非謂語動詞――不定式

1、第十四講：非謂語動詞不定式教學重點：掌握不定式這一語法知識。了解這一語法知識在高考中的應用。命題趨勢：不定式的考點依次為作狀語，作定語，作賓補及其他成份。一些固定的基本知識應記牢。知識點回顧：在句子中充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式：不定式，動名詞和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）。不定式與動名詞，分詞一樣是動詞的一種非謂語形式。它與動詞原形同性，但它前面一般要帶有一個不定式的符號“to”，為了把它與介詞to分開，也叫小品詞，無詞性，有時不定式也不帶to。在句中，除了不能作謂語外，可以擔當其它任何成分：主語、賓語、表語、狀語、定語和賓語補足語。在句中起

2、名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用。A。非謂語動詞不定式時態(tài)語態(tài)一覽表非謂語動詞形式時態(tài)/語態(tài)主動形式被動形式不定式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done進行式to be doing完成進行式to have been doing否定形式：not + 不定式B。不定式在句中所能充當?shù)某煞郑褐髡Z賓語表語定語狀語補語不定式1.不定式作主語a.To see is to believe.b.To obey the laws is important.c.To finish so much homework in a day is impossible.

3、當作不定式的主語較長時，常用it作形式主語而將真正的主語（不定式）放在謂語之后。It is important to obey the laws.常見的帶形式主語it的句型有：句型一：It is easy (difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better, right,wrong, foolish, wise, kind, cruel, nice, the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not

4、enough) to do.例句：Its so nice to hear your voice.聽到你的聲音真高興。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.當你不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。句型二：It is a pleasure (pity, pleasant, thing, crime, an honour.) to do sth.句型三：It takes (sb.) some time to do sth.1.1在句型一中，常用for sb.或of sb.來作不定式的邏輯上的主語。由以下兩個方面決定for和

5、of的使用。1.1.1兩者所使用的形容詞不同A。for sb.的句型通常使用表示客觀情況的形容詞。例如：easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, necessary, unnecessary, interesting等例句：It is important for us to express our opinion.It is easy for you to work out all the questions.B.of sb.的句型一般使用表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞。例如：good, kind, nice, wise, st

6、upid, rude, clever, foolish, careful, polite, impolite, right, wrong, silly, selfish等。例句：It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們任何東西，這顯得太自私了。1.1.2 of sb.句型一般都可以換成一個不定式作狀語的句子，而for sb. 句型不行。It is impolite of him to say so. = He is impolit

7、e to say so.It is important for him to say so. He is important to say so.所以，for與of的辨別可用以下方法：用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.（通順，所以應用of）He is hard.（人是困難的，不通，因此應用for）1.2注意：（1）不定式作主語時，動詞用單數(shù)形式。（2）當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is.to.的句型To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。It is to

8、believe to see. （錯）2.不定式作表語不定式可放在be動詞后面，形成表語。例如：My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.Not to grasp firmly is not to grasp at all.What I want to do seems to tell you something.2.1常見的動詞不定式作表語，一般緊跟在系動詞如：be, remain, appear, get等后面，用來說明主語的內容。2.2常見的主語當我們用ones dream, business,

9、wish, idea, plan, job, work, task, duty及what one wants to do等作主語時，常用不定式作主語。（見上例）比較：主語（事物）+ be +不定式（作表語）表示主語的具體內容主語（人） + be +不定式（作表語）表示時態(tài)（將來時），為“即將”之意。He is to clean the room. 他即將去打掃房間。His plan is to clean the room. 他的計劃是打掃房間。3.不定式作賓語3.1動詞 + 不定式afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bo

10、ther, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake舉例：The driver failed to see the other car in time.司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。I

11、happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。3.2動詞 + 不定式； 動詞 + 賓語 + 不定式ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help, intend, like, love, need, prefer, prepare, promise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy.我們喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。I want to speak to Tom

12、.我想和湯姆談話。I want you to speak to Tom.我想讓你和湯姆談話。3.3動詞 + 疑問詞 + to動詞不定式作動詞tell, show, undertand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss等詞的賓語時，前面常帶疑問詞。即：疑問詞（how, when, where, what, who） + to do例如：He showed us how to do the work.Please tell us what to do next.3.4介詞賓語動詞不定式在介詞but, except, besides后面時，如果介詞之前有

13、行為動詞do的某種形式，那么這些介詞后的不定式不帶to，否則就要帶to。另外在cant choose but和cant help but等后面的不定式也省略to。例如：We could do nothing but wait.We had nothing to do but wait.We have no choice but to wait.3.5不定式作賓語補足語動詞不定式作動詞feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe等感官動詞以及have, let, make等使役動詞后面的賓語補足語時，不定式符號to要省掉，但如果這些句子變成被動結構時，就必須帶t

14、o。如：I often hear him sing this song.He is often heard to sing this song.3.5.1動詞 + 賓語 + 不定式（to do）advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, li

15、ke, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn例句：a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。b. We believe him to be guilty.我們相信他是有罪的。find 的特殊用法：find 后可用分詞做賓補，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to的動詞不定式。

16、find后也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有get, have。I found in lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.3.5.2 to + be 的不定式結構，作補語的動詞acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare（聲稱）, discover, fancy（設想）, feel, find, guess, judge, know, prove, see（理解），show, suppose, under

17、stand等。We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。3.5.3 to be + 形容詞seem, appear, be said, be suppose, be believe, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting.人們認為這本書沒什么意思。注意：有些動詞需要as短語作補語，如r

