短暫性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞語法講解

1、初中短暫性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞語法講解根據(jù)有無含義，動詞可分為實義動詞和助動詞；根據(jù)動詞所表示的是動作還是狀態(tài)，可以分為行為動詞和狀態(tài)動詞；根據(jù)動詞所表示的動作能否延緩，分為延續(xù)性動詞和終止性動詞。 （一）持續(xù)性動詞: 表示動作通常是持續(xù)性的，如： live,run,stay,clean,play,hold,watch,teach,read,study,teach,eat,drink,write,dance, sing,smoke 常與段時間連用。例如：Mr Zhang has lived here for two years.張先生在這兒住了兩年了。He has taught there sin

2、ce 1987.自1987年來他一直在那兒教書。不與點時間連用(do, have, eat等除外)。例如：Mary has worked at eight. ()She walked at five yesterday. ()（二）瞬間性動詞: 表示動作開始即停止，如：open,stop,like,love,die,win,close,shot,begin,start enter,finish,arrive,borrow,buy,break,close,come,fall,go,leave,lend,mary,reach,receive , sell,等。 1，從“開始發(fā)生”到 “結(jié)束/終止”

3、： 幾乎同時或在極短的時間里（如幾秒鐘/幾分鐘內(nèi)）就完成了“開始結(jié)束”的過程，如 “Close the door”, “Open the door”2，有些瞬間動詞的“開始結(jié)束的過程” 可能稍微長一些，但也不會很長的，如, “buy sth（買下）”：付了款、拿了發(fā)票即完成了。所以， “我買了這塊手表5年了”，在漢語中說的通，但英語的表達(dá)就不能說：I have bought the watch for five years.buy sth - have sth (擁有)-have/has + had sth for A: I have had the watch for 5 years. B:

4、 It is (has been) five years since I bought the watch. C: I bought it 5 years ago. 同理， “borrow sth” “借書”在辦理了相關(guān)的登記手續(xù)后就 結(jié)束了，不可能“借” 幾個星期 或好幾年的！ 漢語“這本書我已經(jīng)借用了2星期了。” 的意思是：“我兩周前 （borrowed it），（在歸還前）現(xiàn)在它還在我手里（I still have it or Im still reading it.） Right or Wrong? A: I have borrowed the book for two weeks.

5、. () B: I have had / kept it for two weeks. C: Its 2 weeks since I borrowed it. D: I borrowed it 2 weeks ago. 總結(jié)：終止性動詞的肯定式是不能持續(xù)的，所以不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用，而終止性的否定式就可以和表一段時間的狀語連用，因為否定本身就是可以延續(xù)的。如：have a cold是持續(xù)性動詞，表示“狀態(tài)”，可與表延續(xù)性的時間狀語連用，不定冠詞不能省略。 終止性動詞構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時，不可以用表示一段時間的狀語（如：since 和for引導(dǎo)的短語）來修飾，終止性動詞構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時，只表

6、示動作發(fā)生的因果關(guān)系，不能表示動作的延續(xù)，因此不能用表示一段時間的狀語來修飾。 如可以說：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area. 但不可說：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days. 因為start是終止性動詞, 它所表示的動作短促, 當(dāng)紅十字會出發(fā)時，start這個動作便結(jié)束了, 不可能延續(xù)兩天。常與點時間連用。例如：She often goes to bed at ten.她

7、經(jīng)常十點鐘睡覺。不能與段時間連用。例如：He has joined the army for two years. ()She has come here for half an hour. ()此外，終止性動詞與延緩性動詞在翻譯上也不同，很易混淆。下面我再就終止性動詞與延緩性動詞的含義問題做一歸納： 1. 在連詞since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中， 用終止性動詞的過去時或用延緩性動詞過去時，其含義是大不相同的。 A. since所引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，如果句子謂語是終止性動詞的過去時， 則從句表示的時間是從“那一時刻開始”。 eg. He has studied very hard since

