高一英語語法全講義精講

1、高一英語語法講義一、句子成分及簡單句五種基本句型一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。（二）主語：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become mo re and more popular

2、.（名詞）We often speak English in class.（代詞）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Sm oking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）The ri ch should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句）It is necess

3、ary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）（三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning.2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students.（四）表語：表語用以

4、說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English.（不定

5、式）His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語）Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）（五）賓語：賓語表示動(dòng)作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on

6、time.（代詞）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語）I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）

7、復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.來源:學(xué)。科。網(wǎng)（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his

8、 money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） The

9、re are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）（八）狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說

10、明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆篖ight travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語）He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句）狀語種類如下：How

11、about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）In order to ca

12、tch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語）She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語）I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）簡單句有五種基本句型，其它各種句子基本上皆由此五種句型縮略或擴(kuò)展而成。1、“主語+謂語” 句型，可簡稱為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語是不及物動(dòng)詞。如：（1）The sun is rising. 太陽正在冉冉升起。（2）Now, the meeting begin

13、s.現(xiàn)在會(huì)議開始。2、“主語+連系動(dòng)詞+表語“句型，如：（1）He and I are pretty good swimmers. 他和我都游泳游得不錯(cuò)。（2）The doctors seemed very capable. 這些大夫好像都很能干。3）“主語+謂語+賓語” 句型可簡稱為主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu)（SVO），其謂語一般皆是及物動(dòng)詞，其賓語多是直接賓語。如：（1）Robbie didnt deny the facts. 羅比不否認(rèn)這些事實(shí)。（2）She heard whisperings. 她聽到了一陣沙沙聲。4）“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語” 句型可簡稱為主謂賓賓結(jié)構(gòu)（SVOO），其謂語須是可有

14、雙賓語的及物動(dòng)詞，即所謂的與格動(dòng)詞（dative verb），兩個(gè)賓語多一是間接賓語，一是直接賓語。如：（1）We gave the baby a bath. 我們給嬰孩洗了個(gè)澡。（2）Judith paid me a visit. 朱迪思來看望了我。5）“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)語” 句型可簡稱為主、謂、賓、賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)（SVOC），其謂語須是可有這種復(fù)合賓語的及物動(dòng)詞，賓語補(bǔ)語與賓語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。如：（1）I found this book easy. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)此書不難。（形容詞easy用作賓語補(bǔ)語）（2）They held him hostage. 他們將他扣作人質(zhì)。（名詞hostage用

15、作賓語補(bǔ)語）（3）He watched the maid come in. 他看著女傭人進(jìn)來了。（4）I heard him coming up the stairs slowly, as if he were carrying something heavy. 我聽見他慢慢上樓來，好像扛著什么重的東西。二、并列復(fù)合句（compound sentence）并列復(fù)合句是由兩個(gè)或多個(gè)簡單句和一個(gè)或多個(gè)從句構(gòu)成的句子。這種句子容量大，可以為你提供更大的自由表達(dá)度。并列復(fù)合句常用的連接詞由and, but, for, so, or, nor等并列連詞，如：（1）They were happy and

16、they deserved their happiness. 他們是幸福的，他們也該得到幸福。（并列連詞是and）（2）The signal was given, and the steamer moved slowly from the dock. 信號發(fā)出了，輪船緩緩駛出碼頭。（并列連詞是and，前有逗號）（3）Hurry or you wont make the train. 趕快，不然你趕不上火車。（并列連詞是or）（4）Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. 蜜是甜的，但蜜蜂卻會(huì)蜇人。（并列連詞是but）兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句的關(guān)系如不很緊密，并列連詞

17、可引導(dǎo)單獨(dú)一個(gè)句子。如：（5）Youre alive! And shes dead. 你活著！而她卻死了。（并列連詞and引導(dǎo)單獨(dú)句子）（6）Im sorry to trouble you. But can you direct me to the nearest post office? 對不起打擾一下。你可以告訴我最近的郵局在哪兒嗎？（并列連詞but引導(dǎo)單獨(dú)句子）并列句的分句亦可用連接副詞連接。如：（7）I had a drink, then I went home. 我喝了杯酒，然后回到了家。（連接副詞是then）（8）It rained, therefore the game was

