初高中英語銜接(1).doc

初高中英語語法銜接專題高中英語學(xué)習(xí)方法探索“三銜接”（一）、做好英語知識(shí)的銜接。高一開始，應(yīng)從實(shí)際出發(fā)，先找到初高中英語知識(shí)“脫鉤處”，盡快平穩(wěn)過渡。梳理初中知識(shí)，對(duì)掌握得不夠扎實(shí)的內(nèi)容要好好補(bǔ)補(bǔ)。結(jié)合新課教學(xué)的需要，將初、高中英語語言知識(shí)有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來，復(fù)習(xí)舊知識(shí)為新課打下基礎(chǔ)，在學(xué)新課的過程中，舊知識(shí)又得到運(yùn)用和鞏固。 “兩條腿走路”，才走得更實(shí)、更好、更遠(yuǎn)。（二）、做好英語學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣的銜接。初中學(xué)習(xí)英語的習(xí)慣大多數(shù)是被動(dòng)式的，進(jìn)入高中，應(yīng)該從被動(dòng)逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向主動(dòng)。高一開始，應(yīng)特別注意培養(yǎng)以下幾個(gè)新的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。1、學(xué)會(huì)使用工具書的習(xí)慣。遇到詞匯方面的疑問不要被動(dòng)等待教師解答，學(xué)會(huì)自己查詞典尋找答案。準(zhǔn)備一本好的英語語法工具書和詞典，養(yǎng)成經(jīng)常翻閱的習(xí)慣，在口、筆頭實(shí)踐中有意識(shí)地運(yùn)用所學(xué)的語法知識(shí)和詞匯，正確地理解語言和運(yùn)用語言。2、預(yù)習(xí)的習(xí)慣。初中英語教師對(duì)預(yù)習(xí)也有粗放的要求，初中生對(duì)預(yù)習(xí)也不陌生。但到高中，隨著英語課文篇幅的加長，內(nèi)容增多，難度加大，如果沒有搞好預(yù)習(xí)就適應(yīng)不了課堂的教學(xué)進(jìn)程。所以，對(duì)預(yù)習(xí)不能只是泛泛而提，而要把它當(dāng)作英語學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)，比如：作預(yù)習(xí)筆記；學(xué)會(huì)能用英語詞典查單詞，自己解決生詞；對(duì)重要詞組、有用短語進(jìn)行羅列，并能用這些詞組、短語來造句；摘抄課文中結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、用詞優(yōu)美的句子，讀熟背熟；對(duì)課文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行簡寫；記下預(yù)習(xí)過程中遇到的問題和難點(diǎn)以便釋疑解惑等。3、閱讀與摘抄的習(xí)慣。初中英語一般還只限于課本，到了高中，英語閱讀能力成為一個(gè)重點(diǎn)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)。多閱讀適合自己水平和興趣的英語讀物，尤其是原汁原味的地道的。4、背誦英語課文和范文的習(xí)慣英語表達(dá)能力差，要提高書面表達(dá)能力一個(gè)行之有效的辦法就是多背誦，學(xué)習(xí)別人的好詞好句，久而久之，表達(dá)能力也會(huì)隨之提高。所以要培養(yǎng)背誦英語課文和范文的習(xí)慣。5、每周做一點(diǎn)學(xué)法探討。學(xué)習(xí)策略是提高學(xué)習(xí)效率和培養(yǎng)自主學(xué)習(xí)能力的保證。根據(jù)多元智力理論，每個(gè)學(xué)生都有自己的優(yōu)勢(shì)和獨(dú)特的學(xué)習(xí)策略，比如：精耕細(xì)作(ploughboy)、博覽群書(bookworm)、強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練(test-killer)、靈感突現(xiàn)(inspiration-catcher)、聽說交際(au-diovisual learner)和博采眾長(multi-method learner)等類型。最佳學(xué)習(xí)策略應(yīng)是一整套立足個(gè)性、突出特色和強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)效的學(xué)習(xí)方法。每個(gè)學(xué)生都應(yīng)不斷改進(jìn)和尋找適合自己的學(xué)習(xí)策略，結(jié)合教材的Learner Log, Assessment, Learning tip和Checkpoint寫“學(xué)法周記”，總結(jié)和探討。（三）、做好心理上的銜接。相對(duì)于初中英語，高中英語一下子難度加大，容量增加。相當(dāng)一部分學(xué)生不適應(yīng)。再者，進(jìn)入高中的學(xué)生往往都是原先初中成績較好的學(xué)生，“高手”群體中總有一些學(xué)生會(huì)掉在班級(jí)的后面。有些學(xué)生這時(shí)候以為自己英語學(xué)不來了，就想放棄或懈怠它。這個(gè)時(shí)候，每位學(xué)生都應(yīng)該對(duì)自己有個(gè)辯證的分析，從客觀主觀上，對(duì)自身及其他同學(xué)上，剖析自己的長處短處，剖析自己初中學(xué)習(xí)英語的特點(diǎn)，發(fā)揚(yáng)優(yōu)點(diǎn)，摒棄不足。與老師溝通，與同學(xué)交流。千萬不要因?yàn)闀簳r(shí)的不適應(yīng)放棄至關(guān)重要的英語。心理上的銜接很重要?！八沫h(huán)節(jié)”1、預(yù)習(xí)。每天上課前或上課前一天的某個(gè)時(shí)間，把老師要講的內(nèi)容先去看一看，力爭運(yùn)用所學(xué)過的知識(shí)去理解上課的內(nèi)容。這也是自學(xué)能力的一種培養(yǎng)。預(yù)習(xí)結(jié)果可以自已看懂老師上課要講的內(nèi)容；通過預(yù)習(xí)，也清楚自已哪些地方存在困難，上課就可對(duì)癥下藥地重點(diǎn)去聆聽，減輕課堂負(fù)擔(dān)，提高上課效率。2、上課。通過預(yù)習(xí)，對(duì)上課的內(nèi)容基本了解或大致掌握。這時(shí)，并不是說自己已懂上課可以不聽了，自己做自己的事情。相反，更要認(rèn)真地聽老師是如何講解的，自己有困難的地方如何搞懂，充分調(diào)動(dòng)思維，緊跟老師思路。如此一來，對(duì)自己的前期預(yù)習(xí)也是一個(gè)深入的發(fā)展。3、復(fù)習(xí)。大部分同學(xué)每天課后總是先做練習(xí)，有時(shí)間多才會(huì)去復(fù)習(xí)。這種方法是不正確的。每天做作業(yè)、做練習(xí)之前先把當(dāng)天上課內(nèi)容復(fù)習(xí)歸納一下。聽課時(shí)所接收的東西只有經(jīng)過歸納總結(jié)消化才能真正成為自己的。有的同學(xué)上課聽得懂，但碰到作業(yè)、練習(xí)或考試又會(huì)出錯(cuò)，大部分是因?yàn)楹雎粤诉@個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。