18、egard, think, believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。3.6不定式作定語不定式有時修飾前邊的名詞或代詞，在句子擔當定語，通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如：I have a lot of work to do. （名詞是to do的邏輯上賓語）He is looking for a room to live in.3.6.1作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、

19、工具等，不定式后面須有相應的介詞。例如：The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.There is nothing to worry about.Please give me a knife to cut with.Here is some paper for you to write on.但是，不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time，please或way時，不定式后面的介詞習慣上省去。例如：He had no money and no place to live (in).We found a way to solve this problem

20、 (in).3.6.2當作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定動作的承受者時，不定式既可以用主動語態(tài)，也可用被動語態(tài)，但其含義有所不同。試比較：Have you anything to send?你有什么東西要寄嗎？（不定式to send的動作執(zhí)行者是“你”）Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要（我或別人）寄的東西嗎？（不定式to be sent的動作執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”）3.6.3當不定式修飾want, have 等動詞的賓語，而句子的主語是不定式的邏輯主語時，用主動語態(tài)表示被動含義。We have no homework to do.Mary has t

21、hree babies to look after.3.6.4當不定式修飾buy, get, give等動詞的直接賓語，而間接賓語是不定式的邏輯主語時，用主動語態(tài)表示被動含義。Please buy me some newspaper to read.請給我買幾張可讀的報紙。Ill give you some novels to read on the journey.我給你幾本小說，你在旅途中閱讀。4.不定式作狀語4.1目的狀語He sat down to have a rest.（表目的）4.1.1放在句首，加強語氣To serve the people well, I study hard

22、.為了更好地為人民服務，我好好學習。4.1.2 in order to do, so as to do表目的She took a bus in order not to be late.She took a bus so as no to be late.注意：強調動詞不定式所表示的目的時，動詞不定式可用in order to（為了）或so as to（以便）+ 動詞原形。so as to 不用于句首。He got up early in order to catch the first bus.The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.4.2結果

23、狀語：表結果，表事先沒有預料到的，不定式要放在句子后面。不定時經常和only, never連用，強調結果和失望的情緒。I hurried to get there only to find him out.我匆匆忙忙地趕到那兒，（沒想到）他出去了。After that day they were separated, never to see each other again.那天他們被分開之后，再沒見過面。4.3原因狀語：表原因。4.3.1不定式可以在表示感情的形容詞后面來修飾該形容詞，表示原因。常用于這種結構的形容詞和過去分詞有：happy, glad, delighted, please

24、d, sorry, eager, anxious, lucky, fortunate, proud, foolish等。Im glad to see you.4.3.2修飾表示情感以外的形容詞用于這類結構中，常用的形容詞有：easy, difficult, hard, comfortable, pleasant。而此種句子的主語可以是人，也可以是物。例：The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to_.A.sit B.sit on C.be seat D.be sat on答案：B。如果不定式為不及物動詞，其

25、后應有必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時，常位于“形容詞 + 動詞不定式”結構的末尾。4.4在帶有enough或too的句子里，也常用不定式作狀語，表示程度。例如：He was too excited not to say a few words.他太激動了，不會不講幾句話的。He is old enough to go to school.他到上學年齡了。She is too tired to do the job.她太累而不能做那件工作了。5.不定式在句中作為獨立成分有時不定式在句中作為獨立結構出現(xiàn)，用來說明說話人的態(tài)度。一般來講，可用固定詞組和固定搭配來運用。To tell you the

26、truth, I have got no money about me.To be honest, I know nothing about it.6. 省to的動詞不定式6.1情態(tài)動詞（除ought外，ought to）6.2使役動詞let, have, make6.3感官動詞see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find等后作賓補，省略to。注意：在被動語態(tài)中則to不能省掉。I saw him dance. = He was seen to dance.The boss made them w

27、ork the whole night.= They were made to work the whole night.6.4 would rather, had better6.5 Why./ why not例：I usually go there by train.Why not _by boat for a change?A. to try going B. trying to go C.to try and go D.try going答案：D。why not 后面接不帶to的不定式，因此選D。6.6 help可帶to，也可不帶to，help sb (to) do sth.6.7 b

28、ut和except：but前是動詞do時，后面出現(xiàn)的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。He wants to do nothing but go out.6.8由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to可以省去。He wants to move to France and marry the girl.6.9通常在discover, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be。He is supposed (to be ) nice.他應該是個好人。7.不定式的特殊句型too.to.7.1 too.to 太以至于.He is too excited t

29、o speak.7.2 如在too前有否定詞，則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定，too后那個詞表達一種委婉含義，意為“不太”。Its never too late to mend.（諺語）改過不嫌晚。7.3當too前面有only, all, but時，意思是：非常.等于very。Im only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高興能幫助你。He was but too eager to get home.我非常想回家。8.不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)8.1現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。He seems

30、to know this.I hope to see you again.= I hope that Ill see you again.8.2完成時：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.8.3進行時：表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。He seems to be eating something.8.4完成進行時：表示從過去到現(xiàn)在仍然進行的動作。She is known to have been working on the p

31、roblem for many years.8.5在intended, expected, hoped, promised, wanted, wished, thought等后用不定式完成時，表示過去沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望、期待或計劃等，也表示發(fā)生在位于動作之前的動作狀態(tài)。I intended to have come to see you.I hoped to have finished the work earlier.8.6在seem, appear, think, consider, believe等表示看法與想法的動詞后用不定式完成時，表示該動作先于另一個動作。此結構也常以it作形式主語的結構代替。He seems to have bought the new book.= It seems that he has boug