18、called off. 由于有雨，因而那場球賽取消了。（連接副詞是therefore）（9）He was angry, nevertheless he listened to me. 他生氣了，但聽我的話。（連接副詞是nevertheless）（10）I want to go to the partyhowever, I have no transport. 我想去參加聚會(huì)，但我沒有交通工具。（連接副詞是however）（11）I have only an old car; still it is better than nothing. 我只有一輛舊車，但也比沒有好。（連接副詞是still）

19、（12）I am busy today, so can you come tomorrow? 我今日很忙，那你能明天來嗎？（連接副詞是so）三、定語從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，用來修飾主句中的某一名詞或代詞或整個(gè)主句，所以，也稱作形容詞性從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。提示： 關(guān)系詞在定語從句中有三大作用（關(guān)系詞的含義無需翻譯出來，what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句）1. 連接作用連接先行詞和定語從句。 I gave her all the mo

20、ney that I had. 我把我所有的錢都給了她。（that 連接先特詞 money和定語從句I had） 2. 替代作用在定語從句中替代從句所修飾的先行詞。 The man who lives nest door is a famous teacher. 住在隔壁的那個(gè)人是個(gè)名師。（who 替代the man） 3. 成分作用在定語從句中作主語、賓語、定語或狀語。 I like picrures which are painted in the traditional Chinese style. 我喜歡傳統(tǒng)的中國畫。（which在定語從句中作主語）一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句引導(dǎo)定語從

21、句的關(guān)系代詞主要有who, whom, whose, which, that, as等。它們分別代替前面的先行詞，并在定語從句中作主語、賓語或定語。 Awho 指人，在定語從句中作主語。 What was the name of the man who lent you the money 借錢給你的那人叫什么名字？（定語從句修飾先行詞the man） He who laughs lst laughs best. 誰笑到最后誰笑得最好。（定語從句修飾先行詞he） The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right. 會(huì)議主

22、席坐在我右邊，他先發(fā)言。（定語從句修飾先行詞the chairman） Bwhom 指人，在定語從句中做賓語。在口語或非正式文體中，whom可省略或可用who來代替，但在介詞后面以及在非限制性定語從句中只能用whom。 There are some people (whomwho)we like and others (whomwho) we dislike. 有些人我們是喜歡的，有些人則是我們討厭的。（定語從句分別修飾先行詞people, others） The people whomwho I work with are all friendly. 和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定語從句修飾

23、先行詞the people） Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan. 昨晚我在電話里和卡特先生交談過，他對我們的計(jì)劃很感興趣。（非限制性定語從句中不能用who代替whom） Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office. 兩個(gè)人來到我的辦公室，我以前從未見過他們。（在介詞后面不用who） Cwhose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語，后面要緊跟被修飾的名詞。 There

24、are some people whose faces you can nevr forget. 有些人，他們的臉你永遠(yuǎn)難以忘懷。（定語從句修飾先行詞people） I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air. 我看見一些樹的樹葉由于空氣污染而發(fā)黑。（定語從句修飾行詞trees） Dwhich 1指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語。做賓語時(shí)常可省略。 English is a language which is easy to learn. 英語是一門容易學(xué)的語言。（which在定語從句中作主語，不能省略

25、） This is a folk song which is now very popular. 這是目前非常流行的一首民謠（which在定語從句中作主語，不能省略） The river which flows through London is the Thames. 流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。（which在定語從句中作主語，不能省略） The children like cookies (which) my wife makes. 孩子們喜歡我夫人做的餅干。(關(guān)系代詞which作makes的賓語，可以省略) 2which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以修飾前面的整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this。

26、Jim passedhis driving test, which surprised everybody. 吉姆通過了駕駛考試，這使大家都感到驚訝。（定語從句修飾的是整個(gè)主句，而不是the driving test） Sheila couldnt come to the party, which was a pity. 希拉不能來參加聚會(huì)，真遺憾。（定語從句修飾的是整個(gè)主句，而不是the party） 3which在非限制性定語從句中有時(shí)也可以作定語。 John stayed here for a week, dring which time we visited the West Lake

