英語中的省略和替代.ppt

Ellipsis,Grammar,1.Thisradio,butthatonedoesnt.,讀下列句子,說你的感覺。,workwell,workswell,2.Whenpure,acolorlessliquid.,wateris,wateris,3.Areyou?Yes,Iam.,ready,ready,4.Hewasashehadbeeninhisyouth.,aloverofsports,aloverofsports,5.Theriverdeepandtheicethin.,was,was,6.akecare!,You,T,t,1.省略句的定義,省略是為了避免重復(fù)、突出新信息并使上下文緊密連接的一種語法修辭手段。省略在語言中,尤其在對話中,是一種十分普遍的現(xiàn)象。,2.句子成分的省略,省略前提:主謂賓,定狀表,如有重復(fù)可刪掉。,省略原則:詞語省略后,不致令人費解。,省略類型：1.心照不宣型(用于祈使句和某些現(xiàn)成的簡單句中)；2.承前省后型(用于對話、并列句和動詞不定式中)；3.可有可無型(用于賓從中的that、定從中作賓語的whom,which,that和某些狀從中)4.虛擬倒裝型(只用于需要倒裝的虛擬條件句中)。,1.省略主語:祈使句中的主語通常被省略;其他省略的主語的情況多限于少數(shù)現(xiàn)成的說法。,(1)(You)Comein,please.(2)(I)Seeyoutomorrow.(3)(I)Thankyouforyourhelp.(4)(I)Begyourpardon.,簡單句中的省略,2.省略主語或謂語的一部分,簡單句中的省略,(1)(Thereis)Nosmoking.(2)(Willyou)Haveasmoke?(3)Why(doyou)notsayhellotohim?(4)How(doyouthink)aboutacupoftea?(5)(Youcome)thisway,please.,3.省略賓語:可省略賓語的全部;可省略作賓語的動詞不定式,只保留to,但如果該賓語是動詞be或完成時態(tài),則須在to后加上be或have。,-DoyouknowMissHu?-Idontknow(her).(2)Donttouchanythingunlesstheteachertellsyouto(touch).(3)-Areyouateacher?-No,butIwanttobe(ateacher).(4)-Hehasntfinishedthetask.-Well,heoughttohave(finishit).,4.省略表語,-Areyouthirsty?-Yes,Iam(thirsty).Hisbrotherislazy.Norishissister(lazy).,5.同時省略幾個句子成分,-Areyoufellbetternow?-(Imfeeling)better(now).(2)(Iwish)Goodluck(toyou)!(3)Letsmeetattheschoolgateasthesameas(wemet)yesterday.,并列句中的省略,兩個并列分句中,后一分句常省略與前一分句中相同的部分。,Myfatherisadoctorandmymother(is)anurse.(2)Istudyatcollegeandmysister(studies)athighschool(3)Linsfatherwasnotathome,buthismotherwas(athome).,主從復(fù)合句中的省略,1.主句中有一些主謂被省略,(Im)Sorrytoheatthatyouareill.(2)(Its)apitythatyoumissedsuchagoodchance.,2.省略從句中與主句相同的部分,Theydonotvisittheirparentsasmuchastheyoughtto(visittheirparents).,3.主句與從句各有一些成分被省略,Thesooner(youdoit),thebetter(itwillbe).,4.省略一個從句或從句的一部分,可用so或not代替。常用于此類的動詞有believe,think,expect,guess,hope,imagine,suppose,say,tell等以及appear,seem,afraidetc.,(4)Doyouthinkhewillattendthemeeting?-Iguessnot.,(1)Ishecomingbacktonight?-Ithinkso.,(2)Shemustbebusynow?-Ifso,shecantgowithus.,(3)Isshefeelingbettertoday?-Imafraidnot.,其他省略,1.連詞that的省略,賓語從句中常省略連詞that.Iknowheisastudent.(2)在定語從句中,that在從句中作賓語時可省略。另外,凡是進行時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的定語從句都可省略關(guān)系代詞和be動詞。Helikesthesongs(that)AndyLausings.Helikesthesongs(thatare)sungbyAndyLau.,(that),2.在某些狀語從句中,從句的主語與主句的主語一致時,可省去“主語+be”部分。,(1)Whenstillaboyof10,hehadtoworkdayandnight.,(2)Shetriedherbestthoughratherpoorinhealth.,(3)Whilecycling,dontforgetthetrafficlights.騎車時,不要忘記看紅綠燈。,(youare),(you),(hewas),(shewas),3.不定式符號to的省略,1)并列的不定式可省去后面的to.Itoldhimtositdownandwaitforamoment.2)help當(dāng)“幫助”講時,后面的賓語或賓補的不定式符號to可帶可不帶。Iwillhelp(to)doitforyou.Iwillhelpyou(to)doit.(3)介詞but前若有動詞do,后面的不定式不帶to.Theboydidnothingbutplay.,4)某些使役動詞(let,make,have)及感官動詞(see,watch,hear,notice,observe,feel,lookat,listento等）后面作賓語補足語的不定式一定要省去to,但在被動語態(tài)中須將to復(fù)原。Isawtheboyfallfromthetree.Theboywasseentofallfromthetree.Thebossmadeuswork12hoursaday.Weweremadetowork12hoursaday.,5)主語從句中有動詞do,后面作表語的不定式的to可帶可不帶。Whatwecandonowis(to)wait.6)find當(dāng)“發(fā)現(xiàn)”講時，后面作賓語補足語的不定式符號to可帶可不帶。Wefoundhim(to)workveryhardattheexperiment.但如果是不定式tobe,則不能省略。Shefoundhimtobedishonest.,(3)Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?,theywouldcertainlycomeandhelpus.,(2)WereIyou,Iwoulddotheworkbetter.,Hadtheytime,If,Ihadtime,(IfIwereyou),(Ifthereshouldbeaflood),4.連詞if在部分虛擬條件句中可省略,但要將后面的should,were,had提到主語的前面。,5.英語中有一些固定的省略結(jié)構(gòu)：在以if,when,though,asif(好象)等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句中,如從句中的主要動詞是be,常將主語it和動詞be省略。