1910年統(tǒng)一船舶碰撞某些法律規(guī)定的國(guó)際公約(附英文)

1、1910年統(tǒng)一船舶碰撞某些法律規(guī)定的國(guó)際公約簡(jiǎn)介：為了用統(tǒng)一的法律原則處理因船舶碰撞而發(fā)生的法律問題，國(guó)際社會(huì)于1910年在布魯塞爾召開了第三屆海洋法外交會(huì)議。該會(huì)議制定了1910年統(tǒng)一船舶碰撞若干法律規(guī)定的國(guó)際公約（以下簡(jiǎn)稱1910年碰撞公約）。該公約于1910年9月23日頒布，并于1913年3月1日起實(shí)施，是有關(guān)船舶碰撞問題最為重要 的一個(gè)國(guó)際公約。該公約得到了世界許多國(guó)家的承認(rèn)和接受，因而在很大程度上統(tǒng)一了各國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)法中有關(guān) 船舶碰撞的法律規(guī)定。 我國(guó)于1994年3月5日加入該公約，除船舶碰撞的適用水域有所不同外，海商法第八章關(guān)于船舶碰撞的規(guī)定與該公約基本一致。1910年碰撞公約的重要貢獻(xiàn)

2、在于促成了以下問題在國(guó)際范圍內(nèi)的統(tǒng)一：（1）按過失的比例確定碰撞責(zé)任，廢除了平分過失原則；（2）實(shí)行實(shí)際過失原則和事實(shí)推定過失原則，廢除了一切法律推定過失原則。但該公約并沒有解決碰撞損害賠償?shù)脑瓌t以及碰撞損害的計(jì)算問題。1910年碰撞公約沒有規(guī)定互有過失的船舶發(fā)生碰撞對(duì)第三人財(cái)產(chǎn)損害承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任，可能有以下 兩點(diǎn)理由：（1）在制定1910年碰撞公約的年代，各國(guó)關(guān)于共同侵權(quán)的理論遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不如現(xiàn)在發(fā)達(dá)，各國(guó)的立法 及法學(xué)理論差別很大，比如許多國(guó)家對(duì)共同過失也構(gòu)成共同侵權(quán)的認(rèn)識(shí)就不一致，如果公約做出此種規(guī)定，恐怕難以被各國(guó)接受；（2）由于承運(yùn)人對(duì)本船貨物因“駕駛船舶和管理船舶的過失免責(zé)”是航運(yùn)界的一貫

3、做法，因此，如果要求本船承運(yùn)人對(duì)他船上的貨主索賠承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任，必將使他船承運(yùn)人本可以因“駕駛 和管理船舶”免去的賠償責(zé)任失去效力，這恐怕是1910年公約沒有做岀此種規(guī)定的主要原因。值得我們注意的是，美國(guó)沒有參加1910年碰撞公約，因此在船舶碰撞問題上，美國(guó)一直沿襲平分過失原則。直至1975年才第一次出現(xiàn)按過失比例判定碰撞責(zé)任的案例，改變了堅(jiān)持120多年的做法。但這只是美國(guó)最高法院的判例，盡管它對(duì)下級(jí)法院有約束力，但至今美國(guó)沒有從法律上把這一原則確定下來。截至2007年9月，該公約參加國(guó)有：安哥拉、安提瓜和巴布達(dá)、阿根廷、澳大利亞、諾?？巳簫u、奧 地利、巴哈馬、伯利茲、巴巴多斯、比利時(shí)、巴西、加

4、拿大、佛得角、中國(guó)、香港、澳門、塞浦路斯、克 羅地亞、丹麥、多米尼加共和國(guó)、埃及、愛沙尼亞、斐濟(jì)、芬蘭、法國(guó)、贊比亞、德國(guó)、迦納、果阿州、 希臘、格林納達(dá)、幾內(nèi)亞比紹共和國(guó)、圭亞那、海地、匈牙利、印度、伊朗、愛爾蘭、意大利、牙買加、 日本、肯尼亞、基里巴斯、拉脫維亞、盧森堡、大阿拉伯利比亞人民社會(huì)主義民眾國(guó)、馬來西亞、馬達(dá)加 斯加島、馬耳他、毛里求斯、墨西哥、莫桑比克、荷蘭、紐芬蘭島、新西蘭、尼加拉瓜、尼日利亞、挪威、 巴布亞新幾內(nèi)亞、巴拉圭、波蘭、葡萄牙、羅馬尼亞、俄羅斯、圣基茨和尼維斯、圣盧西亞、圣文森及格 瑞納丁群島、所羅門群島、圣多美及普林西比、塞舌爾、塞拉利昂、新加坡、斯洛文尼亞、索

