2021年醫(yī)學(xué)英語試題(4)

1、醫(yī)學(xué)英語試題(4) Smog da _ges the lungs of growing infants and causes asth _, suggests unpublished research carried out at theUniversity of California at Davis. The findings confirm a link that has been widely suspected, but never proven. In the past ten years, stu _s have found circumstantial eviden _, on

2、e of the more noxious constituents of _og. However, researchers have not proved that ozone causes asth _ because they cannot measure how much ozone an individual has been exposed to. To settle the issue, the Davis carried out a series of experiments with young rhesus monkeys. One group of monkeys ha

3、d ozone added to their air supply. A second group breathed air containing the dust mite allergen, a ponent of household dust that is a mon trigger of asth _ attacks. A third group breathed air containing both the allergen and ozone, and a fourth group breathed clean air. The amount of ozone in the c

4、ontaminated air supply was varied to mimic conditions in the real world, says Charles Plopper, one of the teams leaders. For five days the monkeys breathed air containing ozone, followed by nine ozone-free daysa cycle based loosely on Enviro _ental Protection Agency records of ozone levels in Los An

5、geles, says Plopper. The con _ntration of ozone was 0.5 parts per million. “ That is high for California,” he says, “ but about average for Mexico City.” After five months of exposure, monkeys that had been breathing ozone developed symptoms similar to those of a child with borderline asth _, says P

6、lopper. Heir lung capacity was redu _d and they wheezed when briefly exposed to the dust mite allergen. Monkeys that had continually breathed both ozone and the allergen had more severe reactions, similar to full-blown asth _ attacks: rapid, shallow breathing and decreased blood oxygen levels. Both

7、groups of ozone-exposed monkeys had lung abnor _lities typical of people with asth _. The _ooth muscle that controls the flow of air through the lungs was hyperactive, constricting the airways. The lungs _de more mucus than usual, clogging up the airways. And the monkeys has unusually low levels of

8、glutathione(谷胱甘肽), a chemical that protects the lungs from free radicals. “ That puts them at risks for other types of lung injury.” Plopper says. He and his colleagues had previously found that ozone does not cause the same degree of lung da _ge in _ monkeys. They believe, therefore, that ozone exp

9、osure is especially da _ging early in life, when the lungs are still developing. Because lung development is similar in monkeys and hu _ns, the research _y help explain why children who grow up in _oggy cities tend to have more respiratory problems, says Ira Tager of the University of California, Be

10、rkeley, School ofPublic Health. “ It fits well with whats known in hu _ns about developmental effects.” He says. 56. To prove the link between asth _ and ozone exposure, aording to the passage, is to _. A) verify the association between _og and ozone B) measure the amount of ozone exposure C) prove

11、the existen _ of ozone in _og D)confirm the toxicity of ozone 57. In the test, the subjects _. A)were divided into four groups to breathe varied con _ntrations of ozone B)inhaled the contaminated air in California and Mexico City respectively C)had their asth _ attacks indu _d by breathing air conta

12、ining ozone D)inhaled the adjusted amount of ozone as if in the real world 58. Which of the following groups turned out to be the most serious victims? A) The 1st group B) The 2nd group C) The 3rd group D)The 4th group 59. Between the ozone exposed monkeys lung abnor _lities and those of people with

13、 asth _, the researchers _. A)discovered the same amount of ozone exposure B)pinpointed the exactly same causative factor C) found a cause-effect relation D) can draw an _ogy. 60. From the results, Plopper would say that ozone exposure _. A) can be responsible for the asth _ epidemic in children B)

14、da _ges monkeys as well as hu _ns C) affects hu _n lung development D)all of the above Passage 5 To beat leukemia, it helps to be lucky. A bone _rrow transplant can give a patient a fresh start at producing blood _lls free of this can _r, but a suessful transplant typically requires that at least fi

15、ve out of six key geic _rkers in the donor _tch those in the recipient. Unfortunately, most patients dont find a good _tch even among close relatives willing to donate bone _rrow and must hope to get appropriate bone _rrow from a tissue bank. Some wait months for a good _tch, and others _ waiting. S

16、ome acutely ill patients, having little choi _, must aept the best available transplant-blood in which only three or four of the six _rkers are correct. Having a mis _tched donor worsens the recipients survival odds because the transplanted tissue is often rejected. A study in the Oct. 22 New Englan

