love is a fallacy---part3 課文分析

1、paras.109-114) hypothesis contrary to fact (paras.115-124) poisoning the well section iv (paras. 125-154): the ending of the story: backfiring of all the arguments (paras.125-152) the quarrel between the boy and the girl. (climax especially paras. 147-150) (paras.153-154) modulation (the falling act

2、ion,organizational pattern,part 3,hypothesis contrary to fact,hypothesis contrary to fact: draw any supportable conclusion from a hypothesis that is not true. (事實相反的假設:不合邏輯的推理,if madame curie had not happened to leave a photographic plate in a drawer with a chunk of pitchblende ,the world today woul

3、d not know about radium,e.g. 1. if i had studied hard, i would definitely have passed the test. 2. i taught you logic. so, if i hadnt taught you logic, you never would have learned logic at all,poisoning the well,poisoning the well: has hamstrung ones opponent. (投毒下井:事先否定對方) or speaking “against the

4、 man” rather than the issue , in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false,my opponent is a notorious liar. you cant believe a word that he is going to say,e.g. 1. dont listen to him. he is scou

5、ndrel. 2. you may argue that god doesnt exist, but you are just following a fad. 3.we should discount what premier klein says about taxation because he wont be hurt by the increase,dobie gillis （the narrator,polly espy (the girl,declaration of love to polly,petey burch,promised to be his gf,a raccoo

6、n coat,throw good money after bad 賠了夫人又折兵,detailed study of the text,1. “sounds yummy,” was pollys reaction. (para.110) yummy: (american colloquialism) echoic of a sound made in expressing pleasure at a taste; very tasty; delectable,sounds fine,2.“did you see the movie? oh, it just knocked me out. t

7、hat walter pidgeon is so dreamy. i mean he fractures me.” (para.112,excellent, wonderful, delightful,to evoke a strong reaction in someone; to cause to react with enthusiasm,i was excited and filled with pleasure by the movie. that well-known actor walter pidgeon is so wonderful and he fascinates me

8、,3. one more chance, i decided. but just one more. there is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear. (para.115,detailed study of the text,ellipsis and inversion. i decided that i would give her one more chance,there is a limit to what any human being can bear. implied meaning：if i failed this time,

9、 i would give up,4. “the next fallacy is called poisoning the well.” (para.115,detailed study of the text,its a metaphor. the writer compares “the personal attack on a person holding some thesis” to “poisoning the well,detailed study of the text,5. i watched her closely as she knit her creamy brow i

10、n concentration. suddenly, a glimmer of intelligencethe first i had seencame into her eyes. (para.118,to draw the brows together (as when thinking hard) 眉頭緊鎖，精力集中,glimmer: n. a faint unsteady light or a small uncertain sign 微弱的閃光； 微弱的征兆 a glimmer of intelligence 一線智慧,i watched her as she thought ver

11、y hard. suddenly, from her eyes i could see for the first time a small uncertain sign showing she was beginning to understand the problem,detailed study of the text,6. “right!” i cried exultantly. “one hundred percent right. its not fair. the first man has poisoned the well before anybody could drin

12、k from it. he has hamstrung his opponent before he could even start. (para.119,exultant: ad. (fml.or lit.) jubilant 興高采烈的,hamstring: v. to make (a person or group) ineffective or powerless; cripple,he has made his opponent powerless/disabled his opponent before he has the chance to defend himself,de

13、tailed study of the text,7. heartened by the knowledge that polly was not altogether a cretin, i began a long, patient review of all i had told her. over and over and over again i cited instances pointed out flaws, kept hammering away without let-up. (para.123,v. (often passive) encourage 使振作，高興；鼓勵,

14、n. (taboo slang) an extremely stupid person,to keep emphasizing or talking about,stopping; relaxing,i was encouraged when i knew that polly was not a hopeless idiot. so over and over again i gave examples and pointed out the mistakes in her thinking. i kept emphasizing all this without stopping,deta

15、iled study of the text,8. it was like digging a tunnel. at first everything was work, sweat, and darkness. i had no idea when i would reach the light, or even if i would. but i persisted. i pounded and clawed and scraped, and finally i was rewarded. i saw a chink of light. and then the chink got big

