虛擬語氣(三)

1、A New English Grammar,Vice Professor Gan Daixia 2010.3,虛擬語氣 三種語氣簡介 語氣是表示講話人對(duì)說話內(nèi)容的看法的一種語法范疇。 英語中有三種語氣：陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣。 陳述語氣：謂語動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是符合客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)的， 也就是說把動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)當(dāng)作事實(shí)表達(dá)出來，或提出一種看法。 Flowers blossom in spring. The yellow leaves are falling in the autumn wind. The moon is peeping through the window at the slee

2、pless girl. Its probably going to snow tomorrow.,祈使語氣：表示號(hào)召、命令、請(qǐng)求、勸告、 警告禁止等。 Do drop in to see us. Keep off the grass. 虛擬語氣：把動(dòng)作當(dāng)作一種只存在于講話人 想象中的“假設(shè) ”或“推斷”，而不是當(dāng)作客觀 現(xiàn)實(shí)中的真實(shí)事件，它表達(dá)的是懷疑、憂慮、推測、假設(shè)、想象或祝福等。 Mother told me to put on my sweater lest I should catch cold. I wish I were a white cloud. A judicious ma

3、n wouldnt do like that.,虛擬語氣在條件句子中的運(yùn)用 英語中的條件句有2種：真實(shí)和非真實(shí)條件句。 非真實(shí)條件句包括： 虛擬條件句、推測條件句、錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句。 1 虛擬條件句有2種： 一是敘述與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況；另一是敘 述與過去事實(shí)相反的情況。另外，還有一類用 于推測將來的情況，也稱推測條件句。 would有時(shí)可以換成 should, could， might。,He wouldnt feel so cold if he were indoors. I am sorry I am very busy just now, if I had time, I would c

4、ertainly go to the movies with you. If I knew the answers to all your questions, I would be a genius. If wishes wee horses, beggars might ride.,If we hadnt made adequate preparations, the conference wouldnt have been so successful. The flood might have caused great damage to the people if we hadnt b

5、uilt so many reservoirs. Jack would have died if the doctors hadnt operated on him timely.,If he were here this evening, we would play cards. If she were to marry Jack, she would be happy. If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way. If it should rain again, what else could I do? she

6、 would tell me if she should know it. If she should have enough money, he would buy it.,比較： If it snowed tomorrow, If it were to snow, If it should snow, I should / would stay at home.,注意： （1）條件句中有were, had, should, could時(shí)，可 以省略 if，而把 were, had, should, could放在主 句前，用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，這種用法多用語書面語中。 Were it necessa

7、ry, I might resign. Had you informed me earlier, I wouldnt have signed the contract. Should I have time, I would call on her. Could you meet Mary, you should not be able to recognize her. Were they to get married, they would be happy. Were he living happily, I would be very much astonished.,（2）虛擬語氣中

8、的主句也可以是疑問句、感嘆句、祈使句： If she had everything, would she be happy? If he had married Alice, how happy he would have been! If you were man enough, dont give up. If you should need help, please tell me.,(3) 過去分詞也可用于虛擬條件句中，這時(shí)的could是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示“能夠”， 相當(dāng)于“had been able to” If I could have earned enough money, I s

9、hould have traveled over the world. If you could have prevented mistakes, you might have been more successful. (4) 條件從句中不可用would, If he would have come yesterday, I should have told him. If he had come yesterday, I should have told him.,2. 錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句 / 混合式虛擬語氣 Had I taken my umbrella with me when I cam

10、e out this morning, I should not be wet now. If you had spoken to him last time you saw him, you would know what to do now. If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night. If the criminal were honest, he would have made a clean breast of the whole thing long ago.,If they had left home in e

11、arly morning, they would arrive in half an hour. If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in future. If I were rich, I would have bought the villa last year. 如果條件句做賓語從句，其動(dòng)詞形式不受主句謂語動(dòng)詞的影響。 I often tell her that if she had made another try, she might have been successful. (過去) I will tell her tha