4、練習(xí)。練習(xí)的目的是檢查一下學(xué)過的知識(shí)是否掌握了。練習(xí)不是單純地做幾個(gè)題目。在做題目時(shí)，要多問幾個(gè)為什么，要多思考，這道題為什么要這樣做，用到的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是哪一些，是否還可以用另外的方法來解決，下次練習(xí)可能會(huì)怎樣。在做過的練習(xí)當(dāng)中要進(jìn)行歸類。其實(shí)練習(xí)多了，也無非是那么幾種，“換湯不換藥”。帶有此種習(xí)慣和目的去做練習(xí)，就會(huì)拓寬知識(shí)，鍛煉能力和發(fā)展思維。學(xué)習(xí)理念:study theorypassive learning（被動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)）active learning（主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)）學(xué)習(xí)要求“四個(gè)一”一套作業(yè)本（聽寫本，作業(yè)本，作文本）一本糾錯(cuò)本一本筆記本（至少夠一學(xué)期用）一本字典英語學(xué)習(xí)一日常規(guī) 今天我背單詞了嗎？ 今天我完成作業(yè)了嗎？ 今天我預(yù)習(xí)了嗎？ 今天我復(fù)習(xí)了嗎？ 今天我大聲朗讀了嗎？ 今天我閱讀了嗎？ 今天我聽錄音了嗎？ 今天我試著用英語交流了嗎？學(xué)習(xí)英語要理順的幾個(gè)概念：1、 主謂關(guān)系與動(dòng)賓關(guān)系2、 主動(dòng)關(guān)系與被動(dòng)關(guān)系3、 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者與承受著4、 邏輯主語與真正的主語5、 邏輯賓語與真正的賓語專題一 十大詞性簡講一、名詞（n.）1.定義：表示人或事物名稱的詞叫名詞。e.g. Tom, scientist, doctor, feeling, Internet, Shanghai, animal2.名詞的句法功能1) The book is well worth reading.2) He knew 6 languages.3) They elected him monitor.4) Is it a color TV?5) I watch a football match last night.二、代詞（pron.）1.定義：代詞是代替名詞的詞。英語的代詞按照其不同的含義與作用可分為9類：人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞，指示代詞，相互代詞，不定代詞，疑問代詞，連接代詞，關(guān)系代詞。2.分類 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)1）人稱代詞 主格：I, you, he, she, it we, you, they 賓格：me, you, him, her, it us, you, them2）物主代詞 形容詞：my, your, his, her, its our, your, their 名詞：mine, your, his, hers, its ours, yours, theirs3)反身代詞 myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves itself 4)指示代詞 this, that these, those5)相互代詞 賓格: each other, one another 所有格：each others, one anothers6)不定代詞 可數(shù)：each, one, many, (a) few, both, another, either, neither 不可數(shù)：much, (a) little 可數(shù)/不可數(shù)：all, some, none, such, any, other 復(fù)合不定代詞：anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, nobody, nothing, everybody, everyone, everything7)疑問代詞：who, whom, whose, which, what8)連接代詞：who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ver), which(ever), what(ever)9)關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that, as三、形容詞（adj.）1.定義：形容詞用于修飾名詞或代詞，表示人或事物的性質(zhì)和特征，在句中可作：定語、表語、補(bǔ)語或狀語。2.句法功能1) After a long walk, I felt tired.2) He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry.3) He found it easy to learn English.四、副詞(adv.)1.定義：副詞用于修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、句子，主要用作狀語，少數(shù)與介詞同形的副詞還可作表語或補(bǔ)足語。注：副詞有9種：時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，方式，程度，疑問，連接，關(guān)系，頻度和說明性副詞。2.句法功能1) Its raining hard.2) This is a fairly useful tool.3) Perhaps he will telephone later.4) Is he up?5) She is out.6) Life here is full of joy.7) Ask him in, please.五、冠詞(art.)1.定義：虛詞，本身不能獨(dú)立使用，一般出現(xiàn)在名詞前，對(duì)名詞加以限制。冠詞分為不定冠詞(a, an)和定冠詞(the)兩種。定冠詞the表特指，e.g. the man; 不定冠詞a(n)在名詞前表泛指，e.g. a man。六、介詞(prep)1.定義：介詞又叫前置詞，表示它后面的名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他結(jié)構(gòu)與句子其他成分的關(guān)系。注：介詞+賓語介詞短語/介賓短語 n./pron./doing/賓語從句等賓語一般是名詞或與其功能相似的詞或結(jié)構(gòu)。2.句法功能1) The conference will be held on May 4th, in Beijing.2) The building at the end of the street is a hotel.3) The question is under discussion.4) We found the map quite out of date.5) To my surprise, they succeeded.七、連詞(conj.)1.定義：連詞是在詞、短語、從句或句子之間起連接作用的詞，是虛詞，不單獨(dú)作句子成分，按其在句子中的作用可分為并列連詞和從屬連詞兩種。