國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)雙語教程(第四版)unit-01ppt課件

.,1,國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)雙語教程（第四版）,(INTERNATIONALBusinessPractice),清華大學(xué)出版社,.,2,Chapter1Abriefintroductiontointernationaltrade,.,3,Internationaltrade,alsocalledworldtrade,foreigntradeoroverseastrade,isthefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsand/orservicesacrossnationalboundaries.,Definition(P1),.,4,SectionOneReasonsforinternationaltrade(從事國際貿(mào)易的動機(jī)),1ResourceAcquisition(尋求資源)2BenefitsAcquisition(追求利潤)3Diversification(多種經(jīng)營)4Expandsales（擴(kuò)大銷售）5.Internationalbalanceofpayments(國際收支平衡)6.Otherreasons,.,5,ResourceAcquisition(尋求資源P2)Resourcedistributionaroundtheworldisuneven.Nonationhasalltheeconomicresourcesitneeds.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuythemfromothercountries.,.,6,Naturalresources:mineral,water,weather,soil,forest,etc.Socialresources:laborforce,skillstechnology,equipmentsetc.,Whatareresources?,.,7,2.BenefitsAcquisition(追求利潤P2),Acountrycanbenefitsmorebyproducinggoodsitcanmakemostcheaplyandbuyingthosegoodsthatothercountriescanmakeatalowercost.Question:Whycantradecreatebenefits?,.,8,TheoryofComparativeAdvantage比較優(yōu)勢理論Or:ComparativeCostTheory比較成本理論（byAdamSmith,DavidRicardo,JohnStuartandothereconomistsinthe19thcentury）,Question:Doyouthinkeverycountrycanproducethesametypeofproductatthesamecost?,.,9,1.Whichcountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingcloth?2.Whichcountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingwine?3.Whatshouldtheyspecializeinrespectively?,Example1,.,10,Fact:Somecountrieshasnoabsoluteadvantageinproducinganyproducts.Question:Canthesecountriesmakeprofitsbydoingbusinesswiththosewhohasabsoluteadvantage?,.,11,1)InwhichproductdoesU.S.Ahaveanabsoluteadvantage?2)InwhichproductdoesBrazilhaveacomparativeadvantage?3)Whatshouldthetwocountriesspecializein?,Example2,.,12,Americanshaveanabsoluteadvantageinproducingbothcarsandcomputers.UsingthreeunitsofPR(productiveresource)toproduce1,000computersintheUnitedStatesrequiressacrificingtheproductionof150cars.UsingfourunitsofPRtoproduce1,000computersinBrazilrequiressacrificingonly100cars.Conclusion:Brazilianshaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingcomputers.,.,13,Conclusionforpoint2(P3)Aslongasthereisminordifferencesintheefficiencyofproducingacommodity,eventhepoorcountrieshaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingit.Therefore,thecountrycanspecializeintheparticularproductsandmass-produce.,.,14,3.Diversification多樣經(jīng)營(P3)4.SalesExpansion擴(kuò)大銷售(P4)Salesarelimitedby1)thenumberofconsumers2)thecapacityofpurchaseofconsumer,.,15,5.Internationalbalanceofpayments國際收支平衡(P4)BOP-balanceofpaymentBOPaccount收支平衡賬戶BOPsheet收支平衡表,.,16,BalanceofpaymentTheinternationalbalanceofpaymentisthedifferencebetweenmoneycomingintoacountryandmoneygoingoutofthecountry.Afavorablebalanceofpayment(國際收支順差)meansmoremoneyisflowingintoacountry.Anunfavorablebalanceofpayment（國際收支逆差）meansmoremoneyisflowingoutofacountry.,.,17,BalanceoftradeAfavorablebalanceoftrade(貿(mào)易順差)ortradesurplus(貿(mào)易出超)occurswhenthevalueofanationsexportexceedsthatofitsimport.Whenthevalueofanationsimportexceedsthatofitsexport,anunfavorablebalanceoftrade（貿(mào)易逆差）ortradedeficit(貿(mào)易入超)occurs.,.,18,6.Otherreasons(P4)1)Satisfyingalargedomesticdemand滿足國內(nèi)大量需求2)Preferenceforinnovationandstyle對創(chuàng)新和款式的追求3)Forpoliticalreasons政治原因,.,19,Termtranslation自給自足2.