12、t if she would / were to make another try, she might be successful. （將來） I have told her that if she made another try, she might be successful. （現(xiàn)在）,3 無條件的虛擬語氣 表示“無條件”的詞有：with, without, but for, or, but, otherwise, even, in case of, what if But for (= if it were not for) your help we couldnt have su

13、cceeded. They wouldnt have reached the agreement so easily without (if it were not for.) that common ground. With better equipment, we could have done it better. Given more time, we would do it better.,4. 含蓄條件句 有時(shí)，句子中沒有表示虛擬語氣的詞，短語或從句，但依然要用虛擬語氣。這時(shí)，要么是省略了表示虛擬語氣的部分，要么隱含在上下文中，稱之。 I would do anything for

14、 her. (if I could) You might have failed. (if you made less efforts) She should have died. ( if she had taken that bus) Even stones would shed tears. (to hear the sad news.),It would do you no good. (if you should give up the job.) Heaven would cry at their sufferings. (if it were able to see their

15、sufferings) She might have refused to answer. ( if you had asked her.) We could have won the battle, (but we were impatient) We would have made a lot of money. (but we gave up halfway) Such mistakes could have been avoided. ( if one had been more careful),虛擬語氣在某些從句中的運(yùn)用 （1）wish后的賓語從句 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：were / 動(dòng)

16、詞的過去式 與過去事實(shí)相反：had + 過去分詞 / would / could + have +過去分詞 表示將來沒有把握或不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望：would / should / could / might + 動(dòng)詞原形 I wish she were / was here. I wish the moon were shining at the moment. I wish you would go with us tomorrow.,I wish she had taken my advice. Sophia wished she hadnt done it. I wish that I

17、had never seen her. I wish you wouldnt be so nervous. He wished she might do better next time.,if only 和 ( I ) would that 后用虛擬語氣 表示現(xiàn)在沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望： 謂語動(dòng)詞（一般過去式） 表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望： 謂語用過去完成式（had + V.ed）翻譯為： “要是就好了”,“但愿” If only she had known where to find you. If only I could speak several foreign languages! Would

18、 that I had seen her before she died. If only he were more cautious. Would that I were young again.,虛擬語氣用在suggest, order, demand等后的賓語從句中 如：propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, decide, promise, arrange, ask, recommend, advise, maintain, persist, permit, provide direct, persuade dictate

19、 agree pray legislate sentence object 后用動(dòng)詞原形或should + 動(dòng)詞原形 He determined that she would go at once. They intended that news should be suppressed. I prefer that you not eat the meat.,She insisted that the seats should be booked in advance. The workers demanded that their wages should be raised by 10

20、percent. They requested that he should sing a song. He advised that the doctor should be sent for. The committee decided that no one should be admitted without a ticket. Sometimes she would suggest that I should be saving some of the money. The examination instructions ask that the students should n

21、ot use a red pen. It was arranged that she leave the next week.,虛擬語氣用在advice, demand, order 等名詞后的主語從句、表語從句和同位語， 常用的詞有：advice, demand, order, necessity, resolution, pay, decision, proposal, requirement, suggestion, idea, recommendation, preference, request, plan, motion, desire, sentence后 用動(dòng)詞原形或shoul

22、d + 動(dòng)詞原形,The demand is that manuscripts should be written on one side only. He issued the order that the troops should withdraw at once. It is my desire that all the members of the family should gather once a year. Their desire was that a treaty should be signed. The sentence is that the murderer sh

23、ould be shot.,虛擬語氣用在important, necessary等后的從句中 urgent, essential, appropriate, desirable, insistent, obligatory, vital, advisable, better, keen, preferable, fitting, right good proper compulsory careful funny pitiful imperative resolved eager anxious, concerned, ridiculous, unthinkable 可以構(gòu)成句型“it is

24、+ adj./ n. + that”,有些詞 要用“I am + adj. + that”, 用should + be 句型,It is necessary that some immediate effort should be made. It is essential that the program should be loaded into computer. He is careful that nobody should know about the secret. She was anxious that her daughter should be taken good ca

