高考英語二輪復習 第一部分 語法專題突破 1 名詞、冠詞和代詞A

1、2016高考導航適用于全國卷,專題1 名詞、冠詞和代詞,專題1 名詞、冠詞和代詞,專題1 名詞、冠詞和代詞,考點一名詞的單復數(shù),1(2014高考全國卷，語法填空，節(jié)選)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation，for most of us the_(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river,changes,2(2015南昌十所重點中學二模)In keeping a diary in

2、English，we certainly run up against many_ (difficult) 3(2014高考全國卷，短文改錯，節(jié)選)Since thenfor all these yearwe have been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please._,difficulties,yearyears,名詞的單復數(shù) 1可數(shù)名詞的數(shù) (1)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式通常是在單數(shù)形式詞尾后加s或es，規(guī) 則的復數(shù)構成形式如下,在詞尾直接加s,tabletables parkparks,在詞尾加es,bus

3、buses boxboxes wishwishes watchwatches,將y變?yōu)閕再加es,familyfamilies butterflybutterflies dictionarydictionaries,在詞尾直接加s,daydays holidayholidays monkeymonkeys,一般在詞尾加s,photophotos radioradios zoozoos,有些在詞尾加es,potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes heroheroes,一般變f或fe為 v，再加es,knifekniveswifewiveslifelives leafleaves

4、,少數(shù)直接加s,roofroofs beliefbeliefs,2)有些名詞復數(shù)形式不是以加s或es構成，它們的不規(guī)則構 成形式如下,manmenwomanwomenfootfeet mousemicegoosegeesetoothteeth,oxoxenchildchildren,fish，sheep，deer，means(方式；方法)， series，Chinese，Swiss,2.不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù) 一般地說，物質名詞和抽象名詞是不可數(shù)的，因此沒有復數(shù) 形式,一般也不能用a或an修飾。通常只用作不可數(shù)名詞的名 詞有：milk，homework，housework，weather，news，

5、information，bread，advice，progress，equipment，meat, fun，luggage，furniture，wealth，word(消息)，room (空間)，man(人類)等,特別注意 1word意為“消息”，room意為“空間”，man意為“人 類”時，通常不帶任何修飾詞。 Word came that the meeting will be held on Friday. 有消息稱會議將于周五召開。 2名詞前有man或woman修飾，變復數(shù)時，作定語的 man/woman和中心詞都要變成復數(shù)形式。 man doctormen doctors男醫(yī)生 wo

6、man waiterwomen waiters女服務生,名師指津 1不定冠詞a、an后用名詞單數(shù)形式。 2有some、many、all、both等詞修飾時名詞用復數(shù)形式。 3名詞前有one of時，名詞用復數(shù)形式。 4謂語動詞是復數(shù)，名詞作主語時確定名詞為復數(shù),單句語法填空 1(2015太原模擬)The little boy ate so many_ (potato) and so much meat that he threw up at dawn. 2(2015山東臨沂二模)The ALS makes peoples muscles bee hard.It is hard for the

7、patients to move.Stephen Hocking is one of the_(suffer) 3(2016江西重點中學盟校第一次聯(lián)考)So I hope there will be more and more charity shops in ther_(place,potatoes,suffers,places,單句改錯 1(2015石家莊二模)Plant had to be on land before animals arrived._ 2(2015江西贛州高三摸底考試)When my uncle arrived with a smile，I threw my arm

8、around him to give him a warm hug. _ 3(2015濟寧模擬)I feel terrible，I didnt do well in the math test. Dont take it too hard.youre already making progresses and will surely learn it well._,PlantPlants,armarms,progressesprogress,考點二詞性的轉換 1. (2015高考全國卷，語法填空，節(jié)選)In addition to their simple beauty，what makes

9、the adobe dwellings admirable is their_(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment,ability,2(2015河南洛陽高三第二次統(tǒng)一考試)How do learning habits influence learning results？Its useful and necessary to discuss learning habits.There is a famous_ (say) “Good habits lead to good endings”，whic

