常見化學官能團.doc

含氧官能團不同的碳氧鍵會因其中原子雜化程度的不同而有性質(zhì)上的差異。sp2雜化的氧原子有吸電子效應，而sp3則有給電子效應。分類官能團名稱化學式結構式英文前綴英文后綴例子酰鹵鹵代甲?；鵕COXhaloformyl-oyl halide乙酰氯醇羥基ROHhydroxy-ol甲醇酮羰基RCORketo-, oxo-one丁酮醛醛基RCHOaldo-al乙醛碳酸酯碳酸酯ROCOORalkyl carbonate羧酸鹽羧酸根RCOOcarboxy-oate乙酸鈉羧酸羧基RCOOHcarboxy-oic acid乙酸醚醚RORalkoxy-alkyl alkyl ether乙醚酯酯RCOORalkyl alkanoate丁酸乙酯氫過氧化物氫過氧基ROOHhydroperoxy-alkyl hydroperoxide過氧化甲乙酮過氧化物過氧基ROORperoxy-alkyl peroxide二叔丁基過氧化物編輯 含氮官能團分類官能團名稱化學式結構式英文前綴英文后綴例子酰胺酰胺RCONR2carboxamido-amide乙酰胺胺伯胺RNH2amino-amine甲胺仲胺R2NHamino-amine二甲胺叔胺R3Namino-amine三甲胺季銨鹽季銨陽離子R4N+ammonio-ammonium膽堿亞胺一級酮亞胺RC(=NH)Rimino-imine二級酮亞胺RC(=NR)Rimino-imine一級醛亞胺RC(=NH)Himino-imine二級醛亞胺RC(=NR)Himino-imine酰亞胺酰亞胺RC(=O)NC(=O)Rimido-imide疊氮化物疊氮根RN3azido-alkyl azide疊氮苯偶氮化合物偶氮基RN2Razo-diazene甲基黃氰酸酯氰酸酯ROCNcyanato-alkyl cyanate異腈RNCisocyano-alkyl isocyanide異氰酸酯異氰酸酯RNCOisocyanato-alkyl isocyanate異氰酸甲酯異硫氰酸酯RNCSisothiocyanato-alkyl isothiocyanate異硫氰酸烯丙酯硝酸酯硝酸酯RONO2nitrooxy-, nitroxy-alkyl nitrate硝酸正戊酯腈氰基RCNcyano-alkanenitrilealkyl cyanide苯甲腈亞硝酸酯亞硝酸酯RONOnitrosooxy-alkyl nitrite亞硝酸異戊酯硝基化合物硝基RNO2nitro-硝基甲烷亞硝基化合物亞硝基RNOnitroso-亞硝基苯吡啶及衍生物吡啶基RC5H4N4-pyridyl(pyridin-4-yl)3-pyridyl(pyridin-3-yl)2-pyridyl(pyridin-2-yl)-pyridine尼古丁編輯 含磷、硫官能團與同族的氮和氧相比，有機磷化合物和有機硫化合物中的雜原子傾向于成更多的鍵。分類官能團名稱化學式結構式英文前綴英文后綴例子膦膦R3Pphosphino-phosphane甲基丙基膦磷酸二酯磷酸酯HOPO(OR)2phosphoric acid di(substituent) esterdi(substituent) hydrogenphosphateDNA亞磷酸酯亞磷酸酯RP(=O)(OH)2phosphono-substituent phosphonic acid亞磷酸芐酯磷酸酯磷酸酯ROP(=O)(OH)2phospho-3-磷酸甘油醛硫醚硫醚RSRdi(substituent) sulfide二甲基硫醚砜磺?；鵕SO2Rsulfonyl-di(substituent) sulfone二甲基砜磺酸磺酸基RSO3Hsulfo-substituent sulfonic acid苯磺酸亞砜亞磺酰基RSORsulfinyl-di(substituent) sulfoxide二苯基亞砜硫醇巰基RSHmercapto-, sulfanyl-thiol乙硫醇硫氰酸酯硫氰酸酯RSCNthiocyanato-alkyl thiocyanate二硫化物二硫鍵RSSRalkyl alkyl disulfide二苯基二硫化物烴基根據(jù)所含鍵的不同，不同的烴基官能團具有不同的性質(zhì)。注意：烷烴基（如甲基、亞甲基）不算官能團，而苯基是官能團。分類官能團名稱化學式結構式英文前綴英文后綴例子烷烴烷基RHalkyl-ane甲烷烯烴烯基R2C=CR2alkenyl-ene乙烯炔烴炔基RCCRalkynyl-yne乙炔苯及衍生物苯基RC6H5RPhphenyl-benzene異丙苯甲苯及衍生物芐基RCH2C6H5RBnbenzyl-1-(substituent)toluene溴甲苯編輯 含鹵素取代基鹵代烴中含有碳-鹵素鍵，鍵能隨鹵素不同而有變化。一般除氟代烴外，鹵代烴都可發(fā)生親核取代反應和消去反應。分類取代基名稱化學式結構式英文前綴英文后綴例子鹵代烷鹵代RXhalo-alkyl halide氯乙烷氟代烷氟代RFfluoro-alk