16、ger and the sun came pouring in and all was bright. (para.123,simile, comparing his teaching to the hard work of digging a tunnel,v. scratch, clutch, as with claws (nails) 抓；撓,v. scratch, cut the surface of slightly 刮除,at first it was very hard work (sweating and working in the dark) but finally he

17、saw the light at the end of the tunnel and knew he had succeeded in digging this way through. after a lot of hard work he managed to make polly think logically. when he went out at the other end of the tunnel he found the sun shining brightly. everything looked bright and happy,detailed study of the

18、 text,9. five grueling nights this took, but it was worth it. i had made a logician out of polly; (para.124,i had turned polly into a logician,10. she was worthy of me at last. she was a fit wife for me, a proper hostess for my many mansions, a suitable mother for my well-heeled children. (para.124)

19、 she was worthy of me at last: this, once again, shows the narrators conceit. polly was not good enough to be his wife at first,american slang) rich, prosperous,here the narrator describes the role what he think his wife should play. can you imagine the image of his wife according this sentence,deta

20、iled study of the text,here the narrator describes the role, which he thinks, a wife should play. first she should be a proper hostess of a rich man who owns many mansions. in other words she should be good at entertaining his rich friends and clients and thus further his career. second, she should

21、be a good mother and properly look after his rich and prosperous children,angel in the house,detailed study of the text,11. it must not be thought that i was without love for this girl. quite the contrary. just as pygmalion loved the perfect woman he had fashioned, so i loved mine. (para.125) it mus

22、t not be thought that i was without love for this girl: double negation,quite the contrary, i loved this girl,just as pygmalion lovedso i loved mine: analogy, comparing my love of polly to pygmalions love towards his sculpture work. it also indicates that i regard polly as my possession; i take it f

23、or granted that she belongs to me,para 22）he didnt have it exactly, but at least he had first rights on it,pygmalion：a king of cyprus（塞浦路斯）, was a famous sculptor. he made a beautiful ivory statue of a woman and gave it the name of galatea（加拉泰亞）, and fell in love with it. at his prayers , aphroditet

24、he goddess of beauty and love（愛神阿芙洛狄忒 ), gave it life. and galatea ,now a woman in flesh and blood, became pygmalion wife. aphrodite, came to their wedding,希神比哥馬利恩(塞浦路斯國王；熱戀自己雕的少女像,detailed study of the text,12. “i beg your pardon,” said i. (para.130) a polite formula of apology, disagreement, etc.

25、here the narrator uses this polite formula to express his surprise and disbelief. he did not know what to make of pollys answer,a sense of embarrassment,13. i chuckled with amusement. the dear child had learned her lessons well. “my dear,” i said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner, “five dates i

26、s plenty. after all, you dont have to eat a whole cake to know its good.” (para.132,this self-conceited and arrogant freshman adopts a very patronizing（傲慢的） attitude towards polly. this dear little girl has learnt very well what i taught her,his patronizing not only in speech and tone but also in ac

27、tion. he patted her hand in such a way as to show that he was trying to put up with something he did not especially like,detailed study of the text,14. “polly, i love you. you are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space. please, my darling, say that yo

28、u will go steady with me, for if you will not, life will be meaningless. i will languish. i will refuse my meals. i will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk.” (para.135,n. a group of fixed stars often having a name,v. to walk awkwardly, dragging the feet,n. a heavy, awkward p

29、erson 笨重的東西/人；龐然大物,波利，我愛你。你是我的整個世界，我的月亮，我的星星， 我的宇宙。親愛的，請說你要和我堅守在一起吧！不然， 我的生活將會失去意義；我將會萎靡不振，茶不思，飯不想； 我將成為到處游蕩，步履蹣跚，無精打采的軀殼,15. there, i thought, folding my arms, that ought to do it. (para.136) this direct declaration of love should move polly to accept my love,detailed study of the text,16. i ground

30、 my teeth. i was not pygmalion; i was frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat. (para.138) i ground my teeth: an action, showing extreme exasperation, but still trying hard to control his rising temper,had sb. by the throat: attack by seizing and squeezing ones throat,i was not pygmalionby

