藍(lán)色verbal語法總結(jié).doc

Grace藍(lán)色verbal 語法總結(jié)1-53平行1. (Like A ,B.)Like ants, termites have an elaborate social structure in which a few individuals reproduce and the rest are serving the colony by tending juveniles ,gathering food, building the nest, or they battle intruders. (serve the colony by tending juveniles, gathering food, building the nest, or battling)25. Like Audens ,the language of James is chatty.2. (Such as A,B and C.) Some bat caves, like beehives, have residents that take on different duties such as defending the entrance,(A) acting as sentinels and sounding a warning at the approach of danger(B), and scouting outside the cave for new food and roosting sites.(C)(要看清楚是誰和誰平行，劃線部分只是such as 后平行中的一個(gè)部分， 而它本身又由一個(gè)and 連接，如果只看句子內(nèi)部的話，你可能會(huì)想to act as .and to sound.也可以，但這就不能構(gòu)成與前后整個(gè)的大平行了：平行可以簡單但也很可能丟分，因?yàn)橐辞宄叫械膶哟危。?. Not.but.：兩個(gè)省略號(hào)中的成分要一致才能形成符合邏輯的語意 The voluminous personal papers of Tomas Alva Edison reveal that his inventions typically sprang to life not in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous works.（not 后是一個(gè)介詞結(jié)構(gòu)表sprang to life的方式，那么but 后也應(yīng)該是一個(gè)介詞結(jié)構(gòu)表另外一種方式，但這里but 后面是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語，所以構(gòu)成不了平行。且從語意上看，應(yīng)該是前后兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成平行而不是倆介詞-did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous works)5. (either. or.結(jié)構(gòu)) hundreds of species of fish generate and discharge electric currents, in bursts or as steady electric fields around their bodies ,using their power either to find and attack prey, to defend themselves ,or to communicate and navigate.7. From the earliest days of the tribe ,kinship determined the way in which the A organized its labor(A), provided access to its resources(B) ,and defined rights and obligations involved in the distributions and consumptions of those resources.(C)49.From.to.In developing new facilities for the incineration of solid wastes, we must avoid the danger of shifting environment problems from the pollution of water by landfills to the pollution of air by incinerators.15. It is well known that in the supermarket industry that how items are placed on shelves(A) and how frequently the inventory turns over(B) can be crucial to profits.(寫成 how frequently is the inventory turned over 因?yàn)檫@也是一個(gè)被動(dòng)。看起來好像能更好地與A 構(gòu)成平行，但實(shí)際上不是,A的結(jié)構(gòu)是how +n+v,所以B 也應(yīng)該是how +n+v,而這個(gè)v的形式則是由動(dòng)詞和主語的關(guān)系決定的。 )28. Eating saltwater fish may significantly reduce the risk of getting heart attacks and also aid for sufferers of .(aid應(yīng)該與reduce 保持一致做動(dòng)詞， 而aid做動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞-直接用aid ）2. 一個(gè)句型：however much ., it is adj to do sth. However much United States voters may agree that there is a waste in government and that the government as a whole spends beyond its means, it is difficult to find broad support for a movement toward a minimal states.(無論有多怎么樣，做某事都是很難的。）6. The number of .原句 A study states that the numbers of the women employed outside the home grew by more than a thirty-five percent increase in the last decade.句意邏輯在外工作的婦女?dāng)?shù)量有了很大提升考點(diǎn)The number of A 的用法GMAT 中經(jīng)常把 增長這個(gè)話題拿來做 redundant 的文章：把 grow ，increase， rise raise， soaring 中的幾個(gè)放在一起。破題點(diǎn) 表什么什么的數(shù)量 只能用 the number of grew by more than a .increase grow 和 increase 放在一起是不對(duì)的正解The number of the women employed outside the home increased by more than thirty-five percent8. 表方式 用BY， 原句As the costs of wireless service has steadily dropped, many people are finding that they can avoid toll charges on their home phones, using their mobile phones for making long-distance phone calls at night or on weekends ,at a time which.