17、d Journal of Medicine brightens the picture for leukemia patients. By giving them a _ssive dose of stem _lls-the _rrow _lls that harbor blueprints for new, healthy blood _lls-researchers in Israel andItaly find they can overwhelm a recipients re _ining immune _lls and thwart rejection. The dose of s

18、tem _lls, collected from blood instead of bone _rrow, is up to 10 times greater than a _rrow transplant would nor _lly provide. Even when the donated stem _lls are mis _tched for three of the six _rkers, the survival rate of recipients approaches that of patients re _iving blood from well- _tched, u

19、nrelated donors. In both the _rrow and new stem- _ll transplant pro _dures, patients typically re _ive radiation treatment, chemotherapy, and drugs to suppress immune rejection and ward off disease. Even so, the patients can encounter a can _r recurren _, infection, transplant rejection, or graft-ve

20、rsus-host disease, in which the donors immune _lls attack the patient. The researchers extracted stem _lls from the blood of donors who had been primed with hormones to produ _ these _lls prodigiously. To lessen the risk of graft-versus-host disease, the technique also removes the donors immune T _l

21、ls. Of 43 terminally ill leukemia patients treated with this pro _dure, 12 survived and were healthy 18 months after the stem- _ll transplant, says study coauthor Yair Reisner of the Weiz _nn Institute in Rehovot, Israel. The other patients _d or suffered a relapse of leukemia. For patients who dont

22、 have _tched donors or dont have time to wait, this is a huge step forward, says LeeAnn T. Jensen of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in Bethesda, Md. At the core of the mis _tch problem are hu _n leukocyte antigens, _ll-su _ _ proteins that help direct immune system functions. Genes en

23、coding these proteins are inherited as a unit, one from each parent. Identifying the DNA sequen _ at three specific locations on each unit provides the six geic _rkers used in seeking a _tch. Less than a third of patients have a family member who _tches five or six _rkers, but everyones parents and

24、most siblings _tch at least three. It would be very unusual that you wouldnt have a related donor for every patient, Reisner says. 61. To beat leukemia, it helps to be lucky because_. A) the patient can not choose an appropriate bone _rrow from a tissue bank. B) the best available transplant contain

25、s only three or four correct geic _rkers. C) the patient has a limited range of geic _rkers D) bone _rrow transplants are randomized 62. Aording to the researchers in Israel and Italy, the donated _lls can overe rejection _. A) by conquering the recipients re _ining immune _lls. B) by _tching exactl

26、y the recipients immune _lls. C) by expanding the options for transplants D) by building up their dosage. 63. In which of the following are the donated stem _lls important to the recipient? A) Radiation treatment B) Quantity of _lls C)Related sour _s D) Amount 64.As Jensen implies, patients having n

27、o _tched donors or no time to wait can bear hope of life _ A) with stem- _ll transplant B) with radiation treatment and chemotherapy C) by using drugs to suppress immune rejection. D)by lessening the risk of graft-versus-host disease 65.The message of the passage is clear that stem _ll transplants c

28、an _ke it easy for a leukemia patient _. A) to survive the disease B) to find a related donor C) to _tch five or six _rkers. D)To ward off the pro _dures to suppress immune rejection. Part IV Translation ( 20 points ) Directions: Translate the underlined parts in each senten _ into Chinese 1. George

29、town University Hospital offers a variety of medical facilities through its _ny clinical departments. There are, for example, departments of general medicine, pediatrics, surgery, ophthalmology, and obstetrics and gynecology. 2. Although essential hypertension is the etiologic category in the vast _

30、jority of cases, it is possible that as _ny as 5% of hypertensive individuals suffer from the renal arterial diseases. 3. Independently, several groups developed methods to close congenital cardiac defects with devi _s delivered by catheters. 4. Glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate and urinar

31、y con _ntrating ability all correlated inversely with the degree ofmedullary hyperemia. 5. Davidson and colleagues strongly suggest that assays of hemoglobin glycosylation should be the diagnostic criterion standard for diabetes. 6. The reversible airway obstruction is caused by _ooth muscle contraction and mucosal ede _. 7. Individuals infected with large burdens or particularly virulent strains of H pylori _y be capable of developing ul _rs regardless of their psychological characterist