1）并列連詞表詞、短語、句子彼此之間具有并列關(guān)系, e.g. and, but, bothand, or, so等。2）從屬連詞表連接主句和從句的連詞。e.g. I dont know whether he will go himself.八、動(dòng)詞(v.)1.定義：指表動(dòng)作的詞，還表狀態(tài)和性質(zhì)的詞，有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣等的變化。2.功能：放在主語后充當(dāng)謂語，稱為謂語動(dòng)詞，充當(dāng)其他句子成分時(shí)稱為非謂語動(dòng)詞，此時(shí)有形式上的變化：doing, to do, done。3.分類：1）根據(jù)在句中的功能，可分為：實(shí)意動(dòng)詞（行為動(dòng)詞）系動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞2）根據(jù)其后是否可直接跟賓語，可分為及物動(dòng)詞(vt.)不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.),有時(shí)同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞既可用作vt.，也可用作vi.。3）從是否延續(xù)來分，可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（短暫性動(dòng)詞）注：1）vt.不可單獨(dú)使用，必須和其后的賓語一起使用，有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。vi.后不能直接跟賓語，若跟賓語，必須借助于介詞或其他詞類；也可單獨(dú)使用，無被動(dòng)。2）系動(dòng)詞本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語，后須跟表語構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。3）助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞。它本身無詞義，不可單獨(dú)作謂語?；緞?dòng)詞有：be/do/have。4）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語，必須和實(shí)意動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。青苔動(dòng)詞沒有人稱、數(shù)的變化，兩個(gè)純情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能連用，但可以說：Ill have to九、數(shù)詞numeral (num.)表示數(shù)目或順序 one, two first, second十、感嘆詞,Interjections (int.)oh, hello, hi, yeah等專題二 句子及句子成分一、句子的定義:句子是包含主語和謂語部分的一組詞。它有一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和語調(diào)，用來表達(dá)一個(gè)比較完整的獨(dú)立的概念。句子開頭第一個(gè)字母要大寫，句子末尾要有句號(hào)、問號(hào)或嘆號(hào)。二、句子的種類和類型1.句子按其用途可分為四類1）陳述句，用以陳述事實(shí)。 I dont care what she thinks.2)疑問句，用以提出問題。Your friend is a doctor, isnt he ? / When do we meet again?3)祈使句，用以表示命令，請(qǐng)求等。Have a good sleep and think it over.4）感嘆句，用以表示各種強(qiáng)烈的感情。What a coincidence to meet in San Francisco!2.句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)分為四種形式1）簡單句，由一個(gè)主語部分和一個(gè)謂語部分組成。The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end.2)并列句，由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句（分句）組成。 結(jié)構(gòu)：分句+并列連詞+分句 分句；分句（此結(jié)構(gòu)中，分號(hào)相當(dāng)于并列連詞，且第二個(gè)分句的第一個(gè)字母不大寫。）Cotton is falling in prices, and buyers hold off. Henry prefers strawberry pie, but his wife always bakes apple pies.3)復(fù)合句，由主句和其他從句組成。結(jié)構(gòu)：主句+從屬連詞-從句； 從屬連詞-從句+主句注：分析主從句時(shí)，應(yīng)先找出主句，再判斷從句類型。He was an old man who wore thick glasses.4）并列復(fù)合句，即含有復(fù)合句的并列句。結(jié)構(gòu)：主句+從屬連詞-從句+并列連詞+主句+從屬連詞+從句. 主句+從屬連詞-從句+并列連詞+分句.注：此句型中，并列連詞起連接作用，連接前后復(fù)句或分句，因此應(yīng)分別分析前后復(fù)句。翻譯：1) The advertisement said the coat was on sale for $20, but it was actually $22.2) I ask a man who has a wife and 3 children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it.三、句子成分（一）五種基本句型：1）主語+謂語2）主語+謂語+賓語3）主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語4）主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語5）主語+謂語+賓語+賓補(bǔ)(賓語補(bǔ)足語)（二）句子成分：1.主語：是一個(gè)句子所敘說的主體。主語的位置一般在句首，一般不省略。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。（注：祈使句無主語，但隱含一個(gè)主語you,常表兩人面對(duì)面說話，已知說話對(duì)象，所以無需加主語）例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞）We often speak English in class.