句意邏輯用什么方式可以達(dá)到什么效果考點(diǎn)表方式和手段時(shí)，最直接最清楚地就是用介詞BY , 分詞做狀語沒有這種用法. At a time which 是個(gè)錯(cuò)誤用法，which 不能用來指代time修飾某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)最直接的就是用 when破題點(diǎn)有無by ；when正解.by using their phones to make long-distance calls at nights or at weekends ,when.14. 現(xiàn)在分詞的一種正確用法（上題證明不能用做有明確意義的BY) The themes that A explores in her poetry are universal ,encompassing much of the human condition while occasionally dealing with racial issues.9,分詞短語置句首作狀語的用法-注意邏輯主語的問題 Delighted by the reported earnings for the first quarter of the fiscal year, the manager decided to give her staff a rise.(who is delighted?.)10. 介詞短語置句首做狀語的用法-邏輯主語的問題Native to south America, peanuts were introduced to Africa by P explorers and were quickly adopted into Africa agriculture , probably because they were so similar to . (gmat 中有一種特別容易出錯(cuò)的結(jié)構(gòu)，就是peanuts 逗號(hào)，introduced .and .,because they were.,這樣一來，很容易就沒有謂語了:例如下面這一句）36. (主語逗號(hào)現(xiàn)象）Polio , although eradicated in the United States , it still continued elsewhere and can be brought into the country by visitors.（我老是覺得這個(gè)句子很順眼，估計(jì)是我自己也經(jīng)常犯這種錯(cuò)誤的原因，實(shí)際上這個(gè)句子除了一個(gè)被孤立的諸于外，就沒有謂語與之對(duì)應(yīng)了。所以最好把讓步狀語提前，although eradicated i the US, polio continues elsewhere and could be brought .)13. （分號(hào)第一次出現(xiàn)：A 為正確選項(xiàng) 表示一種generalization和specific的example關(guān)系）Growing competitive pressures may be encouraging auditors to bend the rules in favor of clients; auditors may, for instance, allow a questionable loan to remain on the books in order to maintain a banks profits on paper .（一般材料里劃線部分本身就包含一個(gè)分號(hào)的句子很多時(shí)候都是對(duì)的，分號(hào)的正確用法：前后為兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子且在意義上有關(guān)聯(lián)，有的選項(xiàng)分號(hào)后面句子中的代詞指代的是前面句子中的主語）22. 分號(hào)第二次出現(xiàn)A 不為正確選項(xiàng)，但分號(hào)仍保留 Japanese researchers are producing a series of robots that can identify human expressions , to which they will then respond ; their goal is primarily creating a robot that will empathize with us. (這里分號(hào)前的語意是這種robot 既會(huì)辨認(rèn)表情又會(huì)做出反應(yīng)，如果用定語從句就變成了會(huì)辨認(rèn)什么什么樣的表情不對(duì)；分號(hào)后面開頭的their 的指代出現(xiàn)了問題，到底是指experts 還是指robot呢？-that can identify expressions and then respond to them; the researchers goal is to.)10，一個(gè)語言現(xiàn)象：the rising of costs or the rising costThe rising of costs Rising costs The rising cost首先是單復(fù)數(shù)的問題，這個(gè)根據(jù)后面所給出的謂語的形式而定；然后是 the rising of 中的rising是把rise 動(dòng)名詞化了變成一個(gè)抽象名詞，但 rise本身就有名詞的用法，這種方法只適用于那些沒有對(duì)應(yīng)名詞形式的動(dòng)詞 ，且在gmat中這中類似的 the shaping/destroying of 都是不被優(yōu)選的結(jié)構(gòu)。所以這里直接用一個(gè)the rising cost 清楚地表示出上升的cost 的涵義。18. except for +nExcept for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott s ragtime opera T was not produced until in 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.19 ,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)？考單復(fù)的一致原句Chinese, the most ancient of living writing systems ,consists of tens of thousands of ideographic characters, each character a miniature calligraphic composition inside its own square frame. 句意邏輯逗號(hào)后面的不是一個(gè)完整的句子，因?yàn)槠錄]有謂語，主語是each character（與逗號(hào)前面的主語是不同的） 然后直接是一個(gè)名詞短語 a miniature calligraphic composition 來修飾主語，形成一個(gè) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)?？键c(diǎn)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)但是選項(xiàng)不是在考這一點(diǎn)，而是考的agreement : each, a miniature, its 破題點(diǎn)單復(fù)的一致正解原句20.同位語原句Declining values for farm equipment and land, the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season , is going to force many lenders to tighten or deny credit this season. 句意邏輯因果關(guān)系。什么什么的 decline is forcing sb 啥啥啥考點(diǎn)同位語和主謂一致破題點(diǎn)主語是values ,謂語就應(yīng)該是are 備選項(xiàng)中還有定語從句或者是同為語從句，一般來說。同位語是優(yōu)于定語從句的，然后看定語從句寫的是, which farmers use as collateral to borrow against to get through the harvest season, as collateral 就直接用同位語表示正解.the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season,are 23. 