中西方翻譯理論匯總

1、Translation,Appreciation,Brief Introduction,Contemporary,嚴(yán)復(fù),信、達(dá)、雅,傅雷：神似論,錢(qián)鐘書(shū)：化境論,魯迅：寧信而不順,目的：引入英,文句式的表達(dá)法,梁實(shí)秋、趙景深：寧錯(cuò)務(wù)順,目,的：可讀性強(qiáng)，便于交流,瞿秋白：信順統(tǒng)一,林語(yǔ)堂：忠實(shí)、通順、美,許淵沖,優(yōu)勢(shì)競(jìng)賽論,辜正坤,多元互補(bǔ)論,Translation Theories in China,Ancient,三國(guó)支謙的“因循本旨，不加文,飾,東晉釋道安的,五失本三不,易,六朝鳩摩羅什的“依實(shí)出華,隋代彥琮提出,八備說(shuō),唐朝玄奘的,五不翻,所謂,五失本,，通俗地說(shuō)就是，將原典翻譯為漢語(yǔ)

2、時(shí),有五種情況易于失去原本的面貌,不僅僅是“失去原意,1,胡語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序或語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)不同，翻譯時(shí)要改變?cè)?文語(yǔ)序采用漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序，因而譯文失去了原典的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)特征,2,原典的語(yǔ)言本是質(zhì)樸無(wú)華，而中國(guó)人一向喜好文飾，所,以漢譯時(shí)會(huì)因修飾而失去原文語(yǔ)言質(zhì)樸的特點(diǎn),3,原典常,有反覆重述的情形，翻譯時(shí)容易被隨意刪削，會(huì)失去原典的,文本特點(diǎn),4,原典經(jīng)文中，常附有解釋說(shuō)明性的文字，漢,譯時(shí)若被任意刪除，同樣會(huì)失去原典的文本特征,5,佛經(jīng),有自己獨(dú)特的語(yǔ)體，它在說(shuō)完一事再接敘它事之時(shí)，常有重,述前文的情形，漢譯時(shí)多省略重覆的部分，所以會(huì)失去原文,的語(yǔ)體特征,所謂,三不易,，即譯經(jīng)的時(shí)候有三種不容易的情況,1

3、,佛經(jīng)是依當(dāng)時(shí)的情況而說(shuō)的，而今時(shí)俗全然不同，要,使經(jīng)文變?yōu)榻袢丝勺x可懂的文章，不容易,2,千年以上的,圣賢所說(shuō)的微言大義，要傳達(dá)給百世以下的今世凡夫所理解,不容易,3,佛經(jīng)是距佛世不久由大迦葉、阿難等具足神通,的大阿羅漢結(jié)集而成，現(xiàn)在要由千年后的凡夫俗子來(lái)傳譯,所謂,五不翻,，即五種不意譯而是用音,譯的情形,1,秘密故不翻。具有神秘色彩的詞語(yǔ)應(yīng),該不翻。如六字真言“唵嘛呢叭咪吽”意,為“哦,蓮花里的珠寶”。不照字面意義翻,譯出來(lái)，保持了佛語(yǔ)的神秘和莊重,2,含多義故不翻。如梵語(yǔ)“薄伽梵”一,詞具有六種意義：“自在、熾盛、端嚴(yán),名稱(chēng)、吉祥、尊貴”，這些詞無(wú)法找到等,同的中文詞,3,無(wú)此故不翻。

