超級權(quán)威的初中英語語法大全(上

1、初中英語語法大全一名詞I.名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名，可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞團體機構(gòu)名稱個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II. 名詞的數(shù)：1.規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式：名詞的復數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s 或 -es ?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加 -smap-maps, sea-seas,girl-girls, day-days2以 s, x, ch, sh 結(jié)尾的名詞后class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watche加-ess, dish-dishes以-f 或 - 變-f 和 -fe 為 v 再加 -esleaf-leav

2、es, thief-thieves, knife-knives,3fe 結(jié)尾wife-wives, half-halves的詞加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以輔音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的名詞，party-parties, family-families, story-sto變 y 為 i 加-esries, city-cities5以元音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的名詞，toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,或?qū)Ｓ忻~以 y 結(jié)尾的，加 -sHenry-Henrys一般加 -esNegro-Negroes, hero

3、-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes以輔音6字母加不少外來詞加 -spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos,-o 結(jié)尾kilo-kilos, solo-solos的名詞zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ v兩者皆可olcanos7以元音字母加 -o 結(jié)尾的名詞加radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zo-sos8以-th 結(jié)尾的名詞加 -struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths

4、,2. 不規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：1規(guī)則改變名詞中的元音字母或其他1形式2 單復數(shù)相同3 只有復數(shù)形式4 一些集體名詞總是用作復數(shù)部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)5（整體）也可以作復數(shù)（成員）6 復數(shù)形式表示特別含義例詞man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, go ose-geese,mouse-micesheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin,trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasse s,people, policeclass, family, crow

5、d, couple, group, g overnment, population, team, public, p artycustoms(海關(guān) ), times(時代 ), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料 ), sands(沙灘 ), papers (文件報紙 ), looks(外表 ), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜 )加 -sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans表示7“某 單復數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese國人”以 -man 或

6、-woman 結(jié)尾Englishmen, Frenchwomen的改為 -men,-women將主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends合成8無主體名詞時將最后一名詞grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)將兩部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)women singers, men servantsIII. 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of 加名詞構(gòu)成示無生命的東西。1. s所有格的構(gòu)成：the b

7、oy sfather, Jack book,s her son-in-la單數(shù)名詞在末尾加 sw sphoto,一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother,復數(shù)名詞不規(guī)則復數(shù)名詞后the children toys, women s rights,加 s以 s 結(jié)尾的人名所有格加 s或 Dickens novels, Charles job,s the Smiths 者 house2表示各自的所有關(guān)系時,各名Japanands America problems, Janeans詞末尾均須加 sd Mary sbikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時在最Japan

8、 and America problems, Jane and后一詞末加 sMary sfather表示某人家店鋪，所 the doctor thes, barber thes, tailormys,有格后名詞省略uncle s2. s所有格的用法：表示時間today newspaper, five weeksholiday2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earth atmosphere, the tree branches3表示國家城市等地the country plan,s the world population,s Chin方的名詞a sindustry4表示工作群體the ship crew,

9、s majority view,s the team svictory5表示度量衡及價值a mile journey,s five dollars worthof apples6與人類活動有特殊the lifetime,s the play plots關(guān)系的名詞7某些固定詞組a birdeyes view, a stone throw,sat one swit end(s不知所措 )3. of 所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the

10、first-year students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed二冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an ），定冠詞（ the ），和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或事，相當于 a kiA plane is a machine that can fly.nd of2第一次提及某人某物，非特A boy is waiting for you.指3表示“每一”相當于 every，We study eight hours a day.one4表示“相同”相當于 the sa We are nearly of an age.3me用于人名前，表示不認識此

11、5 人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事6 用于固定詞組中A Mr. Smith came to visit you when y ou were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, i n a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于 quite, rather, many, ha lf, what, such 之后This room is rather a big one.用于 so(as, too, how)+形容8詞之后She is as clever a g

12、irl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the PacificOcean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提Would you mind opening the door?到過的人或事4用于樂器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens, th

13、e Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級He is the taller of the two childre最高級前n.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，the United States, the Communist P山川群島的名詞前arty of China, the French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的復數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀inthe 1990s的某個年代11用于表示單位的名詞前Ihired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，He patted me on the

14、shoulder.及表示時間的詞組前III. 零冠詞的用法：1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，Beijing University, Jack, China, lov人名地名等名詞前e, air2名詞前有 this, my, whose, some, I want this book, not that one. /no, each, every 等限制Whose purse is this?43季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一March, Sunday, NationalDay, sprin日三餐前g4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made President of Amer

15、ica.5學科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前He likes playing football/chess.6與 by 連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land7以 and 連接的兩個相對的名詞并husband and wife, knifeand fork, d用時ay and night8表示泛指的復數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful animals.三代詞 ：I.代詞可以分為以下七大類：人稱主格1代詞賓格形容詞2物主性代詞名詞性3 反身代詞4 指示代詞5 疑問代詞6 關(guān)系代詞7 不定代詞I, you, he, she, it, we, you, the

16、yme, you, him, her, it, us, you, themmy, your, his, her, its, our, theirmine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirsmyself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yours elves, themselvesthis, that, these, those, such, somewho, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whateverthat, which, w

17、ho, whom, whose, asone/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, fe w/ little/ a few/ a little,other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII.不定代詞用法注意點：1. one, some與 any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復數(shù)為ones 。 some 多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don t

18、have any bookmarks.5I have some questions to ask.2) some 可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復，或者表示建議，請求等。Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3) some和 any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時，some 表示某個， any表示任何一個。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some 和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”， any 可與比較級連用表示

19、程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2. each和 every:each強調(diào)個別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個或兩個以上，而every強調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個或三個以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us

20、 has strong and weak points.3. none和 no ：no 等于 not any，作定語。 none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復數(shù)皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和 another:1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every oth

21、er week, some other reason, nothe other特指兩者中的另外一個，復數(shù)為the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.6Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) another指“又一個，另一個”無所指，復數(shù)形式是others ，泛指“別的人或事”如：I don t like this shirt, p lease show me another (one).The tro

22、users are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和 both, neither和 eitherall 表示不可數(shù)名詞時，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。both和 all 加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和 none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of

23、 us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容詞和副詞I.形容詞：1. 形容詞的位置：1) 形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置：修飾 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing,1one 等構(gòu)成的復合不定代詞時以-able, -ible 結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高2 級或 only 修飾的名詞之后alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以3 后置4 和空間、時間、單位連用時5 成對的形容詞可以后置6 形容詞短語一般

24、后置nobody absent, everything p ossiblethe best book available, the only solution possiblethe only person awakea bridge 50 meters longa huge room simple and be autifula man difficult to get on wi th2) 多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序：代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞 冠詞序數(shù)基數(shù)性質(zhì)大小新舊顏色國籍材料 名前的 指示代詞詞狀態(tài)長短溫度產(chǎn)地質(zhì)地 詞7形容詞形狀詞不定代詞代詞所有格thebeautifChines

25、silkallasecononelargenewblackboththisdulshortyelloestonfourgoodcoolLondosuchanothernextpoorsquarewneyour3) 復合形容詞的構(gòu)成：1形容詞 +名詞kind-hearted6名詞 +形容詞world-famous+ed2形容詞 +形容dark-blue7名詞 +現(xiàn)在分peace-loving詞詞3形容詞 +現(xiàn)在ordinary-looking8名詞 +過去分snow-covered分詞詞4副詞 +現(xiàn)在分hard-working9數(shù)詞 +名詞 +ed three-egged詞5副詞 +過去分newly-built1數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-year詞0II. 副詞副詞的分類：1時間副soon, now, early, final5頻度副always, often, frequently,詞ly