一個(gè)詞組：think of .as.24. Partly to.partly because.26. A policy aimed at.(aiming at/ the aim of which-wordy and awkwardwith the aim to-錯(cuò)-只有 with the aim of29. (.the decrease to the lowest level in the two years)兩年來的最低水平 According to some economists, the July decrease in unemployment so that it was the lowest in two years suggests that the gradual improvement in the job market is continuing.(從這個(gè)suggests 來看，前面的劃線部分應(yīng)該是主語，就是那個(gè)decrease，而so that 是不能用來修飾名詞的，為了表示一個(gè)達(dá)到了兩年來最低水平的decrease， 用一個(gè)to .level 來做修飾，即the July decrease to the lowest level in two years)比較as.as.As powerful style and his choices of subject-XXXXXXX-were as disturbing to his own time as they are compelling for ours.Like/unlike41. Unlike a funded pension system ,in which contributions are invested to pay future beneficiaries ,Social Security is founded on a pay-as-you-go approach.In contrast to 44. In contrast to large steel plants that take iron ore through all the steps needed to produce several different kinds of steel, small mills,by processing steel craps into a specialized .,have been able to .and remain.34. 平行；such as 的列舉原句Lacking information about energy use，people tend to overestimate the amount of energy use by equipment, such as lights ,that are visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate that used by the unobtrusive equipment ,such as water heaters.句意邏輯人們會(huì)高估什么visible 的equipment的什么 而低估unobtrusive的equipment的energy use考點(diǎn)兩種equipment之間要形成對(duì)比，such as 在考到列舉的時(shí)候有固定的套路，就是把such 和as 分開寫為 such A as B 的結(jié)構(gòu)破題點(diǎn)與后面的unobtrusive equipment 形成對(duì)比，前面就應(yīng)該是一個(gè) visible equipment，正解visible equipment，such as lights ,that must be turned on and off and underestimate that 35. The rise suggests that the economy should continue its expansion into the coming months, but that the mixed performance of the indexs individual components indicates that .39.原句A recent study has found that within the past few years, many doctors had elected early retirement rather than face the threats of lawsuits and. 句意邏輯考點(diǎn)Within the past few years 是完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志Elect to do sth rather than so sth表示“不是。而是”的含義時(shí) rather than 要由于 instead of 破題點(diǎn)并沒有過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)構(gòu)成過去的過去 所以只能用 現(xiàn)在完成Elect to do sth rather than do sth正解Have elected to retire early rather than face .40. Require 的用法； agreement原句The A bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks.句意邏輯考點(diǎn)Require 的用法： require sb to do sth require that A (should) do sth 這個(gè)表達(dá)可不可行？破題點(diǎn)主謂 和指代正解Requires a bank to disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from its deposited checks42. The AM-1 is one of the many new satellites that are part of the 15-year effort to(一般在gmat中表示為某抽象事物的一部分時(shí)，不用a part of 而直接用part of ;一場(chǎng)15年的努力 15-year effort； effort to d o sth) subject the interactions of Earths atmosphere ,oceans and land surfaces.43. The term graphic design may suggest laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, it has come to signify a wide range of 45.Graphite, remained thus even when the heat and pressure are removed.(remained this way whether or not)記住這種說法：remain thus47. Forbid.to do sth Prohibit from doing sth 48, Reporting that one of its many problems had been the recent extended sales slump in womens apparel, the retailer said it would start a three-month liquidation sale in all of its stores.50.仔細(xì)研究該句的一致和指代原句 The bank holds 3 billion in loans that are seriously delinquent or in such trouble that they do not expect payments when due.句意邏輯That 是修飾troubled 的 。到期不被支付的trouble。Bank是單數(shù)；loans是復(fù)數(shù)考點(diǎn)雖然句意讀起來是很明確的。 