（代詞）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）找出下面句子的主語：1) Children grow very fast.2) Nobody knows who took the key.3) Three plus five equals eight.4) My brother gave me two books. The first was a novel.5) To see is to believe.6) Looking up all the words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.7) The blind are well cared for in our country.8) How to do it well is an important question.9) What he said is quite true.10) That the sun rises in the east is common knowledge.注：一般情況下，主語在謂語前面，即自然語序（陳述句語序），還有一種倒裝語序，即謂語在前，主語在其后。翻譯：Hardly had they reached home when it began to snow.2.謂語：謂語或謂語動(dòng)詞的位置一般在主語之后。謂語由簡單動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語（助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/be+主要?jiǎng)釉~）構(gòu)成。1、簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning.2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students.找出下面句子的謂語：1) What happened?2) The plane took off at 10 oclock.3) We were beaten by their team.4) You can do it if you try hard.3.表語：說明或表述主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)的，位置在系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語）Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）找出下列句子的表語：1) Africa is a big continent.2) My father became an army officer during the Anti-Japanese War.3) Oh, its you.4) Our teacher was satisfied with my work.5) Three times five is fifteen.6) She was the third to arrive.7) Our chief method is to learn English through practice.8) Their job is teaching English.9) The patient is out of danger.10) I must be off now.11) What surprised us most was that he spoke Chinese so well.4.賓語：表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，是動(dòng)作的承受著。賓語一般放在vt.或prep.之后。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代詞）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語）I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.找出下列句子的賓語：1) He takes a cold bath every morning.2) All of us like him.3) Give me four.4) He began to learn English a year ago.5) Do you mind my opening the window?6) They teach the blind to read Braille.7) He did not know what to say.8) I wonder if youd like to go with us.9) Before the sales started, I made a list of what my kids would need for the coming season.5.賓語補(bǔ)足語: 在賓語的后面補(bǔ)充說明賓語的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、特征的成分稱為賓語補(bǔ)足語。英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）找出下列句子的賓補(bǔ)：1) We made him our monitor.2) I dont believe the story true.3) He found the meeting over when he arrived there.4) You should put your things in order.5) The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.6) We saw the pupils playing basketball.7) He tried to make himself understood.6.定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。單詞作定語時(shí)常放在它所修飾的n.之前，但修飾復(fù)合代詞（即nothing, anything, everything, something等）時(shí)，放在其后。短語和從句作定語時(shí)，也放在被修飾的n.之后。定語可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）找出下列句子的定語：1) We will build our motherland into a great modern socialist country.2) I have something important to tell you.3) There are few women workers in the factory.4) The oil workers here come from Daqing.5) We have got ten desks in the room.6) Yesterday the scientist made a report on modern science.7) As he has a lot of work to do, he is often the last one to leave the office after work.8) This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday.9) The girl playing the violin is Lis younger sister.10) The dormitory built last year is for post-graduate.7.同位語：在一個(gè)n.或pron.后面，對(duì)前面的性質(zhì)或情況作進(jìn)一步說明，這樣的詞或結(jié)構(gòu)叫做同位語。