 t3 需求時(shí)滯 反應(yīng)時(shí)滯 掌握時(shí)滯 模仿時(shí)滯 模仿國生產(chǎn) 國際貿(mào)易的可能 However why taketheleadingposition howlong imitationgap BycombiningPLCinmarketingwithinternationaltradetheory Technologicaldevelopmentofanewproductgenerallyhasthreestages newproductstage thestageofmaturityandstandardization 7 Then 8 IIBriefIntroduction Worldtrade Manufacturedproducts Aproduct slife Technologytransfer FDI ForeignDirectInvestment Import Exporttrade Advancedcountries RaymondVernon ProductshavealimitedmarketlifePLCfourstages Marketing locationofproductionshiftsdynamicdevelopmentofcomparativeAdvantageTheorybasedonTechnologicalGapTheory 9 IIBriefIntroduction 10 IIIStagesoftheProductCycle StageI TheNewProduct Innovationhighlyskilledlabor capitalforRmonopolizeTechnology intensiveNointernationaltradehappens StageII TheMaturingProduct StageIII TheStandardizedProduct 11 IIIStagesoftheProductCycle StageI TheNewProduct StageII TheMaturingProductIncreasinglystandardizedflexibilityindesign manufacturingdeclines competitorsdevelop pricesandprofitmargins LosesmarketorinvestsabroadtradeandinvestmentareintertwinedCapital intensive StageIII TheStandardizedProduct 12 IIIStagesoftheProductCycle StageI TheNewProduct StageII TheMaturingProduct StageIII TheStandardizedProductCompletelystandardized Technologyaccountsless LDC Profitmarginsarethin andcompetitionisfierce Labor intensive unskilled 13 PLCModel NewProductMaturingProductStandardizedProductStagesofProductDevelopment More ThePLChypothesisinanewinternationalenvironmenthasbeenchangingfortworeasons geographicalreach network sspread overseassubsidiaries 子公司 nationalmarketsoftheadvancedindustrializedcountriesdifferencesreduce RaymondVernon 14 A TheproductisinitiallydesignedandmanufacturedintheU S B Astheproductmovestothematuringproductstage productionexpandstootheradvancedcountries C Thestandardizedproductionstageseesthecomparativeadvantageofproductionandexportshifttolessdevelopedcountries 15 IVTradeImplicationsoftheProductCycle 16 PLCModel ManufacturedGoods T1 T3 T4 T5 Astheproductlifecyclestagechanges thedeterminantsaffectingthecomparativeadvantageischanging Therefore differenttypesofcountriescan