8、he came to our school. 自從他來校以來，一貫努力學(xué)習(xí)。 B. 在since所引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，其謂語是延緩性動詞的過去時，那么從句所表示的時間是從延緩性動詞所表示的動作結(jié)束時算起。 eg. I havent heard any noise since I slept. 自從我醒后，沒聽見任何聲音。 2 介詞for引導(dǎo)的時間狀語，在翻譯時有兩種不同的情況： A介詞for引導(dǎo)的時間狀語和延緩性動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時的否定式連用時，有兩種不同的含義。 He has not lived there for six months.他不住在那兒已六個月了（他住在那兒還不到六個月。） B

9、介詞for引導(dǎo)的時間狀語和終止性動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時的否定式連用，只有一種含義。 eg. Mary has not left here for six months. 瑪麗已六個月沒有離開過這兒了。 句中含有till 或until 引導(dǎo)的短語或從句，從句中的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性的，也可以是終止性的，但要注意兩種情況： 1. 如果主句中動詞是延續(xù)性的動詞，動詞肯定或否定都可以，只是含義不同。 eg. He listened to the radio until his father came back. 他聽無線電一直到他父親回來為止。 eg. He didnt listen to the radi

10、o until his father came back. 直到他父親回來，他才聽無線電。 2. 如果主句中的謂語動詞是終止性動詞，則只能用否定式。 eg. Mr. Smith didnt marry until he was forty- five. (right) 史密斯先生到四十五歲才結(jié)婚。 Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (wrong)1) 用于完成時的區(qū)別延續(xù)動詞表示經(jīng)驗、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結(jié) 果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。He has completed the work.他已完成了那項工作。 (表結(jié)果)Ive kno

11、wn him since then. 我從那時起就認(rèn)識他了。(表經(jīng)歷)2)用于till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動詞用于肯定句，表示做直到 瞬間動詞用于否定句，表示到，才 He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到10 點才回來。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到10點。Ive had a cold since my arrival（到達(dá) n.）. I didnt go to school because I had had a bad cold for days. catch a cold是短暫性動作，表“動態(tài)”：它不

12、能和延續(xù)性時間狀語連用，不定冠詞“a”可有可無，catch可用take,get代替。 Put on your coat,or youll catch/take/get a cold. Take care not to get cold. 但是，若cold前有形容詞修飾時，則不定冠詞不能省。 如：Brown has taken a slight cold. 注意下列句子： I have caught a cold for over a week.() I have had a cold for over a week.(對) 延續(xù)性動詞常不能和表示一個短暫具體的時間狀語連用；這類動詞如用于進(jìn)行時

13、態(tài)，則可以和表示一個短暫具體的時刻連用。 He worked at eight yesterday afternoon.() He was working at eight yesterday afternoon.(對) 瞬間動詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時，但不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如可說“He has left.”但不能說“He has left for three years.” 如果要表達(dá)“他已走了三年了”可用以下幾種表達(dá)法：一、用ago,使用一般過去時。 He left here three years ago.二、用“It is +一段時間since 一般過去時從句 ” It is t

14、hree years since he left here.三、用“ 一段時間have/ has passed + since + 一般過去時從句”Three years have passed since he left here.以上三種表示方法適用于所有瞬間動詞。 另外，還可用其它表示方法，但只適用于部分瞬間動詞。具體辦法是將瞬間動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為表延續(xù)的動詞或者表狀態(tài)的be+名詞形容詞或副詞介詞短語等。I have bought this book for three months.1.直接轉(zhuǎn)化成延續(xù)性動詞 buy catch (get) a cold borrow/lend come/go

15、/become 常見的瞬間動詞變?yōu)檠永m(xù)性動詞：borrow-keep die-be dead buy- have come back-be back go out-be outjoin/take part in-be in/ be a member of begin-be on leave- be away from become- be fall asleep-be asleep catch a cold-have a cold end/finish-be over 例句：1、他買了這本書兩年了。誤：He has bought the book for two years. 正：He bou