經(jīng)濟(jì)資源3.直接投資國際收支5.商品交換6.傾銷7.貿(mào)易順差8.貿(mào)易逆差9.歐盟10.國際收支順差11.國際收支逆差12.有形貿(mào)易13.無形貿(mào)易14.貨物貿(mào)易15.服務(wù)貿(mào)易,Exercises,.,20,self-sufficient2.economicresources3.directinvestment4.Balanceofpayment5.Commodityexchange6.dumping7.favorablebalanceoftrade8.unfavorablebalanceoftrade,Keys,.,21,9.EuropeanUnion10.favorablebalanceofpayment11.unfavorablebalanceofpayment12.visible(tangible)trade13.invisible(intangible)trade14.tradeingoods15.tradeinservice,Keys,.,22,Problems,CultureDifferences文化差異,MonetaryConversion貨幣兌換,TradeBarriers貿(mào)易壁壘,SectionTwoProblemsConcerningInternationalTrade,.,23,1.Culturaldifferences文化差異問題(P5)Ininternationaltrade,businesspeoplemustpaycloseattentiontodifferentlocalcustomsandBusinessnorms(商業(yè)準(zhǔn)則).,.,24,2.MoneyConversion貨幣兌換問題(fluctuationinexchangerate)Frenchfrancs(法郎)USdollars(美元)Britishpounds(英鎊)DeutscheMark(馬克)Japaneseyen(日元)Danishkrone(克朗)Euro(歐元),.,25,3.TradeBarriers（貿(mào)易壁壘P6）Isthereacompletelyfreetradingsysteminanycountry?,Tradepoliciescomeinmanyforms-tariffsorsubsidies,quantitativerestrictionorencouragementsonimportedorexportedgoods,servicesandassets.,.,26,TradeBarriers（貿(mào)易壁壘）,1)Tocorrectabalance-ofpaymentdeficit;2)Inviewofnationalsecurity;3)Toprotecttheirindustriesagainstthecompetitionofforeigngoods.,ReasonsfortradebarriersP6,.,27,TradeBarriers（貿(mào)易壁壘）,1）Tariffbarriers關(guān)稅壁壘2）Non-tariffBarriers-NTBs非關(guān)稅壁壘,.,28,1)Tariffbarriers關(guān)稅壁壘Tariffsorimporttariffs(進(jìn)口關(guān)稅)aretaxesleviedongoodsorservicesbeingimportedintothecountry.Thesetariffscanbeoftwotypes:1)ProtectiveTariff保護(hù)關(guān)稅2)RevenueTariff財(cái)政關(guān)稅,.,29,Differentratesofcustomsdutiesareappliedtodifferentcategoriesofgoods.1)SpecificDuty從量稅2)AdvaloremDuty從價(jià)稅(P7)3)CompoundDuty混合稅,.,30,2)Non-tariffbarriers,Anon-tariffbarrierisanypolicyusedbythegovernmenttoreduceimports,ratherthanasimpletariff.NTBscantakemanyforms,includingimportquotas,productstandards,buy-at-homerulesforGovernmentpurchases,andsoon.,.,31,2)Non-tariffbarriers(1)Importquota進(jìn)口配額Aquantitativerestriction（數(shù)量限制）orupperlimitonthetotalquantityofimportofaproductallowedintoacountryduringaperiodoftime.Aquantitativerestrictionisexpressedintermsofphysicalquantityorvalue.Aquotarequireslowornodutiesbelowthelimitbuthighdutiesorpenaltyabovethelimit.,.,32,(2)VoluntaryExportRestraints（VER）自愿出口約束/限制VERenablesonecountrytoforceontoanothercountryalowrateofincreaseinexportvolumethroughbilateralagreement-voluntaryrestraintagreement（VRA,自愿約束協(xié)定）出口國在進(jìn)口國同意不訴諸配額、關(guān)稅或其他進(jìn)口管制的條件下，同意減少或限制出口的雙邊協(xié)定。