5、馬里亞、西 班牙、斯里蘭卡、瑞典、瑞士、帝汶島、湯加、特立尼達(dá)和多巴哥、土耳其、圖瓦盧、英國(guó)、澤西、格恩 西、馬恩島、安圭拉島、百慕大群島、直布羅陀、福克蘭群島、英屬維爾京群島、蒙特塞拉特島、特克斯 和凱科斯群島、圣赫勒拿、威海衛(wèi)、烏拉圭、扎伊爾。正文：第一條 海船與海船或海船與內(nèi)河船舶發(fā)生碰撞，致使有關(guān)船舶或船上人身、財(cái)物遭受損害時(shí)，不論 碰撞發(fā)生在任何水域，對(duì)這種損害的賠償，都應(yīng)按下列規(guī)定辦理。第二條 如果碰撞的發(fā)生是岀于意外，或者岀于不可抗力，或者碰撞原因不明，其損害應(yīng)由遭受者自 行承擔(dān)。即使在發(fā)生碰撞時(shí)，有關(guān)的船舶或其中之一是處于錨泊（或以其他方式系泊）狀態(tài)，本條規(guī)定亦得適 用。第三條

6、 如果碰撞是由于一艘船舶的過失所引起，損害賠償?shù)呢?zé)任便應(yīng)由該艘過失船舶承擔(dān)。第四條 如果兩艘或兩艘以上船舶犯有過失，各船應(yīng)按其所犯過失程度，按比例分擔(dān)責(zé)任。但如考慮 到客觀環(huán)境，不可能確定各船所犯過失的程度，或者看來過失程度相等，其應(yīng)負(fù)的責(zé)任便應(yīng)平均分擔(dān)。船舶或其所載貨物，或船員、旅客或船上其他人員的行李或財(cái)物所受的損害，應(yīng)由過失船舶按上述比 例承擔(dān)。即使對(duì)于第三者的損害，一艘船舶也不承擔(dān)較此種損害比例為多的責(zé)任。對(duì)于人身傷亡所造成的損害，各過失船舶對(duì)第三者負(fù)連帶責(zé)任。但這并不影響已經(jīng)支付較本條第1款規(guī)定其最終所應(yīng)賠償數(shù)額為多的船舶向其他過失船舶取得攤款的權(quán)利。關(guān)于取得攤款的權(quán)利問題，各國(guó)法律

7、可以自行決定有關(guān)限定船舶所有人對(duì)船上人員責(zé)任的契約或法律 規(guī)定所應(yīng)具有的意義和效力。第五條 以上各條規(guī)定，適用于由于引航員的過失而發(fā)生的碰撞，即使是依法強(qiáng)制引航，亦得適用。第六條 對(duì)因碰撞而引起的損害要求賠償?shù)钠鹪V權(quán)，不以提岀海事報(bào)告或履行其他特殊手續(xù)為條件。 關(guān)于在碰撞責(zé)任方面的過失問題的一切法律推定，均應(yīng)廢除。第七條 損害賠償?shù)钠鹪V權(quán)時(shí)效兩年，自事故發(fā)生之日起算。為行使第四條第3款所準(zhǔn)許的取得攤款的權(quán)利而提起的訴訟，須自付款之日起一年內(nèi)提出。上述時(shí)效期限得以中止或中斷的理由，由審理該案法院所引用的法律決定。各締約國(guó)有權(quán)以本國(guó)立法規(guī)定：如在上述時(shí)效期限內(nèi)未能在原告住所或主要營(yíng)業(yè)地所在國(guó)家領(lǐng)海

8、內(nèi)扣 留被告船舶，便應(yīng)延長(zhǎng)上述時(shí)效期限。第八條 碰撞發(fā)生后，相碰船舶船長(zhǎng)在不致對(duì)其船舶、船員和旅客造成嚴(yán)重危險(xiǎn)的情況下，必須對(duì)另 一船舶、船員和旅客施救。上述船長(zhǎng)還必須盡可能將其船名、船藉港、岀發(fā)港和目的港通知對(duì)方船舶。違反上述規(guī)定，并不當(dāng)然地將責(zé)任加于船舶所有人。第九條 凡是在法律上對(duì)違反前條規(guī)定的事例不予禁止的締約國(guó)，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)義務(wù)，采取或建議其本國(guó) 立法機(jī)關(guān)采取必要措施，以便防止違反上述規(guī)定的行為發(fā)生。各締約國(guó)應(yīng)將為履行上述義務(wù)而已在國(guó)內(nèi)頒布或在日后可能頒布的法律或規(guī)章，盡速互相通知。第十條 在不妨礙將來締結(jié)的任何公約的情況下，本公約的規(guī)定，對(duì)于各國(guó)有關(guān)限定船舶所有人責(zé)任 的現(xiàn)行法律，以及