16、ght the book two years ago.2、他們認(rèn)識5年了。誤：They have got to know each other for five years. 正：They have known each other for five years.3、他父親死了五年了。誤：His father has died for two years.正：His father has been dead for two years.4、湯姆參軍4年了。誤：Tom has joined the army for four years.正：It is (has been) four years

17、 since Tom joined the army.arrivebe here begin(start)be on die be dead fall ill(sick,asleep)be ill(sick,asleep) get upbe up go out be out finish be over put on wear 或be on open be open join be in或 be a member of close be closed go to schoolbe a student borrow keep buy have catch(a cold) have(a cold)

18、 get to know know begin to studystudy come to workwork get upbe up等如：1.He has been a soldier for three years.他參軍三年了。 2.His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。 3.The film has been on for ten minutes.電影已開始十分鐘了。 4.We have studied English for three years. 我們（開始）學(xué)英語已三年了典型例題1. You dont need to de

19、scribe her. I _ her several times.A. had metB. have met C. metD. meet 答案B. 首先本題后句強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時。2.-Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes.A. have been B. had been C. wasD. will be 答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。1. When he

20、arrived at the bus stop, the bus _ for 20 minutes.A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away2. I _ the League for 5 years so far. A. joined B. have joined C. have been inD. have gone to3. The factory _ since the February of 1988. A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened4.

21、 Mary and Rose _friends since they met in 2000. A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become5. You mustnt _ until he comes back. A. be away B. leave C. be leftD. have left6. The meeting _ for a week now. A. has finished B. has ended C. has been overD. ended7. Miss Gao _ this school for nearly 5

22、years. A. has been in B. has come to C. has taughtD. taught8. Ben _ a teacher for 4 years . A. has been B. has become C. was D. became9. I _ home for a week. A. have returned B. have been back C. returnedD. am returned10. How long _ he _ ? A. died B. has, died C. has, been deadD. did, died11. He _ a

23、t eight yesterday afternoon.A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept12. He _ the car for a week. A. bought B. has bought C. has had D. buy13. -How long _ you _ ill? -Two weeks. A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, beenD. have, had14. Since 2000, he _ his hometown. A. has left B. has moved aw

24、ay C. has been away fromD. left15. Ill lend you the book , but you can only _ it for 2 days. A. borrow B. keep C. takeD. took16. The bus _ on the road for 2 hours so far. A. has stopped B. stopped C. has beenD. is17. Are you _ the jacket these days? A. wearing B. putting on C. dressing D. on18. He _

25、 for 2 hours. A. got up B. has got up C. has been upD. is up19. Tom is ill in hospital. He _ a cold for several days. A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had20. - How long can I _ the book? - Two weeks.A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep表示一段時間的for和since短語，兩者可相互轉(zhuǎn)換。與for, since短語連用的現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中的動詞應(yīng)為延續(xù)性動詞。某些非

26、延續(xù)性動詞也可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句子中，但如果有表示一段時間的狀語，這些動詞必須用延續(xù)性動詞代替。如下，延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)性動詞及其轉(zhuǎn)換 動詞按其動作發(fā)生的方式、發(fā)生過程的長短可分為延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)性動詞。 一.延續(xù)性動詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延續(xù)性動詞可以與表示時間段的狀語連用。 表示時間段的短語有:for+一段時間,for 2 years; since從句,since he came here; sin

27、ce+時間點名詞,since last year, since 5 days ago; how long; for a long time等。 例:He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. How long did you stay there last year? 二.非延續(xù)性動詞也稱終止性動詞、瞬間動詞,表示不能延續(xù)的動作,這種動作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。 如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。非延續(xù)性動詞在肯定句中與表示時間點的狀語連用，如：two years ago; at 5 oclock;例:He di