31、the throat: these two allusions are well chosen. he planned to be pygmalion, to fashion an ideal wife for himself; but he became frankenstein for polly (his student) ultimately rejected him (her teacher,frankenstein：the title character in a novel by shelley,主人公弗蘭肯斯坦是一位從事人的生命科學研究的學者，他力圖 用人工創(chuàng)造出生命。在他的實

32、驗室里，通過無數(shù)次的探索，他創(chuàng) 造了一個面目可憎，奇丑無比的怪物。開始時，這人造的怪物秉 性善良，對人充滿了善意和感恩之情。他要求他的創(chuàng)造者和人們 給予他人生的種種權(quán)利，甚至要求為他創(chuàng)造一個配偶,被主人公拒 絕了。但是，當他處處受到他的創(chuàng)造者和人們的嫌惡和岐視時， 他感到非常痛苦。他憎恨一切，他想毀滅一切。他殺害了弗蘭肯 斯坦的弟弟威廉，他又企圖謀害弗蘭肯斯坦的未婚妻伊麗莎白。 弗蘭肯斯坦懷著滿腔怒火追捕他所創(chuàng)造的惡魔般的怪物。最后， 在搏斗中，弗蘭肯斯坦和怪物同歸于盡。 本書揭示了作者的哲學觀點。她認為人具有雙重性格善 與惡。長期受人嫌惡、岐視和迫害會使人變得邪惡而干出種種壞 事，甚至發(fā)展到

33、不可收拾的地步,p-78,now the word often refers to an agency or a creates that slips from the control of and ultimately destroys its creator,新的單詞frankenstein：一個最終毀了它的創(chuàng)造者的東西,detailed study of the text,17. frantically i fought back the tide of panic surging through me. at all costs i had to keep cool. (para.13

34、8,desperately i tried to stop the feeling of panic that was overwhelming me. i tried, by every means possible, to keep calm,18. i dashed perspiration from my brow. “polly,” i croaked, “you mustnt take all these things so literally. i mean this is just classroom stuff. you know that the things you le

35、arn in school dont have anything to do with life.” (para.145,exasperation,desperation,he is making a last attempt to win pollys love. “polly, you mustnt take all the logical fallacies i taught you seriously as real facts,detailed study of the text,why does the narrator argue that “the things you lea

36、rn in school dont have anything to do with life”? do you agree,a final desperate attempt to make polly forget the fallacies he taught her. he might yet be able to convince polly that he loves her and that she should go steady with him. you know that the (foolish and worthless) things you learn in sc

37、hool have no real use in life,detailed study of the text,19.that did it. i leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull. “will you or will you not go steady with me?” (para.147) “that” refers to what has gone before and “it” refers to the result or consequence brought about by “that”. in the context, “t

38、hat” refers to pollys last answer and “it” to his loss of temper, “bellowing like a bull.,that was the final straw. that made me lose my patience,simile, comparing his angry shouts to the bellowing of a bull. i got so angry that i jumped to my feet and shouted,20. i reeled back, overcome with the in

39、famy of it. (para.151,i staggered back, overcome by the great wickedness of peteys traitorous act,21. after he promised, after he made a deal, after he shook my hand! “the rat! i shrieked, kicking up great chunks of turf . “you cant go with him, polly. hes a liar. hes a cheat. hes a rat.” (para.151)

40、 shook my hand: the shaking of hands concludes or seals a bargain. it is the final act to show that the deal is made. after he made my hand: ellipsis. he did his traitorous act after he promised,detailed study of the text,metaphor, comparing petey to a rat. “rat” (american slang) is used for describ

41、ing a sneaky, contemptible person who deserts or betrays a cause or a friend,the parallel sentences show the narrators rage over peteys betrayal,detailed study of the text,22. look at mea brilliant student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. look at peteya knot-head, a jitterbu

42、g, a guy wholl never know where his next meal is coming from. (para.153,a safe and secure future,an incompetent or stupid person,referring to an emotionally unstable person,antithesis. “brilliant, intellectual and assured” are balanced against “knot-headed, jitterbug and never know where his next meal is coming from,the ending,“can you give me one logical reason why you should go steady with petey burch?” “i certainly can,” declared polly. “hes got a raccoon coat.,it shows that the boys assumption