工程碩士英語考試資料

1,英譯漢,將一篇120150詞的一般性題材的英語段落在30分鐘內(nèi)翻譯成漢語,三個(gè)階段,正確理解表達(dá)的基礎(chǔ),詞匯意義句子結(jié)構(gòu),表達(dá)方法,直譯意譯直譯意譯音譯形譯,翻譯技巧,省略法增詞法轉(zhuǎn)譯法重復(fù)法分譯法正反譯法語序調(diào)整語態(tài)調(diào)整,一般來說，盡可能用直譯，保持原文內(nèi)容，保證語句通順，,NoadditionofinformationNomissofinformationNodistortionofinformation,確切表達(dá),準(zhǔn)確恰當(dāng)?shù)皿w,校對(duì),2,省略法,由于英漢兩種語言在語法結(jié)構(gòu)、表達(dá)方法、修辭手段等方面的不同，為了使譯文更加精煉，更符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，有時(shí)需要省略部分詞語。省略的部分應(yīng)是一些可有可無的或譯出后顯得累贅的詞。冠詞、連詞、代詞(尤其是人稱代詞、關(guān)系代詞、指示代詞)、關(guān)系副詞等在英語中經(jīng)常使用，但譯成漢語時(shí)幾乎很少出現(xiàn)。Theyhavecompiledagreatmassofstatisticaldataonwhichtheycandrawtoanswerallsortsofinquiries.他們編輯了大量的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料，可供用來回答各種咨詢。PerhapsyouhaveoverlookedthefactthatyouraccountforJulypurchaseshasnotyetbeensettled.也許你忘記了七月份的購貨帳還沒有結(jié)算呢。Thesedevelopingcountriescovervastterritories,encompassalargepopulationandaboundinnaturalresources.這些發(fā)展中國家，土地遼闊，人口眾多，資源豐富。Whenitisdarkintheeast,itislightinthewest;whenthingsaredarkinthesouththereisstilllightinthenorth.東方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。,3,增詞法,為了使譯文忠實(shí)地表達(dá)原文的意思與風(fēng)格并使譯文更通順完整，更符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，必須按語義、修辭或句法上的需要增加一些詞語。Allpreparationmustbedonewellbeforeyousignacontract.在簽合同之前必須做好一切準(zhǔn)備工作。Speedandreliabilityarethechiefadvantagesoftheelectriccomputers.速度快、可靠性高是電子計(jì)算機(jī)的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Thevirusmaysurviveweeksandmonths.這病毒可存活數(shù)星期至數(shù)月。Wewontretreat,weneverhaveandneverwill.我們不后退，我們從來沒后退過，將來也決不后退。ThejourneywhichhasbroughtmetoPekinghasbeenaverylongone.Longwhenmeasuredinmiles.Longwhenmeasuredintime.我來北京的旅途是漫長的。用里程衡量，它是漫長的。用時(shí)間衡量，它也是漫長的。,4,轉(zhuǎn)譯法,由于英漢兩種語言在語法和習(xí)慣表達(dá)上的差異，在保證原文意思不變的情況下，必須對(duì)原文中的某些詞語進(jìn)行詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。Independentobservershavecommentedfavourablyontheachievementsyouhavemadeinthisdirection.有獨(dú)立見解的觀察家們對(duì)你們?cè)谶@方面取得的成就給予了很好的評(píng)價(jià)。Wealsorealizethegrowingneedandnecessitytoindustrializecertainsectorsofourcountry.我們也認(rèn)識(shí)到越來越需要使某些經(jīng)濟(jì)部門實(shí)行工業(yè)化。Peopleinenterprisesmustbemathematicallyinformediftheyaretomakewisedecisions.企業(yè)管理人員要作出明智的決策就必須懂得數(shù)學(xué)。Thecomputersarechieflycharacterizedbyaccuracyandquickcomputation.計(jì)算機(jī)的主要特點(diǎn)是準(zhǔn)確性高，運(yùn)算速度快。Areyoufororagainsthisplan?你是贊成還是反對(duì)他的計(jì)劃？Hisadviserswerereportedasrecommendinglowertaxesandhighergovernmentalspending.據(jù)說他的顧問們建議降低稅收，擴(kuò)大政府開支。,5,重復(fù)法,為了加強(qiáng)語氣或表達(dá)明確、生動(dòng)，使句子平衡對(duì)稱或其他修辭效果，往往要在一個(gè)句子或相連的句群中重復(fù)使用同一詞語或同一結(jié)構(gòu)。Ihadexperiencedoxygenand/orenginetrouble.我曾碰到過，不是氧氣設(shè)備出故障，就是引擎出故障，或兩者都出故障。Weshouldlearnhowtoanalyzeandsolveproblems.我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)如何分析問題解決問題。Thisrequirescareand,fordifficultproblems,greatexperience.