25、re of.,it is (high / about) time句型 這時(shí)， 謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式，指現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r，表示“早該干某事而已經(jīng)有些晚了”。 It is high time that we were off. It is time that we went to bed. It is time that somebody taught you to behave yourself. 這種句型中的過去式也可以改為should (不能省略)+ 動(dòng)詞原形， 但過去式要更普通一些。 It is about time we should go to bed. It is quite time

26、she should wash her clothes.,7. 在for fear that, in order that, so that, lest 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用虛擬語氣 should / could / might + 動(dòng)詞原形, 在以lest 引導(dǎo)的從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用(should ) + 動(dòng)詞原形。 He reminded her twice of it lest she should forget. He kept quiet lest he (should) disturb her.,She always studies hard lest she (sh

27、ould) lag behind. I will not make a noise for fear (that) I should / might disturb you. I did this so that I might have a couple of weeks to prepare my paper. I have come all the way here in order that you should understand me.,imagine后的虛擬語氣 表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)矸乾F(xiàn)實(shí)情況的意想用were型結(jié)構(gòu)，表示對(duì)過去非實(shí)際情況的意想用 had + 過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。 Imagi

28、ne that we were on a desolate island now. Imagine that you were laughed at by those shallow people. Imagine that he had not had taken those measures, what would have happened?,以as if / as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句或表語從句，有時(shí)用虛擬語氣 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式， 與過去事實(shí)相反，用had + 過去分詞 表示將來的可能性不大，用 would/ might / could + 動(dòng)詞原形 He t

29、alks as if he knew all about it. She looks as though she were sick. He talks about pyramids as though he has seen them himself. I feel / felt as if we had known each other for years. It looks as if it might rain.,比較： He walks as if he is drunk He walks as if he were drunk.,10. would rather, would so

30、oner, had better, would as soon, just as soon后的句子用虛擬語氣 (1) 接動(dòng)詞原形，指現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)間，表示一種主觀愿望或選擇 I would rather do it today. He would sooner die than surrender. Hed rather not go dancing tonight.,(2) 接不定式完成式，表示過去的某種選擇不恰當(dāng) I d rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip. Id rather have stayed at home

31、 than went to the dull film.,(3)接從句， 用虛擬語氣，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿麜r(shí)，用一般過去式，表示一個(gè)過去的愿望時(shí)，用過去完成式。 Id rather you paid the money yourself. Id soon you didnt do anything about it for the time being. I would sooner she painted the wall green next time. Id rather she hadnt done that.,11. would rather than / would rather

32、than 后的從句用虛擬語氣 用“ should + 動(dòng)詞原形”than 后的that 可以省略。 I would rather die than (that) he should know the secret. He would do anything rather than (that) he should live with such a shameless woman.,(四) 條件句的其他表示法 1. As (so ) long as 真實(shí)性條件從句 You may borrow the book so long as you return it in one week. 2. o

33、n condition that “在條件下”，陳述語氣或虛擬語氣均可。 The guards allow the tourists to go into the woods on condition that they do / should do no harm to the animals. 3. given that 真實(shí)條件，用陳述語氣 Given that he doesnt agree to do it, we shall go it alone.,4. if it were not for“如果沒有”,表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，主句用should 型虛擬語氣。 If it were

34、not for the rain, the crops should / would become withered. If it had not been for “如果當(dāng)時(shí)沒有”,表示與過去事實(shí)相反。 If it had not been for your timely help, I would have gone bankrupt. 5. assuming that 真實(shí)條件，從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用陳述語氣。 Assuming (that) we cant get loan, what shall we do? 6. in the event that 同上 In the event tha

35、t Harry rejects the proposal, what will she do?.,7. suppose that 既可以表示真實(shí)條件，用陳述語氣，也可以用虛擬語氣，表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼募僭O(shè)。 Suppose / supposing that it rains , we wont go out. Suppose / supposing that it rained, we shouldnt go out. Suppose / supposing that there were no gravitational force, objects would not fall to the