9、對(duì)于因運(yùn)輸契約或任何其他契約而產(chǎn)生的法律義務(wù)，都不發(fā)生任何影響。第十一條本公約不適用于軍用船舶或?qū)ｉT用于公務(wù)的政府船舶。第十二條在任一案件中的所有當(dāng)事船舶都屬于本公約締約國(guó)所有，以及國(guó)內(nèi)法對(duì)此有所規(guī)定的任何 情況下，本公約的規(guī)定適用于全體利害關(guān)系人。但是：(1 )對(duì)屬于非締約國(guó)的利害關(guān)系人，每一締約國(guó)可在互惠條件下適用本公約的規(guī)定。(2)如果全體利害關(guān)系人和受理案件的法院屬于同一國(guó)家，則應(yīng)適用國(guó)內(nèi)法，而不適用本公約。第十三條本公約的規(guī)定擴(kuò)及于一艘船舶對(duì)另一艘船舶造成損害的賠償案件，而不論這種損害是由于 執(zhí)行或不執(zhí)行某項(xiàng)操縱，或是由于不遵守規(guī)章所造成。即使未曾發(fā)生碰撞，也是如此。第十四條各締約國(guó)

10、有權(quán)在本公約生效三年后，要求召開新的會(huì)議，以便對(duì)本公約進(jìn)行可能的修改， 特別是盡可能擴(kuò)大其適用范圍。行使上述權(quán)利的國(guó)家，應(yīng)當(dāng)通過比利時(shí)政府將其意圖通知其他各國(guó)，比利時(shí)政府則當(dāng)進(jìn)行籌備，在六 個(gè)月內(nèi)召開此種會(huì)議。第十五條 未曾簽署本公約的國(guó)家，可以申請(qǐng)加入本公約。參加本公約，應(yīng)通過外交途徑通知比利時(shí) 政府，并由比利時(shí)政府通知其他締約國(guó)政府。如此參加本公約，應(yīng)自比利時(shí)政府發(fā)岀通知之日起一個(gè)月后 生效。第十六條 自本公約簽字之日起一年內(nèi)，比利時(shí)政府應(yīng)與已經(jīng)聲明行將批準(zhǔn)本公約的其他締約國(guó)政府 進(jìn)行聯(lián)系，以便決定應(yīng)否使本公約生效。如果決定使本公約生效， 便應(yīng)立即將批準(zhǔn)書交存布魯塞爾。本公約自交存批準(zhǔn)書之

11、日起一個(gè)月后生效。交存記錄對(duì)于參加布魯塞爾會(huì)議各國(guó)開放一年，此后，上述各國(guó)只能依照第十五條規(guī)定參加本公約。第十七條 如有締約國(guó)欲退岀本公約，應(yīng)自其通知比利時(shí)政府之日起一年后生效，而在其他締約國(guó)之 間，本公約仍舊有效。附加條款雖有第十六條中的規(guī)定，但已達(dá)成協(xié)議，各締約國(guó)在就限定船舶所有人責(zé)任問題達(dá)成協(xié)議以前，并不 承擔(dān)將本公約第五條關(guān)于因強(qiáng)制派遣的引航員的過失而造成碰撞的責(zé)任方面的規(guī)定，加以實(shí)施的義務(wù)。INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES OF LAW WITH RESPECT TO COLLISIONBETW

12、EEN VESSELS, 1910Article 1Where a collision occurs between sea-going vessels or between sea-going vessels and vessels ofinland navigation, the compensation due for damages caused to the vessels, or to any things orpersons on board thereof, shall be settled in accordance with the following provisions

13、, in whatever waters the collision takes place.Article 2If the collision is accidental, if it is caused by force majeure, or if the cause of the collisionis left in doubt, the damages are borne by those who have suffered them.This provision is applicable notwithstanding the fact that the vessels, or

14、 any one of them, maybe at anchor (or otherwise made fast) at the time of the casualty.Article 3If the collision is caused by the fault of one of the vessels, liability to make good the damages attaches to the one which has committed the fault.Article 4If two or more vessels are in fault the liabili

15、ty of each vessel is in proportion to the degree of the faults respectively committed.Provided that if having regard to the circumstances, it is not possible to establish the degreeof the respective faults, or if it appears that the faults are equal, the liability is apportioned equally.The damages

16、caused, either to the vessels or to their cargoes or to the effects or other propertyof the crews, passengers, or other persons on board, are borne by the vessels in fault in theabove proportions, and even to third parties a vessel is not liable for more than such proportion of such damages.In respe