10、h shows the importance of habits. 3(2015山東日照二模)Be sure to be with a strong _(aware) that you are what you eat,saying,awareness,一、形容詞變名詞的后綴,shortshortage不足；短缺,efficientefficiency效率；功效 fluentfluency 流利；流暢 accurateaccuracy 準確性 privateprivacy 隱私，私密,freefreedom自由；自主 wisewisdom 明智；智慧,differentdifference差異

11、 silentsilence 沉默,weakweakness虛弱；弱點 kindkindness 仁慈；好意 carelesscarelessness 粗心大意,strongstrength力氣；強項 warmwarmth 溫暖；熱情,difficultdifficulty困難 cruelcruelty 殘酷；殘暴 safesafety 安全 responsibleresponsibility 責任,二、動詞變名詞的后綴,approveapproval贊成；批準 arrivearrival 到來；到達 survivesurvival 幸存 proposeproposal 提議；建議,appea

12、rappearance出現(xiàn)；外貌 guideguidance 指引；指導 performperformance 表演；節(jié)目 existexistence 存在；生存 preferpreference 偏愛 referreference 參考；查閱,attractattraction吸引 inviteinvitation 邀請；請柬 graduategraduation 畢業(yè) expectexpectation 期待；期望 petepetition 比賽；競爭 explainexplanation 解釋,discussdiscussion討論；辯論 decidedecision 決定 admit

13、admission 接納；準許入學,hearhearing聽力；聽覺 startstarting 開始,achieveachievement功績；成就 argueargument 辯論；論據(jù) treattreatment 對待；治療,failfailure失?。粵]做到 presspressure 壓力 mixmixture 混合；混合物 departdeparture 離開；出發(fā),recoverrecovery恢復；痊愈 discoverdiscovery 發(fā)現(xiàn),choosechoice選擇 varyvariety 多樣化；種類 tendtendency 趨向；趨勢,名師指津 1根據(jù)題干的語法

14、結構，特別是設空前的限定詞判斷詞性:冠詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、量詞、形容詞和介詞后應接名詞形式。 2根據(jù)句法結構判斷詞性：如果所填詞在句中作主語、賓 語、同位語時，一般用所給詞的名詞形式。 3確定詞性為名詞后，根據(jù)常用的前后綴將所給詞轉換成 適當?shù)男问?1(2015濟南一模)The_(protect) and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects all the people and economic development throughout the world. 2(2015濟南模擬)Just im

15、agine how terribly shy I was the moment I thought of that with so many eyes fixed upon me. I had no other_(choose)，though,protection,choice,3(2015洛陽統(tǒng)一考試)The customer thought for a moment，but didnt respond because he didnt want to start an_(argue) 4(2015鄭州第三次診斷)British families started going on holid

16、ay to the seaside around the middle of the 19thcentury. The_(invent) of the railways made this possible,argument,invention,考點三冠詞的基本用法,1(2015高考全國卷，語法填空，節(jié)選)The adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of American Southwest are admired by even_most modern of architects and engineers. 2(2015江西南昌

17、調研)Some inventions happen in strange ways.The potato chip is one of them.Moons Lake House was_restaurant in New York in the 1850s,the,a,3(2015河南省高考適應性測試)We can broaden our horizons and know more about the world by watching _latest news and reports. 4(2014高考遼寧卷，短文改錯，節(jié)選)Besides，Cleo tends to bark a av

18、erage of six hours a day._ 5(2015南昌二模)Lionel Messi，_player from the South American country of Argentina，is the greatest soccer player alive today,the,a,第一個aan,一、不定冠詞的基本用法 1用在第一次提到的人或物的名詞前，表泛指。 At that time，I was working in a factory.The factory produces car parts.那時，我在一家工廠工作。那家工廠生產各種汽車零部件。 2表示數(shù)量“一”或

19、“任何一個”。 What would you like? 你想喝點什么？ I would like a coffee and two beers. 我想喝一杯咖啡和兩瓶啤酒,3用于序數(shù)詞前，表示“又一，再一”。 He missed the gold in the high jump，but will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比賽中錯失了金牌，但是在跳遠比賽中他還有機會。 二、定冠詞的基本用法 1特指前面已提及的人或物，或雙方都知道的人或物。 Take your timeits just a short distance from her