36、 ground when dropped,8Provide that/ providing that表示真實(shí)條件 She was prepared to come, provided / providing that she might bring her children. He was willing to give the job to me provided that I could assure him I could do it well. 比較： You will be criticized provided that () / if you are as careless as

37、 before. Children were permitted into the hall for the film provided (that) / = if they did not make any trouble.,9 Unless 既可以做真實(shí)性條件，= if not.也可以做非真實(shí)性條件句，= butif 或except on condition that I couldnt get a grant unless I had five years teaching experience. Unless you had done it earlier, you would hav

38、e failed. I couldnt have bought it unless I had had enough money.,10. in case 引導(dǎo)的句子既可以用陳述語氣，又可以用 虛擬語氣，由should構(gòu)成，should可以省略。 The games will be postponed in case it snows. (可能性更大) The games will be postponed in case it (should) snow. （可能性?。?11. and表示條件的三種結(jié)構(gòu)形式 (1) 祈使句(相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句) + and + 陳述句（既可以用表示真實(shí)條件，

39、也可以表示非真實(shí)條件）如：Care for others and others will love you. One more step forward and you will touch it. One more step forward and you would have touched it.,(2) 祈使句(相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句) + and （可以省略）+ 祈使句 Light come, light go. 來得容易去得快。 Marry in haste, repent at leisure. 草率結(jié)婚，事后后悔。 Spare the rod and spoil the child

40、. 孩子不打不成器。 Love me, love my dog. 愛屋及烏。,（3）名詞詞組 + and + 陳述句 （表示真實(shí)條件或虛擬語氣） One more effort, and you will gain your goal. A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous novelist.,12. or 表示條件的結(jié)構(gòu)形式：祈使句+ or + 祈使句, or 表示一個(gè)否定概念，即第一個(gè)祈使句相當(dāng)于Ifnot Make more effort, or you will fail. 用or else, otherwise

41、, or otherwise, else來強(qiáng)調(diào)or. He cant be so irresponsible, or they wouldnt have allowed him to do that. I didnt know that he was a liar, or else I wouldnt have believed him.,13. 獨(dú)立條件句中的虛擬語氣 有時(shí)候，主句可以省略，條件句可以獨(dú)立存在，表示“但愿”，“怎么辦”等意。 If I were young again! If I succeeded. Oh, if I could see you. Oh, if I had

42、another chance! Oh, had I not given up!.,3. neverbut 意為:when always It never rains but it pours. I never see the picture but I think of my college years.,not such but, so but 或否定主語 + be + so + but 句型中but 相當(dāng)于that not He is not such a fool but he knows it. No task is so hard but (/ but that) he can ac

43、complish it.,I do not doubt but (/ but that) I do not deny but (/ but that) It is not impossible but (but that)句型 He didnt doubt but that snow would shortly fall. I do not deny but that it is a wise decision. There is no doubt but that he is guilty.,and yet和 but yet是 yet的變體：indeedbut, it is truebut，

44、To be sure but, on the contrary, on the other hand. She is vain, and yet people like her. I have given him all he asked for, but yet he is still not satisfied. Its true she is beautiful, but she is rather selfish.,To be sure hes a nice person, but he is not very clever. Indeed she tried hard, but sh

45、e did not succeed. He loves her indeed, but he dare not propose marriage to her.,while, whereas He likes sports, while Id rather collect stamps. Wise men seek after truth while / whereas fools despise knowledge. You can wear out iron shoes in fruitless search, whereas you may hit on what you need wi

46、thout even looking for it.,or Wear your coat or youll catch cold. Do it yourself or ask somebody else to do it. Shes a student or something. He left the key in the classroom or somewhere. It costs a hundred dollars or so. Money or no money, she has made up her mind to do the experiment.,as well as 做

47、并列連詞 = not onlybut also, no less than 比較: He is a statesman as well as a scholar. He is no less a statesman than a scholar. He is not only a scholar but also a statesman. He has experience as well as skill. He has no less experience than skill. He has not only skill but also experience. As well as = and as well (側(cè)重后項(xiàng)),比較： He needs to develop his reading, and his writing as well. He needs to