27、 together. 約翰在這里呆了一星期，在此期間我們一起游了西湖。 It might snow this weekend, in which case we wont go to Beijing. 周末可能下雪，在這種情況下，我們就不去北京了。 Ethat 指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who 或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語（做賓語時(shí)?？墒÷裕?。 He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那個(gè)人。（定語從句修飾先行詞the man，作主語） I dont like stories that have unhappy ending

28、s. 我不喜歡結(jié)尾悲傷的故事。（定語從句修飾先行詞stories，作主語） The dress (that) Ann boughtdoesnt fit her very well. 安買的衣服不太合身。（定語從句修飾先行詞the dress，that作賓語可省略） Is there anything (that) I can do for you 有我能為你效勞的事嗎？（定語從句修飾先行詞anything，that作賓語，可省略） 提示： 在口語中，that有時(shí)還可以作關(guān)系副詞，相當(dāng)于when或介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)。 We left the day (that) he arrived. 他來的

29、那一天，我們就走了。（that替when） He doesnt see things the way (that) we see them. 他看問題的方法和我們不一樣。（that代替in which） Imagine the speed (that) he drives his car! 很難想象，他開車的速度那么快?。╰hat代替at which）Fas as可以在限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句中作主語或賓語。 在限制性定語從句中，as可跟在由suc, so, the same修飾的先行詞之后。 Such men as heard him were deeply moved. 聽過他說話

30、的人，都會(huì)深受感動(dòng)。（as在定語從句中作heard的主語） Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過像他講的這樣的故事。（as在定語從句中作tell的賓語） He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift. 他搬起別人都搬不起的大石頭。（as在定語從句中l(wèi)ift的賓語）比較： 在the sameas結(jié)構(gòu)中，as也可用that代替。但嚴(yán)格地說，the sameas強(qiáng)調(diào)相同，the samethat注重同一。 She wore the same dress as her younger si

31、ster wore. 她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的衣裙。（as指的是與先行詞相似的同類事物） She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。（that指的是與先行詞同一事物） 在非限制性定語從句中，as可代表主句整個(gè)句子，引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗號與主句分開。 As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China. 眾所周知，臺灣屬于中國的領(lǐng)土。 He is from the outh, as we can know from his

32、 accent. 他是南方人，這一點(diǎn)我們從他的口音可以知道。必背： 一些由as引導(dǎo)的定語從句常位于句首，已形成了固定的說法。 as is known to all 這是眾所周知的 as has been said before 如前所說 as is often the case 情況常常如此 as may be imagined 這可以想象得出 as has been pointed out 正如已經(jīng)指出的那樣 as often happens 這種情況常常發(fā)生 G介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句是一種非常常見但也比較復(fù)雜的定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)。 1. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞中介詞的

33、位置 關(guān)系代詞whom, which在從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，可以跟介詞一起放在從句與主句之間（that, who不可以），也可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面，使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞。 He is a man of rich experience, from whom much canbe learned. = He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from. 他是個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的人，從他那兒可以學(xué)到很多。 The school in which he once worked is a key school. =Th

34、e school (which that) he once worked in is a key school. 他曾經(jīng)工作過的學(xué)校是一所重點(diǎn)學(xué)校。 The manager in whosecompany I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. =The manager whose company Im working in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 我就職的那家公司經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。 2介詞+關(guān)系代詞的常

35、見結(jié)構(gòu) 介詞+whichwhom This is the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 這就是那位我們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰闹璩摇?Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost. 很幸運(yùn)，我們帶了一張地圖，如沒有的話，我們就會(huì)迷路了。 名詞+of+ whichwhom Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 請把那本藍(lán)封面的書遞給我。（也可用whose cover） 數(shù)詞+o+ whichwho

36、m Shes got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses. 她有三只幸運(yùn)筆，其中兩只從未用過。 In our school there are about 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women. 我校大約有200位教師，其中百分之三十是女教師。 代詞+of+ whichwhom In the basket I find many apples, some o which have gone bad. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)籃子里有好些蘋果，有些已經(jīng)壞了。 There are fifty studen