這需要細(xì)心，對(duì)一些難題來說，還需要豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Bigpowershavetheirstrategieswhilesmallcountriesalsohavetheirownlines.大國有大國的策略，小國也有小國的辦法。Theywerestartingfromscratchandneededmen,equipment,andtraining.他們白手起家，需要人手，需要設(shè)備，需要培訓(xùn)。,6,分譯法,由于英漢兩種語言在語法結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)習(xí)慣等方面存在較大的差異，在翻譯時(shí)既要忠實(shí)于原文的意思，又要保留原文的結(jié)構(gòu)，這往往會(huì)有一定的困難。因此需要改變?cè)牡慕Y(jié)構(gòu)以保留原文的意思，這就需要把原文的某個(gè)成分從原來的結(jié)構(gòu)中分離開來，譯成另一種成分。1.分譯單詞一個(gè)獨(dú)立成分、從句或并列成分Heunnecessarilyspentalotoftimeintroducingthisbook,whichthestudentsarequitefamiliarwith.他花了很多時(shí)間介紹這本書，其實(shí)沒有必要，因?yàn)閷W(xué)生對(duì)它很熟悉。Theproposalwassurprisinglycriticizedbyallwalksofpeople.這條建議受到各階層人民的反對(duì)，真是令人吃驚。Hehadseenthedictionaryflyoverthedeskandfallatlengthatthefeetoftheastonishedteacher.他眼看字典飛過講臺(tái)，最后落在老師的腳邊，嚇了老師一跳。,7,分譯法,2.分譯短語一個(gè)獨(dú)立成分、從句或并列成分TheforeignvisitorswatchedinafascinatedmannerthetournamentheldinBeijing,whichexhibitedasuperbperformanceandendedinadraw.外賓們觀看了在北京舉行的這場(chǎng)錦標(biāo)賽。這場(chǎng)比賽展示了精湛的技藝，最后打成平局。他們都看得入迷了。Withthefearoflargelyimaginaryplotsagainsthisleadership,hisself-confidenceseemedtotallytodeserthim.由于害怕有人陰謀推翻他的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，他似乎完全喪失了自信，但所謂的陰謀在很大程度上是他自己假想出來的。Thegreatspeedoflightexplainswhywethinkweseethingshappenattheexactmomenttheyarehappening.光速極快，這就是為什么我們認(rèn)為事情正在發(fā)生的一霎那我們就看到它們發(fā)生。He,amuchrespectedmayor,hasdevotedhiswholelifetothebettermentofpeopleslife.作為一位深受尊敬的市長，他把一生都獻(xiàn)給了為人民謀福利的事業(yè)。,8,分譯法,3.分譯從句一個(gè)獨(dú)立單句、壯語從句或并列分句HetoldmeofhisexperiencessuchasIhadneverheardbefore.他給我講了他的經(jīng)歷，這些經(jīng)歷我以前從未聽說過。Theuniversityhasenrolled40studentsfromthepoverty-strickenareaswhotheyhopewillmakecontributionstotheirhometown.這所大學(xué)從貧困地區(qū)招收了40名學(xué)生，希望他們將來為家鄉(xiāng)作貢獻(xiàn)。Thatyouhavehadwordswiththemanagerisnoreasontodamagethepropertyofthecompany.你和經(jīng)理吵了架，但這并不能成為損壞公司財(cái)產(chǎn)的理由。OurfinaldecisionisthatMr.Wanggoestotheheadquarterstogiveadetailedreport.我們最后作出決定，派王先生去總部作詳細(xì)的匯報(bào)。Wewilladopthissuggestionthattheleadingbodybereorganizedassoonaspossible.我們將采納他的建議，盡快改組領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子。,9,正說反譯反說正譯,從語法角度講，否定包括：完全否定、部分否定、雙重否定、含否定意義的詞或短語。從翻譯角度講，為了使譯文忠實(shí)于原文且又符合表達(dá)習(xí)慣，有時(shí)必須把原文中的肯定說法譯成否定說法，或把原文中的否定說法譯成肯定說法。英語詞句中含有否定詞never,not,no，否定前后綴如in-,-less等；漢語詞句中含有否定詞“不、未、別、莫、勿等成分的為反說，不含這些成分的為正說。1、肯定譯否定Theabovefactsinsistonthefollowingconclusions.上述事實(shí)使人們不能不得出以下結(jié)論。Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.這類人持極端看法，認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對(duì)待動(dòng)物無需考慮道德問題。,10,2、否定譯肯定Shewontgoawayuntilyoupromisetohelpher.她要等你答應(yīng)幫助以后才肯走。Heneversparedhimselfandsohemademeworkhard.他總是拼命干，所以我也只好拼命干。Dontmakeyourconclusionbeforetheendoftheyear.到年底再下結(jié)論吧！3、雙重否定譯肯定Therecanbenosunshinewithoutshadow.有陽光就有陰影。Thereisnorulethathasnoexception.任何規(guī)則都有例外。4、部分否定Allthatflatteryoutoomucharenotfaithfulfriend.吹捧你的人并非都是你的忠實(shí)朋友。