4、指源語(yǔ)所指代的事物在,目的語(yǔ)文化中不存在或是找不到對(duì)應(yīng)物,如“閻浮樹(shù)”。閻浮樹(shù)只產(chǎn)于印度等地,在中國(guó)并無(wú)對(duì)應(yīng)物，因此翻譯時(shí)只能保留,誠(chéng)心愛(ài)法，志愿益人，不殫久時(shí)，其備一也,誠(chéng)心熱愛(ài)佛法，立志幫助別人，不怕費(fèi)時(shí)長(zhǎng)久,將踐覺(jué)場(chǎng)，先牢戒足，不染譏惡，其備二也,品行端正，忠實(shí)可信，不惹旁人譏疑,詮曉三藏，義貫兩乘，不苦暗滯，其備三也,博覽經(jīng)典，通達(dá)義旨，不存在暗昧疑難的問(wèn)題,旁涉墳史，工綴典詞，不過(guò)魯拙，其備四也,涉獵中國(guó)經(jīng)史，兼擅文學(xué)，不要過(guò)于疏拙,襟抱平恕，器量虛融，不好專(zhuān)執(zhí)，其備五也,度量寬和，虛心求益，不可武斷固執(zhí),耽於道術(shù)，淡於名利，不欲官銜，其備六也,愛(ài)道術(shù)，淡于名利，不想出風(fēng)頭,要識(shí)梵言

5、，乃閑正譯，不墜彼學(xué)，其備七也,精通梵文，熟悉正確的翻譯方法，不失梵文所載的義理,薄閱蒼雅，粗諳篆隸，不昧此文，其備八也,兼通中國(guó)訓(xùn)詁之學(xué)，不使譯本文字欠準(zhǔn)確,嚴(yán)復(fù),信、達(dá)、雅,嚴(yán)復(fù)在天演論,Evolution,and Ethics and Other Essays,的譯例言里感嘆“譯事三,難，信、達(dá)、雅”，此三字真,言從此成為中國(guó)數(shù)代翻譯家遵,從的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，同時(shí)也開(kāi)創(chuàng)了,中國(guó)現(xiàn)當(dāng)代翻譯理論的先河,就翻譯理論而言，信達(dá)雅中的,雅”字在翻譯學(xué)術(shù)界所引起,的爭(zhēng)議最大,許淵沖,美化之藝術(shù)、創(chuàng)優(yōu)似競(jìng)賽,烏夜啼,林花謝了春紅，太匆匆,無(wú)奈朝來(lái)寒雨晚來(lái)風(fēng),胭脂淚，留人醉，幾時(shí)重,自是人生常恨水常東,TUN

6、E,CROWS CRYING AT,NIGHT,Springs rosy color fades from,forest flowers,Too soon,too soon,How can they bear cold morning,辜正坤,多元互補(bǔ)論,翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的千年難題,絕對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即原作本身，要想絕對(duì)忠實(shí),只有一字不譯，照搬原作,最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即抽象標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可以理論表述為,最佳近似度，即譯文與原文在各個(gè)層面,的最佳近似程度,具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，它們各自具有特,定功能而又互相補(bǔ)充,Translation Theories in the,West,the pre,linguistics perio

7、d of,translation,triad: literal faithful free,Translation Studies (since the second,half of the 20,th,century,James S. Holmes,霍姆斯,Van Doorslaer,道斯萊爾,Translation Theories in the,West,meaning and equivalence,Eugene A. Nida,奈達(dá),shift,Jean-Paul Vinay,維奈,Jean Darbelnet,達(dá)貝爾內(nèi),functional theories of translat

8、ion,Katharina Reiss,賴(lài)斯,discourse and register analysis approaches,M. A. K. Halliday,韓禮德,Systems theories,Gideon Toury,圖里,Cultural and ideological turns,Andre Lefevere,勒菲弗爾, Susan Bassnett,巴斯奈特,linguisitc,within,the text,cultural,beyond,the text,literary,Marcus Tullius Cicero,西塞羅,The Roman rhetoricia

9、n and politician (106,43 BCE,And I did not translate them as an interpreter, but as an orator,keeping the same ideas and forms, or as one might say, the,figures of thought, but in language which conforms to our,usage. And in so doing, I did not hold it necessary to render,word for word, but I preser

10、ved the general style and force of,the language. (Cicero 46 BCE /1960 CE : 364,St Jerome,圣哲羅姆,the most famous of all western translators,347,420 CE,Now I not only admit but freely announce that in translating from,the Greek,except of course in the case of the Holy,Scripture, where even the syntax co