37、ts in our class, most of whom are from big cities. 我們班有50個(gè)學(xué)生，其中大多數(shù)來自大城市。 Norman won $50,000, half of which he gave to his parents. 諾曼贏得五萬美元，他將其中一半給了他父母。 Tom tried on three shirt, none of which he was satisfied with. 湯姆試穿了三件襯衫，都不滿意。 最高級+of+ whichwhom China has thousands of islands, the largest of whi

38、ch is Taiwan. 中國有數(shù)千個(gè)島嶼，其中最大的是臺灣。 介詞+which+名詞 He usually returns home at ten, at which hour his father locks all the doors ad windows. 他通常十點(diǎn)鐘回家，在這時(shí)候他爸爸鎖好所有的門窗。 His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad. 他的妻子病得很重，在這種情況下，他不得不放棄出國的機(jī)會(huì)。 3關(guān)系代詞前介詞的選擇 在介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定

39、語從句中，應(yīng)注意介詞的正確選擇。 根據(jù)后面動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。 The two things of which they felt prud were Jims watch and Dellas hair. 他們引以為豪的兩樣?xùn)|西是吉姆的手表和德拉的頭發(fā)。（feel proud of是固定搭配詞組） In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的街道上沒有一個(gè)她可以求助的人。（turn to sb. for help是固定搭配詞組） 根據(jù)與前面名詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。

40、 Ill never forget the day on which I first met him. 我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我第一次遇見他的那一天。(the day前面一般用介詞on) Can you imagine a proper situation in which the expression can be used 你能設(shè)想一個(gè)使用這個(gè)詞語的場合嗎？(a situation前面一般用in) 有時(shí)須同時(shí)考慮動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系及介詞和名詞的搭配關(guān)系。 Galileo made a telescope through which he could study the sky. 伽里略制作了一個(gè)望

41、遠(yuǎn)鏡，通過它他得以研究天空。(study the sky through the telescope) Is that the house in which you once lived 那就是你曾經(jīng)住過的房子嗎？(live in the house) 根據(jù)所要表達(dá)的意思來確定。 This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly. 這是我的眼鏡，離了它我什么也看不清。注意： 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。 I, who am your best friend, will do a

42、ll that I can to help you. 我是你的好朋友，我會(huì)盡我一切所能來幫你。 The family, who are fond of music, go to the concert once a month. 這家人很愛音樂，他們每月都去聽一次音樂會(huì)。 He is one of the boys in ourclass who speak English well. 他是班上英語說得很好的男生之一。（one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式） He is the only one of the boys in our class who speak

43、s English well. 他是班上唯一英語說得很好的男生。（the (only) one the very one the right one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞 引導(dǎo)的定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式）反思：介詞+which一定等于where嗎？二、關(guān)系副引導(dǎo)的定語從句 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有when, where或 why等。when, where, why分別在定語從句中作狀語，在意義上相當(dāng)于介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)，分別代替表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因的先行詞。 Awhen 指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。 I still remember the day when I first ca

44、me to this school. 我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學(xué)校的那一天。(when= on which) He came at a time when we needed him most. 他是在我們最需要他的時(shí)候來的。(when= at which) We will never forget the year 1949, when th Peoples Republic of China was founded. 我們永遠(yuǎn)忘不了1949年，那是中華人民共和國成立的一年。(when= in which)Bwhere 指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。 I recently went ba

45、ck to the town where I was born. 我最近曾回過一次我出生的城市。(where = in which) I would like to live in a country where there is plety of sunshine. 我想住在一個(gè)陽光充足的國家。(where = in which) Whats the name of the place where you spent your holiday 你度假的那個(gè)地方叫什么名字？(where = at which)Cwhy 指原因，在限制性定語從句中作原因狀語。 Please tell me the

46、 reason why you missed the plane. 請告訴我你誤機(jī)的原因。(why = for which) Te reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。 注意: 無論是關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞，都在定語從句中取代了先行詞，因此，先行詞在定語從句中不復(fù)出現(xiàn)?！菊`】This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday.【正】This is the book that I borrowed yesterday. 這就是我昨天借的書。（that在定語從句中取代了先行詞t