Bothchildrenarenotclever.并非兩個(gè)孩子都聰明。,正說反譯反說正譯,11,詞序調(diào)整,在翻譯時(shí)，對(duì)詞序作必要或必不可少的改變，并不只是純粹的顛倒詞序或倒裝。TherearemanywonderfulstoriestotellabouttheplacesIvisitedandthepeople我參觀了一些地方，遇到了一些人，要談起來，奇妙的事可多著呢。Hedrinkshalfabottleofbeerwitheachofhismeals.每餐飯他都要喝半瓶啤酒。Heisnothappy,thoughheisrich.他雖富有，但不幸福。Hewouldhavehelpedusbutthathewasshortofmoneyatthetime.要不是他那時(shí)沒有錢，他會(huì)幫助我們的。Ourwholephysicaluniverse,whenreducedtothesimplestterms,ismadeupoftwothings,energyandmatter.如果用最簡單的話來說，整個(gè)物質(zhì)世界是由兩樣?xùn)|西組成的，即能量和物質(zhì)。,12,英語大量使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，而漢語則很少使用，即便使用，也不像英語那樣有固定或比較統(tǒng)一的構(gòu)成形式。因此在英漢翻譯時(shí)，要經(jīng)常變換語態(tài)，以使譯文符合習(xí)慣用法，顯得地道而自然。Thestructureofanatomcanbeaccuratelydescribedthoughwecannotseeit.雖然我們看不見原子結(jié)構(gòu)，但能準(zhǔn)確地描述它。Anationallink-upofcomputerscouldmeanthatalargeamountofinformationwillbesuppliedtoanyonewhousesthesystem.把全國的電腦連接起來意味著可以向任何使用該系統(tǒng)的人提供大量的信息。Thecomingphysicsexaminationissaidtoberatherdifficult,sowemustgetwellpreparedforit.即將舉行的物理考試據(jù)說相當(dāng)難，所以我們必須做好充分準(zhǔn)備。,語態(tài)變換,13,Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand“human-relations”experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblueandthewhitecollarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.,14,總的說來，我們的社會(huì)正在逐步變成一個(gè)官僚主義管理體制下的大型企業(yè)，其中人成為機(jī)器上的一個(gè)潤滑良好的小齒輪，需要靠不斷增加工資、改善廠房的通風(fēng)狀況及播放輕音樂，以及通過心理疏導(dǎo)和人際關(guān)系指導(dǎo)，才能正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。但所有這些潤滑作用卻不能改變?nèi)说能浫鯚o力。他們沒有全心全意地投入工作，并對(duì)工作感到厭倦了。事實(shí)上，藍(lán)領(lǐng)和白領(lǐng)工人已變成了由自動(dòng)機(jī)器和官僚主義管理體系操縱著的經(jīng)濟(jì)木偶。,15,短文寫作,在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)能夠根據(jù)所給的提綱、情景或圖、表按要求寫出一篇120詞以上的短文。所寫短文要求主題明確，條理清楚，語言比較規(guī)范。,評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),切題，能正確表達(dá)思想語意連貫，文章基本通順無重大語言錯(cuò)誤,內(nèi)容,語言,短文寫作是一種綜合能力很強(qiáng)的語言技能，涉及到:1）對(duì)語言知識(shí)的掌握程度2）使用語言知識(shí)的熟練程度3）基本的寫作技巧4）個(gè)人的閱歷和知識(shí)面為了在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)使寫作能力有所提高，需要注意：1）掌握一定量的常用詞匯2）掌握一定量的常用句型3）多讀范文，多實(shí)踐,構(gòu)成短文的主要成分,16,三類句子,簡單句并列句復(fù)合句,五種句型,主語+不及物動(dòng)詞主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+補(bǔ)語主語+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語,常見錯(cuò)誤,1.主謂數(shù)的不一致2.時(shí)態(tài)使用錯(cuò)誤或相互照應(yīng)不一致3.代詞指代不一致4.結(jié)構(gòu)不一致5.不能正確使用語態(tài)或被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤6.非謂語動(dòng)詞使用不當(dāng)7.連詞誤用或缺少連詞8.非連接成分錯(cuò)誤（獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)與主句的主語不一致）9.非完整句10.詞性或詞義誤用11.搭配錯(cuò)誤12.