11、ntains a mystery,I,render not word-for-word, but sense for sense. (St Jerome,395 CE /1997: 25,many modern theoreticians concur that the main problem with,the writings on translation in this period was that the criteria,for judgements were,vague,and,subjective,and that the,judgements themselves were

12、highly,normative,As a,reaction against such vagueness and contradictions,translation theory in the second half of the twentieth century,made various attempts to redefine the concepts literal and,free in,operational,terms, to describe meaning in,scientific,terms, and to put together,systematic,taxono

13、mies of translation phenomena,Although it may have dated or needs to be rewritten, the map is still often,employed as a point of departure for its potential to incorporate developments,in this field,Translation,lingual mode,interlingual, intralingual,media,printed, audiovisual, electronic,mode,cover

14、t/overt translation, direct/indirect translation,mother tongue/other tongue translation, pseudo-translation,retranslation, self-translation, sight translation, etc.,field,political, journalistic, technical, literary, religious,scientific, commercial,Translation studies,approaches,e.g. cultural appro

15、ach, linguistic approach,theories,e.g. general translation theory, polysystem theory,research methods,e.g. descriptive, empirical,applied translation studies,criticism, didactics, institutional,environment,Nida,The key terms were first discussed by Roman Jakobson in 1959,Formal equivalence,Formal eq

16、uivalence focuses attention,on the message itself, in both form and content . . . One is,concerned that the message in the receptor language should,match as closely as possible the different elements in the,source language. (Nida 1964a: 159,Dynamic equivalence,Dynamic, later functional,equivalence i

17、s based on what Nida calls the principle of,equivalent effect , where the relationship between receptor,and message should be substantially the same as that which,existed between the original receptors and the message,Nida 1964a: 159,For,Nida,the success of the,translation depends above all on,achie

18、ving equivalent effect or,response,Nida,1964a: 160) considers that,give one another a hearty handshake all round,quite naturally translates the early,Christian,greet one another with a holy kiss,Shift,Vinay and Darbelnet,The two general translation strategies identified by,Vinay and,Darbelnet,1995/2

19、004: 128,37,are,direct translation,and,oblique,translation,oblique translation means shift from SL to TL,Servitude,refers to obligatory transpositions and modulations due,to a difference between the two language systems. Thus, a,translator will normally have no choice,Option,refers to non-obligatory

20、 changes that may be due to the,translators own style and preferences, or to a change in,emphasis,The choices of the translator intrigue the study of the,translational stylistics,and,the cognitive process of,translation,Functional theories of translation,Functional theories from Germany in the 1970s

21、,move away,from linguistic typologies towards culture,Reiss,賴(lài)斯,stresses equivalence at text level, linking,functions to text types and translation strategy,Snell,Hornby,斯內(nèi)爾,霍恩比,s integrated approach to,text,Holz,M?ntt?ri,赫爾茲,曼塔里,s theory of translatorial,action: process involving a series of players

22、,Vermeer,弗米爾,s skopos theory: translation depends on,the purpose of the TT,Nord,諾德,s translation-oriented text analysis,Why there should only be three types of,language function,E.g. Nord feels the need to add a,fourth,phatic,function covering,language that establishes or maintains,contact between t

23、he parties involved in,the communication,Whether text types and genres can be,differentiated on the basis of the primary,function,Co-existence of functions within the,same ST and the use of the same ST for,Since the 1970s,Hallidays systemic,functional grammar,has come to be,used in translation analy

24、sis, which,includes,House,s model for the assessment of,translation with Register analysis,Baker,s discourse and pragmatic,analysis for practising translators,Hatim and Masons,adding of,Polysystem,theory,by Itamar,Even-Zohar in 1970s,dynamic hierarchy,Primary when,1,a young literature is being estab

25、lished,2,a literature is peripheral or weak,3,there is a vacuum in the literature of the,Position and translation strategy,polysystem,social,cultural,literal,Translated,literature,historical,For,Toury,1995: 13), translations occupy,a,position,in the social and literary systems of,the target culture, and this position determines,the,trans