47、he book，作borowed的賓語，因此，要去掉it）【誤】The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise their spoken English.【正】The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken English. 英語角是人們經(jīng)常去練習(xí)英語口語的地方。（where在定語從句中取代了先行詞the pace，作go的狀語，因此，要去掉there）三、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句

48、根據(jù)定語從句在句中所起的作用，可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩大類。A限制性定語從句 限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，用于修飾和限定先行詞。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。書寫時(shí)不用逗號與先行詞分開。 This is the boy who broke the window. 這就是打破窗子的孩子。（the boy是先行詞，who broke the indow是限制性定語從句，明確指出the boy是打破窗子的那個(gè)孩子） I have a book which teaches English grammar. 我有一本講解英語語法的書。（a book是先行詞，w

49、hich teaches English grammar是限制性定語從句，修飾the book） The people whom you met in the hall are from Japan. 你在大廳見到的那些人來自日本。（定語從句whom you met in the hall定先行詞the people）B非限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句在意義上只是一個(gè)附加修飾語，對先行詞或主句作些附加的說明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。書寫時(shí)往往用逗號與先行詞分開。 I, who am your friend, will share the work with you. 我是你的朋友，將與

50、你分擔(dān)這項(xiàng)工作。（I是先行詞，who am your friend是非限制性定語從句，對先行詞I起附加說明的作用） New Concept English is intended for foeign students, which is known to us all. 新概念英語是專為外國學(xué)生編寫的，這是我們大家都知道的。（which is known to us all是非限制性定語從句，對主句作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說明）四、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用，比較復(fù)雜除了牽涉到所指的先行詞是人還是物，所引導(dǎo)的定語從句是限制性的還是非限制性的，以及關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)

51、什么句子成份外，還要根據(jù)習(xí)慣用法而定。A只用who 在下列情況下，一般不能用that代替who。1在非限制定語從句中。 His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他媽媽十分地愛他，對他要求很嚴(yán)格。2先行詞是one, anyone, those時(shí)。 One who has nothing to fear for hiself dares to tell the truth. 一個(gè)無所畏懼的人敢說真話。 Anyone who breaks the law shall be published. 任何犯法的人都將受到懲罰。 Th

52、ose who are against the plan put up your hands please. 凡是反對這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的人，請舉手。3在therehere be開頭的句子中。 Here is a boy who wants to see you. 有個(gè)男孩想見你。4先詞與定語從句被其他詞所分隔時(shí)。 Dont tell anyone about the secret who oughtnt to know. 不要把這秘密告訴任何一個(gè)不該知道它的人。 I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是辦公室里唯一受到邀請的人。B 不

53、能用that的情況： 在下列情況下，一般不能用that代替whichwhom。1在非限制性定語從句中。 The weather was very terrible, which we hadnt expected. 天氣非常糟糕，這我們沒有料到。2介詞后面。 關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞或短語介詞后面，只能用which或whom，不能用that。 He climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which he got a good view. 他爬到一塊巨大的巖石頂上，從那里他看到很好的景色。（也可用from where） Sound is a tool,

54、 by means of which people communcate with each other. 聲音是工具，人們通過這個(gè)工具進(jìn)行交流。 They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldnt answer. 他們問了我許多問題，大部分我都不會(huì)回答。C只用that 在下列情況下，限制性定語從句中一般只用that引導(dǎo)1當(dāng)先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little等詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞被every, any, all,some, no, little, few,

55、 much等詞修飾時(shí)。 Everything that they said was true. 他所說的一切都是真的。 He is dead and theres nothing that can be done. 他死了，再也沒有什么辦法了。 There was little that we could do to help her. 我們沒有什么能幫助她的。 These walls are all that remain of the ancint city. 這些墻是這座古城所殘存下來的全部。提示： something 后面可用which引導(dǎo)定語從句。 There is something(whichthat) Id like to tell you. 有些事我想告訴你。2當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)。 The first place (that) they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在倫敦他們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。 She was probably the hardest working stu