但是指代上出了問題劃線部分的they 結(jié)合前面看起來只能指代loans ,但這在語意上是不通的破題點(diǎn)指代bank只能用it， 指代loans只能用they正解.it does not expect payments to be made when they are due.51. In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that(賓語從句that的省略可作為GMAT的一大黃金法則） the two upper New York countries owed restitution to three tribes of O for the unlawful seizure of their ancestral lands in the 18th century.（A owed restitution to B for .)52. Recent discovered fossil remains strongly suggest that the Australian egg-laying mammals of today are a branch of the main stem of mammalian evolution rather than a type that developed independently from a common ancestor . （這里體現(xiàn)了幾個(gè)點(diǎn)，一是在gmat中每當(dāng)rather than 和 instead of一起出現(xiàn)在選項(xiàng)中表“不是而是”的意思是，至今無例外全選rather than ，不定式時(shí)，than后的to 還可以省略； rather than 是平行結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)志；這里還體現(xiàn)了一致中的“三大偽一致”之一，即謂語和賓語并不用保持一致 ：are an branch of .)53.gmat 中的主副有別，尊卑有序原句 The normative model of strategic decision-making suggests that executive examine a firms external environment and internal conditions,and in using of the set of objective criteria they derive from these analyses ,can decide on a strategy.句意邏輯A suggests that xx examine and decide.考點(diǎn)看出來，examine和decide之間是平行的關(guān)系，所以形式上要一致。主副不能顛倒，例如 劃線部分的in use 就是一個(gè)狀語用來修飾decide 的，所以絕對(duì)不能將其變成主句的一個(gè)部分而把decide變成分詞或其他從句或狀語部分。破題點(diǎn)主副不能顛倒。In the use of 為redundant wordy的結(jié)構(gòu)，直接用using就可以表示朝這個(gè)方式或者伴隨的意思了。正解Conditions and, using the set of . , decide8th, sept (54-83) 54. 條件狀語從句的主從句時(shí)態(tài)搭配 原句A patient will find it different to prove damage if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify about proper medical procedures.句意邏輯條件狀語從句，如果沒的話，就會(huì)很difficult?？键c(diǎn)條件狀語從句的主從句時(shí)態(tài)搭配Wordy 的表達(dá) 表示沒有或缺乏某種條件 一般用without是最好的破題點(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài)，主句將來，則從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)If there is a lack of 赤裸裸地等于 withoutSome other +n =another +n.正解Without an other doctors testimony55. Not.but (rather).句型 The energy source on Vovager 2 is not a nuclear reactor, in which atoms are actively broken apart, but rather a kind of nuclear battery that.56. A chalice was probably buried to keep it from being stolen by invaders.-這里的it 一定不能掉；同時(shí)不能用avoid 來替代keep it from,因?yàn)閍void 表示chalice acts to prevent its own theft.57.整句劃線的另一種句意邏輯關(guān)系-主從關(guān)系 原句According to its proponents ,a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.句意邏輯其實(shí)就是在陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)：一種新的飛機(jī)可以在兩小時(shí)之內(nèi)fly between most points. 最開始一句引入，中間一句插入講方式。考點(diǎn)整句劃線 逃不開對(duì)句意的邏輯分析，前面講了有時(shí)間先后關(guān)系、因果、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。這里體現(xiàn)的是一種主從關(guān)系，哪些是主要信息，而哪些是次要信息，主要信息一定放在主句的主語位置，次要的可以做狀語或插入部分。正確句子就是主從清晰，并且不要隨意加入其它的邏輯關(guān)系。破題點(diǎn)混淆主從的肯定錯(cuò)With it 的結(jié)構(gòu)一般有問題不優(yōu)選正解原文為正解58. 平行 平行的部分A.B and C.中，第二個(gè)平行部分的形式?jīng)Q定了后面所有平行部分的形式，保留to則全部保留，省則全省。Lawmakers are examining measures that would require banks to disclose all fees and account requirements in writing, to provide.,and to create.59整句劃線原句Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relative long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.句意邏輯 開頭就給出了一個(gè)結(jié)論 repeatedly-ineffective 然后給出了一個(gè)reason 這個(gè)reason 就是一個(gè)finding考點(diǎn)整句結(jié)構(gòu)把握分號(hào)的使用：一般來說，有分號(hào)的選項(xiàng)正確的可能性很大；且若材料中本身就有一個(gè)分號(hào)的話，一般不要輕易改動(dòng)；分號(hào)前后要是兩個(gè)完整的句子，且在句意上要有很大關(guān)聯(lián)，尤其在有些題目中。分號(hào)后面句子里的代詞指的是前面一個(gè)句子的主語。還有一個(gè)比較：在什么樣的soil中比在什樣的soil中有更多的pesticide。破題點(diǎn)選項(xiàng)主要是從 if used repeatedly 來著手的，把它當(dāng)做一個(gè)狀語，考察邏輯主語，只能是 pesticide 不能是其他東西正解原文61.劃線長句原句 a decade after .,twelve hospitals have been investigated by state medical officials ,finding that all twelve consistently break the laws ,many residents.,and that ,句意邏輯時(shí)間關(guān)系和因果關(guān)系 。