Itsameasuretoavoidpunitivepju:ntivactions(反對行動)takenbytheimportingcountry.,.,33,(3)ImportLicense進(jìn)口許可證(4)Productstandard產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)TBT-TechnicalBarrierstoTrade貿(mào)易技術(shù)壁壘exhaustemissionstandardsHealthstandardsSafetystandardssanitarystandardsnationalsecuritystandards,.,34,(5)GovernmentProcurementPolicy政府采購政策ExampleBuyAmericanAct(購買美國產(chǎn)品法案1933)stipulatesthattheUSgovernmentmustbuyAmericanproductsunlessthedomesticpriceisonaverage25%higherthanforeignprices.,.,35,1.按商品移動的方向1）Export2)Import,SectionThreeFormsofInternationalTrade(國際貿(mào)易形式),.,36,2.按商品的形態(tài)1)Tangible(visible)tradeMerchandiseExportsandImports(商品進(jìn)出口)2)Intangible(invisible)tradeservice,knowledgeandskills,invisibleassets,suchaspatent,trademark,copyrightetc.,.,37,3.按貿(mào)易內(nèi)容可分為:1)Generaltrade一般貿(mào)易2)Processingtrade加工貿(mào)易3)Compensationtrade補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易,.,38,三來一補(bǔ)Processingwithsuppliedmaterials來料加工Processingaccordingtosuppliedsamples來樣加工Assemblingwithsuppliedparts來件裝配Compensationtrade補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易,.,39,1.產(chǎn)品返銷回購貿(mào)易或返銷在補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易中,用進(jìn)口的設(shè)備或其他物資生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品,通稱為直接產(chǎn)品,用直接產(chǎn)品支付的,叫產(chǎn)品返銷。一般適用于設(shè)備和技術(shù)貿(mào)易,在國際上稱為“工業(yè)補(bǔ)償”。在我國,一般稱為“直接補(bǔ)償”。,補(bǔ)充知識：Compensationtrade補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易,.,40,2.商品換購買方不用生產(chǎn)出來產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行還款，而是用雙方商定的其他產(chǎn)品或勞務(wù)來償付貨款，統(tǒng)稱互購。首次進(jìn)口的一方用于支付進(jìn)口貨款的商品,不是由進(jìn)口物質(zhì)直接生產(chǎn)出來的產(chǎn)品,而是雙方商定的其他商品,即間接產(chǎn)品。由于這種貿(mào)易有時(shí)候并不直接與其他生產(chǎn)相聯(lián)系,故在發(fā)達(dá)資本主義國家有人稱之為“商業(yè)性”補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易。由于這種補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易用間接產(chǎn)品償還,在我國一般稱之為間接補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易。3.多邊補(bǔ)償或叫轉(zhuǎn)手補(bǔ)償這種形式的補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易形式比較復(fù)雜。由第三國替代首次進(jìn)口的一方承擔(dān)或提供補(bǔ)償產(chǎn)品的義務(wù)。,.,41,4.按交易雙方的關(guān)系1)Licensing(許可證貿(mào)易)2)Franchising(特許經(jīng)營)3)JointVentures(合資企業(yè))4)Soledistribution(獨(dú)家代理)Soleagent5)Consignment(寄售),.,42,在進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)中，采用獨(dú)家代理方式時(shí)，作為委托人的出口商即給予國外的代理人在規(guī)定的地區(qū)和期限內(nèi)推銷指定商品的專營權(quán)。按照慣例，委托人在代理區(qū)域內(nèi)達(dá)成的交易，凡屬獨(dú)家代理人專營的商品，不論其是否通過該獨(dú)家代理人，委托人都要向他支付約定比例的傭金。,補(bǔ)充知識：Soleagent(獨(dú)家代理),.,43,Termtranslation關(guān)稅壁壘2.非關(guān)稅壁壘3.從量稅4.配額5.保護(hù)性關(guān)稅6.幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)7.許可證制度8.財(cái)政關(guān)稅9.政府采購10.貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義11.從價(jià)稅12.出口補(bǔ)貼13.寄售,Exercises,.,44,1.Tariffbarriers2.non-tariffbarriers3.Specificduties4.quota5.Protectivetariff6.infantindustry7.Licensingsystem8.Rernmentprocurement10.Tradeprotectionism11.AdvaloremDuties12.Exportsubsidies13.Consignment,Keys,.,45,Foreignexchangecontrolisatariffbarrierthatcanrestrictimportseffectively.FWhennationsexportmorethantheyimport,theyhaveanunfavorableb