托福長難句詳解.docx

托福長難句詳解 句子1In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.【難點解析】本句的難點在于復雜的后置定語干擾了閱讀，給我們理解句子帶來了影響。在這個句子中就是現(xiàn)在分詞短語carrying cooled blood做了后置定語，造成了主語the blood vessels和謂語run 被分割，后面接著出現(xiàn)了另一個the blood vessels carrying warm blood，進一步加大了理解難度，讓我們一時無法理清句子結構。找到這種后置定語，劃分句子主干的時候直接忽視這種修飾性成分，句子的主要信息就變得非常清晰：In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers定語 run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body定語to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.完成了句子主干劃分之后，根據(jù)漢語的表述順序，將后置定語往前放，這樣整個句子的意思就出來了?！緟⒖挤g】在逆流交換系統(tǒng)中，攜帶著來自腳蹼冷卻血液的血管與攜帶著來自身體溫暖血液的血管足夠靠近，這樣就可以從更溫暖的血管中吸收一些熱量;因此，在熱量到達腳蹼之前，其從流出身體的血管轉移到了流入身體的血管?！境煞謩澐帧坎⒘芯湟籌n a countercurrent exchange system, 狀語 the blood vessels 主語 carrying cooled blood from the flippers 定語 run 謂語 close enough to the blood vessels狀語 carrying warm blood from the body 定語 to pick up some heat 狀語 from the warmer blood vessels. 狀語并列句二The heat 主語 is transferred 謂語 from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels. 狀語狀語從句It 主語 reaches 謂語 the flipper賓語 itself. 狀語句子2If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.【難點解析】本句的難點是定語(例如too heavy for surface tension to hold)放在了被修飾詞(例如drops)的后面，與漢語表述習慣不一致，給我們理解的帶來了一定的困難。另外，后置定語中嵌套了另一個后置定語，更加增加了難度(too light to overcome the force of surface tension定語 holding them in place. 定語)。根據(jù)定語的特點(限定或者修飾名詞性成分)，遇到后置定語，先忽略這些修飾性的定語，找到句子主干，再按照自己的理解，將英語句子切分成一小段一小段來翻譯，最后再組合成一句話，這樣整句話意思就清晰了。If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold定語, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension定語 holding them in place定語; then the water will be firmly held.【參考翻譯】如果孔隙很大，其中的水分會以水滴的形態(tài)而存在，水滴的重量足以克服表面張力的束縛，隨后水分就會漸漸流失;但是，如果孔隙足夠小，其中的水會以薄膜形態(tài)而存在，薄膜太輕無法克服表面張力的束縛，因此，這種形態(tài)的水會穩(wěn)穩(wěn)地附著在孔隙表面上。【成分劃分】狀語從句The pores 主語 are 系動詞 large. 表語并列句The water 主語 in them 定語 will exist 謂語 as drops 狀語 too heavy for surface tension to hold. 定語并列句It 主語 will drain away. 謂語狀語從句The pores 主語 are 系動詞 small enough. 表語并列句The water 主語 in them 定語 will exist 謂語 as thin films狀語 , too light to overcome the force of surface tension定語 holding them in place. 定語并列句The water 主語 will be firmly held. 謂語句子3The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.【難點解析】本句的難點是定語(produced by the camera obscura)放在了被修飾詞(the images)的后面，與漢語表述習慣不一致，另外，出現(xiàn)同位語(a boxlike device)修飾定語中的名詞性部分(the camera obscura)，而又有一個定語從句(that used a)又修飾改同位語(a boxlike device)，使得主語和謂語被很多成分隔開，給我們理解的帶來了一定的困難。找到那些修飾性成分，先忽略它們，再看句子主干就清楚了。The images produced by the camera obscura定語, a boxlike device同位語that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper定語從句, were already familiarthe device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.【參考翻譯】針孔照相機(一種盒狀的裝置)產(chǎn)生的影像已經(jīng)為大家所熟知，它是一種使用小孔或透鏡將影像投射到毛玻璃屏或一張白紙上的盒狀裝置這種裝置已經(jīng)為很多地貌風景畫家所用，例如意大利畫家Canaletto 在他所創(chuàng)作的威尼斯精致風景畫中(使用了這種裝置)?！境煞謩澐帧坎⒘芯銽he images 主語 produced by the camera obscura, 定語 a boxlike device, 同位語were 系動詞 already familiar. 表語并列句The device 主語 had been much employed 謂語 by topographical artists 狀語like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. 同位語定語從句A boxlike device 主語 used 謂語 a pinhole or lens 賓語 to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper. 賓語補足語句子4A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ships officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engaging when ships met one another on the sea-lanes.【難點解析】本句的難點一是后置定語和定語從句分割了句子主干，造成了理解問題。主語A maritime code 先是被過去分詞短語known as the Consulate of the Sea 修飾，而這個短語后面緊接著又出現(xiàn)了一個定語從句來進一步修飾A maritime code，當我們再看到won 時，就得費心思尋找won 這個動詞的發(fā)出者。難點二是對when 引導的從句的理解。我們在閱讀的時候還需要根據(jù)語義邏輯來理解句子，這里when ships met one another on the sea-lanes 顯然不能作為時間狀語從句來修飾definedas，意思理解不通，這時我們就要考慮其他可能被修飾的成分。the rules of engaging 中的動名詞engaging 既有名詞的屬性，又用動詞的屬性。這里它的動詞屬性正好可以作為when 從句的修飾對象，所以when 從句應該是修飾engaging 的狀語從句。另外需要注意的是，by 短語雖然經(jīng)常引導方式狀語，但是這里by a majority of sea goers修飾的是acceptance 這一名詞，所以它實際上做了acceptance 的后置定語。【參考翻譯】一部在14 世紀起源于西地中海地區(qū)的海洋法典(被稱為康索拉度海法)贏得了大多數(shù)航海員的認可，成為了海上管理的規(guī)范法典;它對一些事物做了界定，比如，高級船員的權利、命令的發(fā)布規(guī)范、薪資結構、海員的權利，以及當船只在航路上遇到別的船時的交戰(zhàn)準則?！境煞謩澐帧坎⒘芯湟籄 maritime code 主語 known as the Consulate of the Sea 定語 won 謂語acceptance 賓語 by a majority of sea goers 定語 as the normative code for maritime conduct. 狀語定語從句A maritime code 主語 originated 謂語 in the western Mediterranean region 狀語in the fourteenth c