某項(xiàng)政策頒布之后多少年，對(duì)12家醫(yī)院進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，然后發(fā)現(xiàn)了三項(xiàng)違規(guī)操作考點(diǎn)語意把握。政策的頒布促使了一項(xiàng)檢查，然后再說檢查內(nèi)容是什么。平行破題點(diǎn)平行的結(jié)構(gòu) that.that.and that.正解.an investigation has found that .that.and that.do so永遠(yuǎn)和do it 一起出現(xiàn)。且do it 永遠(yuǎn)錯(cuò) parliament did not accord full refugee benefits to twelve of the recent immigrants because it believed that to do it rewards (doing so would reward) them for entering the country illegally.Not only.but also./while/either.or 所引導(dǎo)的平行 ( the two ends must be balanced )62. A says that a shifting of to.not only helps to control the employs costs, but also helps to limit.63. A among the forecasters who predict that the rate of addition will drop while the rate of loss rises.68. The company has not only captured customers from other phone companies but also forced there companies to .65. 材料中用like舉例時(shí)，往往要換成such as. 原句：the market for recycled commodities like aluminum and other metals (commodities such as a and other metals.)remains strong despite economic changes .67. Faced with estimated 2 billion budget gap, the citys mayor proposed a nearly 17percent reduction in the amount allocated the previous year to maintain the citys culture institutions and to subsidize hundreds of local groups. 69. A were built on a spectacular scale, with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, connected by a complex regional system of roads. (structure是用來描述scale的size 的，后面的room和roads是用來描述structures 的）-這種結(jié)構(gòu)我自己覺得很奇怪，誰修飾誰貌似表達(dá)得十分不清楚。 70.分號(hào)，倍數(shù)表達(dá)原句The gyrfalcon, has survived a close brush with extinction ; its numbers are now five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restrictedly in the early 1970s.句意邏輯分號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容是對(duì)分號(hào)前內(nèi)容的具體說明?？键c(diǎn)分號(hào)的正確使用：一般分號(hào)出現(xiàn)在材料中不要輕易去改動(dòng)。分號(hào)前后內(nèi)容要相關(guān)，且為兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子，很多情況下后面的代詞指代前面句子的主語，如這里的its.倍數(shù)的表達(dá)（待考證）關(guān)于什么fivehold 之類的表達(dá)Numbers 的用法（待考證）破題點(diǎn)分號(hào)， numbers are five time greater than 是肯定正確的表達(dá)。正解原句72. rates 表價(jià)格；重復(fù) Rise , soaring 語意上有重復(fù) The soaring rates of liability insurance are forcing .73, from.to.出現(xiàn)也考平行74. While some academicians believe that business ethics should be integrated into every business course, others say that students will take ethics seriously only if it is taught as a separate, required course.(separately required / a course required separately /separate and required course,/required course ,separately)75. 記住這道題！不確定是不是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)原句Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of B Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.句意邏輯這句話的邏輯要找準(zhǔn)，主句實(shí)際上是闡述了一件事，從句中consistent 的主語則是整個(gè)理解的關(guān)鍵，到底是什么與the growth of the activity 在consistent？經(jīng)過推敲，主要指的是發(fā)現(xiàn)的concentration，也可以是指代整個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)?？键c(diǎn)怎么樣把這個(gè)which 指代的內(nèi)容表述清楚。貌似是獨(dú)立主格 破題點(diǎn)新名詞的出現(xiàn)：findingsThere 的指代問題正解.findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area.76. 原句Under a provision of the Constitution that was never applied, Congress has been required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do it by the legislatures of two- thirds of the states.句意邏輯Under 一個(gè)什么從來沒被applied 的provision，congress 被要求去做一件什么事情?？键c(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài) Do it 永遠(yuǎn)都是錯(cuò)的-do so Call sth to do sth not for doing sth 破題點(diǎn)Do it 要改成 do so選項(xiàng)里的whereby 把句子變成了 fragment正解Under a provision .that has never been applied, Congress has been required to call a convention to consider possible .when formally asked to do so by.77,78兩個(gè)很完美的平行79.定語從句和 as ，以及同位語放在一