20、e to the restaurant. 不著急從這里到那家餐館只有很短的一段距離。 2.用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或形容詞及分詞前,表“一類人或物”。 The explosion saw people rush to help the injured. 爆炸發(fā)生后，人們趕到現(xiàn)場幫助受傷的人,3用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞或副詞最高級以及形容詞only，very，same等之前。 Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.在中國楊利偉是第一個登上太空的人。 4用于被限制性修飾語加以限定的人或物前。 (2015高考重慶卷，單項填空，改編

21、)I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我剛聽說多拉工作的銀行被一個戴面具的持槍人搶劫了,三、零冠詞的基本用法 1用于表示泛指的不可數(shù)或復數(shù)名詞前。 Keeping a diary is a good habit，by which youll make great progress. 記日記是一個可以讓你取得進步的好習慣。 2用于與by連用的表示交通工具、通訊工具的名詞前。 Are you going there by plane or by ship? 你是乘飛機還是乘船去那里

22、？ 3用于系動詞turn后的單數(shù)名詞作表語時。 After years of hard work，Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.多年的努力之后，湯姆成了工程師而瑪麗成了一個好經理,單句語法填空 1(2015河南普通畢業(yè)班適應性練習)English is now_ international language.It is used in many aspects. 2(2015北京石景山一模)The villagers have been searching for_buried people without stop since the

23、 accident happened. 3The experiment turned out to be _ plete failure, which wasnt what they wanted,an,the,a,單句改錯 1(2015太原二模)Three years ago I failed an important exam in my life and became a student in a ordinary school. _ 2(2016河南六市第一次聯(lián)考)Last Sunday I saw a worst storm in years.It came suddenly and

24、 went on for more than three hours. _ 3(2015濟寧模擬)Hiking is great fun.You will get close to the nature and take exercise at the same time. _,第二個aan,athe,去掉第一個the,考點四冠詞用于固定搭配中 1(2015山東煙臺模擬)If you dont have_good knowledge of English，its out of question for you to use it flexibly and fluently. 2(2015河北保

25、定聯(lián)考)It is_waste of time，at times the food is not fresh and does not taste delicious,a,a,3(2015日照模擬)Would you mind giving me advice on how to improve my record? If you make_most of your potential，there will be a rise in your achievement. 4(2015南昌一模)In_eyes of children，playing on the Internet can only

26、 bring them great fun,the,the,一、常用固定結構 1用于“bythe表示計量單位的名詞”結構中，表示 “按計算”。 Its said John will be in a job paying over $60，000 a year. 據(jù)說，約翰將獲得一個年薪超過6萬美元的工作。 Right，he will also get paid by the week. 是的，他的工資將按周支付。 2用于“the比較級.the比較級.”(越越)結構中。 The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you will make.你越小心，

27、就會越少犯錯誤,二、冠詞用在固定短語中 1不定冠詞用于固定搭配中 at a loss不知所措，困惑 all of a sudden 突然 in a hurry 匆忙的 as a rule 通常 be on a visit 參觀；拜訪 as a matter of fact 事實上 as a result 因此 be on a diet 節(jié)食 have a gift for 在某方面有天賦 have/catch a cold 感冒 make a living 謀生,have/take a rest 休息 in a way 從某種意義上說 give sb.a lift 讓某人搭便車 2定冠詞用于固

28、定短語中 at the moment 此刻；目前 at the same time 同時 not in the least 一點也不 on the contrary 相反 on the whole 總的來說 to tell the truth 說實話 in the distance 在遠處 on the other hand 另一方面,to the point 中肯；切題 make the most/best of 充分利用 by the way 順便說一下 go to the cinema/theater 去看電影/戲劇 in the middle of 在中間 3零冠詞用于固定短語中 on

29、 purpose 故意地 by chance 碰巧 catch/on fire 著火 at dawn/dusk 在黎明/黃昏 make room for 讓位 out of date 過時的 by sea 乘船,單句語法填空 1(2015臨沂模擬)With the development of society，our country is badly in need of those with_better mand of puter skills. 2(2015河南羅山高中二模)I said，“You tell your sweet nephew that there are still n