修飾語錯(cuò)位,17,常見錯(cuò)誤舉例,1.Themanager,ratherthantheemployees,areresponsibleforit.2.a)Collegegraduatestakeagoodposition,ahandsomesalaryandasatisfactoryworkingconditionintoconsiderationwhentheychoseajob.b)Whenhearrived,theplayalreadystartedtwentyminutesbefore.3.Eachcigarettewhichapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyyoumaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.4.Intheteachingofmathematics,thewayofinstructionisgenerallytraditional,withteacherspresentingformallecturesandstudentstakenotes.5.Theideathatlearningisalifelongprocesshasexpressedbyphilosophersandeducationaliststhroughoutthecenturies.6.WhenIreturnedhomeIfoundthewindowopenandsomethingstealing.,18,常見錯(cuò)誤舉例,7.a)AlthoughProfessorGreenslecturesusuallyranoverthefifty-minuteperiod,butnoneofhisstudentseverobjectedastheyfoundhislecturesbothinformativeandinteresting.b)Theairinthecountrysideisfresh,manypeopleliketolivethere.8.admitted,histuitionwillcosthimfivehundreddollarsasemester.9.Second,becausepeoplerelyheavilyonthecomputertodotheirroutinework.10.Withtherapiddevelopmentofnationaleconomic,thepeopleslivingconditionshavebeengreatlyimproved.11.Becauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmefromswimmingintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus.12.Peoplewhowritelettersfrequentlyrecountthesameexperiencetodifferentpeople.,19,三原則,一致性,連貫性,使用詞、詞組連接上下文使用句子連接上下文使用過渡詞連接上下文,條理性,句與句之間,段與段之間,使用過渡詞銜接上下段使用語義呼應(yīng)連接上下段,依重要次重要或依次重要重要的順序按時(shí)間或空間的順序按歸納法（總分法）或演繹法（分總法）,說明文常用技巧,定義法分類法舉例法,議論文常用技巧,因果法類比法列舉法比較與對(duì)比法,20,1.Competitiona.Competitionmakespeopleoriginalandcreative.b.Meanwhile,competitionproducesbetterthings.c.Society,throughcompetition,hasdevelopedalot.,2.LimitedSourceofForesta.過去人們以為木材是用之不盡的。b.實(shí)際上森林是非常有限的。c.應(yīng)該采取積極有效的措施保護(hù)有限的森林資源。,3.WorkandRecreationa.工作與娛樂的關(guān)系b.你工作后的娛樂c.娛樂對(duì)你的工作所起的作用,4.GoodHealthWriteacompositionofnolessthan150wordsandyourcompositionshouldstartwiththegivensentence“Thedesireforgoodhealthisuniversal.”,提綱、情景作文,21,短文的結(jié)構(gòu),短文,開頭段(introduction),中間段(body),結(jié)尾段(conclusion),主題句(topicsentence)擴(kuò)展句(supportingsentences)結(jié)尾句(concludingsentence),Topicsentence=topic+controllingideaIndependenceisveryimportantinourlives,話題統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全段，限定主題對(duì)全段的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行限定主題句不但可以凝煉段落的中心內(nèi)容，還可以確定段落的展開方式。,topic,controllingidea,陳述主題，提出觀點(diǎn),22,ExamplesFactsEvidenceStatisticsPhysicaldescriptionPersonalexperience,寫作模式,23,主題句Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.擴(kuò)展句(1)Firstofall,goldhasalustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion.Therefore,itissuitableforjewelry,coins,andornamentalpurposes.擴(kuò)展句(2)Goldneverneedstobepolishedandwillremainbeautifulforever.Forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago.擴(kuò)展句(3)Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.Formanyyears,ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplications.擴(kuò)展句(4)Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronautssuits.Astronautsweargold-platedheatshieldsforprotectionoutsidethespaceship.結(jié)尾句Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeauty,butalsoforitsutility.,24,1.首先陳述人們對(duì)所要討論的問題的不同看法，然后提出作者自己的不同看法，或偏向的那個(gè)看法。這種方式多用于有爭議性的主題。