Ifnecessary,weshallsendatelegramhome.如有必要,我們就往家里打電報。Wheneverpossible,hewillcometomyhelp.他一有可能就來幫助我。,itis,itis,Notes,1.省略句可同時省掉句子幾個成份Whatexcitingnews!(=Whatexcitingnewsitis!)多么令人激動的消息??！Pityhesfailed.(=Itisapitythathesfailed.)很遺憾,他失敗了。Ilikehimmorethanher.(=IlikehimmorethanIlikeher.)我喜歡他更甚于喜歡她。,3.被省略的部分一般可以在句子中補上,但有時省略結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)定型,如果把省略部分補上,反而不合乎習(xí)慣。HeistallerthanIam.他比我高。(am之后省略tall,補上不合習(xí)慣）Noparking.禁止停車。(告示用語=Noparkingisallowedhere.)有一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)很難補上所省略的部分：Notatall.不用謝。Nomatter.不要緊。Thanks.謝謝。,1.Haventseenyouforages.2.Soundslikeagoodidea.3.Sorrytohearthat.4.thisway,please!5.Joiningusforawalk?6.Somemoretea?7.Doesntmatter.8.Pityyoucouldntcome.9.Terribleweather!10.Goingtothesupermarket?,Exercise,I,It,Iam,Walk,Wouldyoulike,Wouldyoulike,It,Itisa,What/Such,Areyou,Exercise,ShecanswimunderwaterlongerthanIcanswimunderwater.2.Theydiscussedwhethertheyshouldstayinthehouseortheyshouldtrytheopenair.3.Theyhadameal,theywentoutforawalkandthentheycamebacktosleep.4.Dontbatheifyoudonttobathe.5.IdontvisitmyparentsasmuchasIoughttovisitmyparents.,1.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_nothingcanbedonetochangeit.A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun,D,單項選擇,2.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut_hesaidit.A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich,A,3.Acomputerdoesonlywhatthinkingpeople_.A.haveitdoB.haveitdoneC.havedoneitD.havingitdone,A,4.-Illbeawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycar?-Notatall._.A.IvenotimeB.IdrathernotC.IdlikeitD.Idbehappyto,D,5.-Youhaventlosttheticket,haveyou?-_.Iknowitsnoteasytogetanotheroneatthemoment.A.IhopenotB.Yes,IhaveC.IhopesoD.Yes,Imafraidso,A,6._itraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffthevisittotheYangpuBridge.A.WereB.ShouldC.WouldD.Will,B,7.-Letsgoandhaveagooddrinktonight.-_Haveyougotthefirstprizeinthecompetition?A.Whatfor?B.Thanksalot.C.Yes,IdliketoD.Whynot?,A,8.-Tomorrowisaholiday.Whyareyoudoingyourhomework?-IamdoingtheseexercisesnowsothatIwonthave_onSunday.A.itB.themC.forD.to,D,9.-ShallIinviteAnntomybirthdaypartytomorrowevening?-Yes.Itllbefineifyou_.A.areB.canC.inviteD.do10.-Arentyouthemanager?-No,andI_.A.dontwanttoB.dontwanttobeC.dontwantbeD.dontwant,D,B,11.-Wontyouhaveanothertry?-_.A.Yes,IwillhaveB.Yes,IwonthaveC.Yes,IwontD.Yes,Iwill12.-Iwontdoitanymore.-_?A.WhynotB.WhydontdoanymoreC.WhynotdoD.Whydont,D,D,13.-Doyouthinkitwillsnowtomorrow?-_?A.IdontthinkB.No,IdontthinkC.IdontthinksoD.No,Idontso14.-Haveyoufedthecat?-No,but_.A.ImB.IamC.ImjustgoingD.Imjustgoingto,C,D,15.-DoesyourbrotherintendtostudyGerman?-Yes,heintends_.A./B.toC.soD.that16.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto17.-WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?-_hernewbicycle.A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing,B,A,C,18.If_,wellcontinueourexperimentafterofficehours.A.beingnecessaryB.benecessaryC.isnecessaryD.necessary19.-Doyouthinkitsgoingtorainovertheweekend?-_.A.IdontbelieveB.IdontbelieveitC.IbelievenotsoD.Ibelievenot20.Generallyspeaking,_accordingtodirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.A.whentakingB.whentakenC.whentotakeD.whentobetaken,D,D,B,21.Oneofthesidesoftheboardshouldbepaintedyellow,and_.A.theotheriswhiteB.anotherwhiteC.theotherwhiteD.anotheriswhite22.-Wouldyoulikesomewine?-Yes,just_.A.littleB.verylittleC.alittleD.afew,C,C,替代,(一)so和not作替代詞,代替被省略的某個詞(組)或句子,一般同表示個人看法或想法的動詞連用,作beafraid,believe,become,all,do,expect,fear,hope,imagine,say,