30、ice people left who wanted to give them_hand in this world.,a,a,3(2015山東濟南二模)And the headmaster had_ hard time with all the homework! 4(2015石家莊二中一模)The tour will provide_unique opportunity to stay with a British family for a week in _hope that you will better understand the life there,a,a,the,1)判斷設空

31、后的名詞是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞，是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)。 (2)根據(jù)語境或語法結構確定是泛指還是特指。復數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞表泛指不加任何冠詞，單數(shù)可數(shù) 名詞表泛指時其前需要加不定冠詞；表特指須用定冠詞the,2014高考陜西卷，語法和詞匯知識，改編) _village where I was born has grown into_ town. 【解析】句意為：我出生的那個小村莊已經發(fā)展成了一個小 鎮(zhèn)。分析句子結構可知，village后有定語從句where I was born修飾，故第一空為特指，用定冠詞the；由句意可知,小 村莊已經發(fā)展成了一個小鎮(zhèn)，故第二空為泛指，用不定冠詞 a，表示“一個,

32、The,a,考點五代詞,1(2015高考全國卷，語法填空,節(jié)選)A few hours before, Id been at home in Hong Kong，with_(it) choking smog. 2(2015河南頂級名校5月模擬)Soldiers helped to take people out of the flooded area and the welfare department brought_(they) food，clothes and shelter,its,them,3(2014高考全國卷，語法填空，節(jié)選)Then the driver stood up an

33、d asked，“Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？”A woman on the bus shouted，“Oh，dear！Its_(I)” 4(2015江西上饒三模)Third，ants think about summer all winter.During the winter，they remind_(they), “This wont last long and well soon be out of here.”O(jiān)n the first warm day，the ants are out. 5(2015河南三門峽考前適應性練習

34、)Jane was walking round the department store.She remembered how difficult_was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father,me/mine,themselves,it,一、人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞及疑問代詞的用法,I,you,he， she，it,we,you,they,me,you,him，her，it,us,you,them,my,your,his，her，its,our,your,their,mine,yours,his， hers， its,o

35、urs,yours,theirs,myself,yourself,himself， herself， itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,who，whom，whose，which，what,My thanks should go to those inspiring me to go ahead and giving me support as well. 我感謝那些鼓勵我前進并給予我支持的人。 What I want to say is this：you should grasp every minute to finish your work.我想

36、說的是，你應該抓住每一分鐘的時間完成你的工作。 Such is the power of the TV that it can make a person suddenly famous. 這就是電視的力量，它可以使人一夜成名,二、不定代詞的用法,other泛指“其余的，另外的”,只作定語。other復數(shù)名詞others,In some countries， people eat with chopsticks, while in others/other countries，knives and forks,the other特指“(兩者之中的)另一個”。the other可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)the

37、 others,2015高考陜西卷，語法和詞匯知識，改編)To warm himself，the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other,三、指示代詞this，that，these，those，such，so的用法,指在時間或空間上較近的人或事物；this可指下文將要談到的人或物,指在時間或空間上較遠的人或事物；that可指上文提到過的人或物,指代前面所敘述的人或事物。作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決于后面的名詞或代詞的數(shù),代替一個句子或短語所表達的事情，意思是“如此,這樣”。在believe

38、，think，expect，suppose，imagine，guess等詞后用so代替前文提出的觀點,2015高考天津卷，單項填空，改編)The quality of education in this small school is better than that in some larger schools.這所小學校的教育質量比一些更大的學校的(教育質量)好。 (2015山東濰坊模擬)People living in colder regions are generally larger than those living in hotter ones. 生活在寒冷地區(qū)的人通常比生活在

39、炎熱地區(qū)的人身材高大些,四、it的用法 1用作人稱代詞，用來指代事物或上文提到過的內容。 The Smiths bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.史密斯一家買了一套房子，但 是在入住之前有大量的工作要做。 2it用作形式主語或形式賓語，而把真正的主語或賓語放 在后面，真正的主語或賓語往往由從句、動名詞、不定式 充當。 No matter where he is，he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. 不管在哪里，他養(yǎng)成了早餐前散步的習慣,3常用于固定搭配中。 mak