結(jié)構(gòu)：n./pron.+同位語。 找出下面句子里的同位語：1) They girls may go there by bus.2) This is Miss Green, the new English teacher.3) We all wanted to see her.4) You three go and look for it in your room.5) You may leave this work to us two.8.狀語: 修飾v., adj., adv., 介詞短語，從句或全句的成分是狀語。修飾adj.的狀語常放adj.之前，修飾v.的狀語常放v.之后。但有些表頻率的adv.(如often, always, usually等)作狀語時(shí)，則放行為動(dòng)詞之前。Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語）He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句）狀語種類如下：How about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語）She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語）I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）找出下列句子的狀語：1) He knows how to teach English properly.2) My parents often tell us about their life in the past.3) We have been best friends since primary school.4) He will leave for Shanghai the day after tomorrow.5) He came here to see his parents.6) Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful.7) He heard some noises when he was reading.注: 1）掌握五種基本句型，記住每個(gè)句子成分的位置，造句就不會(huì)語法錯(cuò)誤。2）讀長難句時(shí)，要先找句子主干，再看修飾成分和短語（固定結(jié)構(gòu)），句子意思便一目了然。翻譯：1) He made a lot of scientific discoveries that he shared with the world, particular in the field of astronomy.2) In 1985, there was little rainfall in Ethiopia, which led to destroyed harvests and killed cattle.練習(xí)一 句子及句子成分一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.二、選擇填空：( )1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here now C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now( ) 2. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and coldC. not wet and coldD. were wet and cold( ) 3. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter( )5. The actor _at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we( )7. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is( ) 9. The dog _ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked( )10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A. that B. when C. in which D. where參考答案一、1、主語，定語；2、間接賓語；3、謂語，狀語；4、定語；5、狀語，狀語；6、定語，表語；7、賓語，狀語；8、謂語，主語；9、謂語；10、主語，表語；11、謂語，賓語；12、狀語；13、形式賓語，真正賓語；14、賓語、定語；15、插入語，狀語；16、賓語(間賓+直賓)；17、狀語，狀語；18、形式主語，表語，賓補(bǔ)；19、賓補(bǔ)；20、表語二、略 三、略四、15 CBDBB 610 ACBAB專題三 簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? When do you think he will come ? Who do you suggest be sent to go abroad?Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys. Dont talk in class注意下面句子的含義：Dont you open the door!Everybody stand up! Nobody move! Somebody lend me a pen!比較：Everybody stood up when the teacher came in Nobody moved when the police broke in. Somebody lent me a pen when my pen was missing.4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is! How he is ! What he is !2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡單句：只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or, not onlybut also, neithernor,等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。Hurry up, youll miss the train.Hurry up, youll catch the train. I was doing my homework the light went out. I was doing my homework he was watching TV. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. She must have cried for her eyes are red. He not only gave us a lot of advice, but also helped us to study English. Either Tom is coming or his sisters are. Either Tom or his sisters are coming. Neither Tom nor his sist