17、ct of damages caused by death or personal injuries, the vessels in fault are jointly aswell as severally liable to third parties, without prejudice however to the right of the vesselwhich has paid a larger part than that which, in accordance which the provisions of the firstparagraph of this Article

18、, she oughtultimately to bear, to obtaina contributionfrom the othervessel or vessels in fault.It is left to the law of each country to determine, as regards such right to obtain contribution, the meaning and effect of any contract or provision of law which limits the liability of the owners of a ve

19、ssel towards persons on board.Article 5The liability imposed by the preceding Articles attaches in cases where the collision is causedby the fault of a pilot, even when the pilot is carried by compulsion of law.Article 6The right of action for the recovery of damages resulting from a collision is no

20、t conditionalupon the entering of a protest or the fulfillment of any other special formality.All legal presumptions of fault in regard to liability for collision are abolished.Article 7Actions for the recovery of damages are barred after an interval of two years from the date of the casualty.The pe

21、riod within which an action must be instituted for enforcingthe rights to obtaincontribution permitted by paragraph 3 of Article 4, is one year from the date of payment.The grounds upon which the said periods of limitation may be suspended orinterrupted aredetermined by the law of the court where th

22、e case is tried.The High Contracting Parties reserve to themselves the right to provide, by legislationin theirrespective countries, that the said periods shall be extended in cases where it has not been possible to arrest the defendant vessel in the territorial waters of the State in which the plai

23、ntiff has his domicile or principal place of business.Article 8After a collision, the master of each of the vessels, in collision is bound, so far as he cando so without serious danger to his vessel, her crew and her passengers, to render assistance to the other vessel, her crew and her passengers.H

24、e is likewise bound so far as possible to make known to the other vessel the name of his vessel and the port to which she belongs, and also the names of the ports from which she comes and to which she is bound.A breach of the above provisions does not of itself impose any liability on the owner of a

25、 vessel.Article 9The High Contracting Parties whose legislation does not forbid infringements of the precedingArticle bind themselves to take or to propose to their respective legislatures the measures necessary for the prevention of such infringements.The High Contracting Parties will communicate t

26、o one another as soon as possible the laws or regulations which have already been or may be hereafter promulgated in their States for giving effect to the above undertaking.Article 10Without prejudice to any Conventions which may hereafter be made, the provisions of this Convention do not affect in

27、any way the law in force in each country with regard to the limitation of shipowners liability, not do they alter the legal obligations arising from contracts of carriage or from any other contracts.Article 11This Convention does not apply to ships of war or to Government ships appropriated exclusiv

28、elyto a public service.Article 12The provisions of this Convention shall be applied as regards all persons interested when all the vessels concerned in any action belong to States of the High Contracting Parties, and in any other cases for which the national laws provide.Provided always that:1. As r

29、egards persons interested who belong to a non-contracting State, the application ofthe above provisions may be made by each of the contracting States conditional upon reciprocity.2. Where all the persons interested belong to the same State as the court trying the case,the provisions of the national

30、law and not of the Convention are applicable.Article 13This Convention extends to the making good of damageswhich a vessel has caused to another vessel, or to goods or persons on board either vessel, either by the execution or non-execution of a manoeuvre or by the non-observance of the regulations,

31、 even if no collision had actually taken place.Article 14Any one of the High Contracting Parties shall have the right, three years after this Conventioncomes into force, to call for a fresh conference with a view to possible amendments therein, and particularly with a view to extend, if possible, th

32、e sphere of its application.Any Power exercising this right must notify its intention to the other Powers, through the Belgian Government, which will make arrangements for convening the conference within six months.Article 15States which have not signed the present Convention are allowed to accede t

33、hereto at their request.Such accession shall be notified through the diplomatic channel to the Belgian Government, andby the latter to each of the Governments of the other Contracting Parties; it shall becomeeffective one month after the despatch of such notification by the Belgian Government.Articl

34、e 16The present Convention shall be ratified.After an interval of at most one year from the date on which the Convention is signed, the Belgian Government shall enter into communication with the Governments of the High Contracting Parties which have declared themselves prepared to ratify it, with a

35、view to decide whether it should be put into force.The ratifications shall, if so decided, be deposited forthwith at Brussels, and the Conventionshall come into force a month after such deposit.The Protocol shall remain open another year in favor of the States represented at the BrusselsConference.

36、After this interval they can only accede to it in conformity with the provisions ofArticle 15.Article 17In the case of one or other of the High Contracting Parties denouncing this Convention,suchdenunciation shall not take effect until a year after the day on which it has been notified tothe Belgian Government, and the Convention shall remain in force as between the other Contracting Parties.Additional ArticleNotwithstanding anything in the provisions of Article 16, it is agreed that it shall not beobligatory to give effect to the provisions of