如Somepersonssaythatlovemakestheworldgoround.Othersofalessromanticandmorepracticalturnofmindsaythatitisntlove;itsmoney.Butthetruthisthatitisenergythatmakestheworldgoround.Energyisthecurrencyoftheecologicalsystemandlifebecomespossibleonlywhenfoodisconvertedintoenergy,whichinturnisusedtoseekmorefoodtogrow,toreproduceandtosurvive.Onthiscyclealllifedepends.,如何開頭,萬事開頭難。Wellbegun,halfdone.,25,2.首先陳述某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象、傾向或社會(huì)問題，然后對(duì)此加以評(píng)論。這種方式多用于對(duì)某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象、傾向或問題進(jìn)行剖析的文章。如Hereandthereacrossthecountryarecomingreportsthatgovernmentofficials,evenseniorofficials,havebeenpunishedforcorruption.Someweresentencedfortakingbribes,othersexecutedforembezzlingfunds.InBeijingalonenearly60,000civilservantswerefoundguiltyofcorruptionin1993.Officialcorruptionhasincreasedgreatlyinthepastfiveyearsnotonlyinscopebutalsoinmagnitude.,26,3.巧妙地引用與主題有關(guān)的名人名言、格言警句，或有代表性的觀點(diǎn)等來引出文章要展開討論的一種觀點(diǎn)。如Educationisnotcompletewithgraduation.SuchistheopinionofMortimerJ.Adler,agreatAmericanphilosopher.Nowmoreandmorepeoplesharehisopinion.Nocollegeoruniversitycaneducateitsstudentsbythetimetheygraduate;andnooneshouldbecontenttosimplyendhiseducationwithhighschooleducationorcollegeeducation.Educationisalifetimestudy.,4.從講一個(gè)故事入手，從而提出文章要討論的主題，這樣還可以引起讀者的興趣。如OnceinanewspaperIreadofacrowdofpeoplewhoremainedappallinglyindifferenttothepleaofamother.Asshefailedtooffertherequiredamountofcashaspricetosaveherdrowningson,thewomanatlastwatchedhersonsinktodeath.ThestoryisnotrareinnewspapersandonTV,andthecasualnessanddetachmentourpeoplenowhavedevelopedhasarousednationwideconcern.,27,5.比較過去和現(xiàn)在對(duì)某種現(xiàn)象、傾向或問題的不同態(tài)度和看法，提出文章要討論的主題。如ItisatraditionalcustomforChineseoldpeopletolivewiththeirchildrenandtheirgrandchildren.Inthiswaytheyoungpeoplecanexpresstheirgratefulnessandshowrespectfortheelderly.Butintherecentyears,thependulumhasswungintheoppositedirection.Accordingtoastudyin1994,52percentofChineseelderlywerelivingaloneintheirwonhousesorinnursinghomesinbigcities.Asagainstnearlyzeroin1954.Whyareincreasingnumbersoftheoldpeoplelivingapartfromtheirchildren?,28,6.提出一個(gè)與要討論的主題相關(guān)的問題，然后通過對(duì)該問題的分析回答來闡明主題，這樣開頭可以一下子激發(fā)起讀者的興趣。如Whatdoesittaketosucceedinonesstudiesorcareer?Opinionsvarywidely.Givenapproximatelyequalcircumstances,someclaimthesuccessfactorislargelyamatterofluckbeingintherightplaceandtherighttime.Othersspeakofutterdevotiontowork,combinedwithadegreeofruthlessness.Stillothersmaintainthatitisundoubtedlyamatterofhowmuchintelligenceyouhaveorsimplyhowmucheducationyourmotherhad.,29,如何結(jié)尾,1.循著前面正文段中對(duì)短文主題的討論分析，對(duì)全文進(jìn)行概括和總結(jié)，以揭示主題。如Inconclusion,healthismoreimportantthanwealth.Thosewhoarerichbutlosetheirhealtharenomorehappyandfortunatethanthosewhoarepoor.Ifyouwantyourwishtocometrue,healthisthemostimportantingredientofyoursuccess.,2.引用與主題相關(guān)的名人名言或富有哲理的話來結(jié)束全文。如Adleriscorrect