Readingandvocabulary(三)

1、定語從句講解與練習(xí)一、基本概念：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?that is the house where he lived ten years ago.定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞；定語從句一般用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞放在先行詞與定語從句之間起連接作用，同時又作從句中的一個成分。弓i導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有：that, who, whom, whose, which , as關(guān)系副詞有： when, where, why.二、關(guān)系詞的用法：(一)關(guān)系代詞的用法

2、：1. 作主語用 who, which 和that, 如：he is the man who/that lives next door.the train which/that has just left is for shenzhen.2. 作賓語用 whom, who, which, that, 如：the man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer.where is the book (which/that) i bought last week?注：在非正式文體中，用于指人的關(guān)系代詞who whom, that通常可

3、以省略，但在正式文體中通常用whom,不可 省略；用于指物的關(guān)系代詞which和that在非正式文體中也通常省略，但在正式文體中一般不省略。3. 作定語用whose,如：(a) he is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b) it was a meeting whose importance i did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名詞中心詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)在定語從句中既能作主語(如上a句)，又能作賓語(如上b句)。whose的先行詞常用來指人，但有時也可以用來指具體事物或抽象概念，這時可以與of which

4、 結(jié)構(gòu)互換，詞序是：“名詞+of which ,如：they came to a house whose back wall had broken down. (= the back wall of which)he s written a book the name of which i ve completely forgotten. (= whose name)4. 作表語只用that ,它既可以指人，也可以指物，但時常省略。如：he is no longer the man that he used to be.this is no longer the dirty place (th

5、at) it used to be.(二)關(guān)系副詞的用法：1. when指時間，在從句中作時間狀語，它的先行詞通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：i still remember the time when i first became a college student.do you know the date when lincoln was born?注：when時?？梢允÷裕貏e是在某些句型和某些時間狀語中。如：each time he came, he did his best to help us.but help never

6、 stopped coming from the day she fell ill.2. where指地點，在從句中作地點狀語。它的先行詞常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country 等。this is the hotel where they are staying.i forget the house where the smiths lived.注：where有時也可以省略。如：this is the place (where) we met yesterday.3. why指原因或理由，它的先行詞只有 reason。如

7、：that is the reason why he is leaving so soon.注：why時常也可以省略。如：that is the real reason he did it.(三)使用關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)注意下列幾點：1 .這三個關(guān)系副詞在意義上都相當(dāng)于一定的介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)：when = on ( in, at, during )+ which;where = in (at, on )+ which;why = for which. 如：i was in beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.the office where

8、(=in which) he works is on the third floor.this is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.2 .當(dāng)先行詞是表時間的time, day 等和表地點的place, house 等時，一定要注意分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)， 如果缺少主語或賓語時，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該用which或that,缺少時間狀語或地點狀語時，才能用 when或where,試比較：i ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.i ll never forget the days whi

9、ch/that we spent together last summer.his father works in a factory where radio parts are made.his father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.3 . when和where既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。而 why只能引導(dǎo)限制 性定語從句。三.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句1 .限制性定語從句說明先行詞的情況，對先行詞起限定作用，與先行詞關(guān)系十分密切，不可用逗號隔開，也不可省略，否則全句意義就不完整。如： t

10、his is the telegram which he refers to.is there anything (that) i can do for you?2 .非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞作補充說明，沒有限定作用，它與先行詞的關(guān)系比較松散，因而不 是關(guān)鍵性的，如果省略，原句的意義仍然完整。這種從句在朗讀時要有停頓，在文字中通常用逗號與主 句隔開。如：this note was left by tom, who was here a moment ago.as a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.

11、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞有：who, whom, whose, which, when和where ,不可以用that和why。另外，非限制性定語從句從意義上講，相當(dāng)于一個并列句，在口語中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人們通常用并列句或簡單句來表達。如：i told the story to john, who later did it to his brother.=i told the story to john, and he later told it to his brother.yesterday i happened to see john, who was eager to

12、have a talk with you.=yesterday i happened to see john and he was eager to have a talk with you.3 .兩種定語從句的內(nèi)涵不同，限制性定語從句具有涉他性，而非限制性定語從句具有唯一性，這在理解和翻譯時應(yīng)特別注意。試比較：all the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.all the books there that have beautiful pictures in them were w

13、ritten by him.his brother, who is eighteen years old, is a pla man.(只有一個)his brother who is a pla man is eighteen years old.(不止一個)4 .有時，非限制性定語從句所修飾的不是某一個詞，而是整個主句或是主句中的一個部分，這時一般 采用which或as來引導(dǎo)。當(dāng)整個主句(先行詞)在從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。eg: he passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would. he has left here, which gr

14、eatly upsets me.注：(1) as引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在主句之前，而 which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句之后。they are hollow, which makes them very light.as is known to all, taiwan is a part of china.(2)從意義上講，which指前面主句的內(nèi)容；而 as指代的是作為一般人都知道的常識性的東西，因此 常譯成“就象那樣”。(3)如果定語從句的內(nèi)容對主句的內(nèi)容起消極作用或當(dāng)非限制定語從句為否定時，則常用which ,而不用as,如：she stole her friend s money, which

15、 was disgraceful.he tore up my photo, which upset me.tom drinks a lot everyday,which his wife doesn tlike at all.5 .在正式文體中，以 the way為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常以in which 或that弓i導(dǎo)，如：the way in which you answered the questions was admirable.但在非正式文體中，人們通常省略in which 或that :the way (in which) he spoke to us was suspic

16、ious.i don t like the way (that) you laugh at her.四.關(guān)系詞的選擇1 .在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作主語，只能用 who指人，which指物；關(guān)系代詞做賓語，常用 whom (口語中有時用 who)指人，which指物，它們都不能用that代替。2 .關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語，不論是在限制性定語從句中，還是在非限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)介詞前置時， 只能用whom旨人，which指物；但如果介詞后置，則不受這種限制，關(guān)系代詞還可以省去，特別是在 口語中。如：do you know the boy to whom she was talking?do y

17、ou know the boy (that) she was talking to?the pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke.3 .在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指物時，關(guān)系詞可用which或that ,二者常可以互換；但在下列情況中，只能用that ,不用which :(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是 all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等詞時。如：all that can be done has been

18、done.in this factory i saw little / much that was different from ours.(2)當(dāng)先行詞被 all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定詞所修飾時。如：we heard clearly every word that he said.(3)當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞所修飾時。如：the first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.when people talk about hangzhou, the first that com

19、es to mind is the west lake.(4)當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級所修飾，以及先行詞被序數(shù)詞和形容 詞最高級同時修飾時，如：is that the best that you can do?that s the most expensive hotel that we ve ever stayed in.this novel is the second best one that i have ever read.(5)當(dāng)先行詞被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修飾時。如：this is the very bo

20、ok that i want to find.(6)當(dāng)先行詞為指人和指物的兩個并列名詞詞組時。如：the guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the children s palace.she described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.(7)當(dāng)主句是以 which , who,what開頭的特殊疑問句時。如：which is the car that killed the

21、 boy? who is the person that is making this lecture?4 .用which而不用that的情況：引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句；代表整個主句的意思；介詞+關(guān)系代詞。e.g.he had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry.他數(shù)學(xué)考試沒有及格，這使他的父親很生氣。this is the room in which my father lived last year.這是父親去年居住過的房子。5 .在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指人時，關(guān)系詞可用who(m)或that ,二者?？苫Q

22、。但在下列情況中，用 who(m),而不用that :(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是 one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等詞時。如：is there anyone who can answer this question?he was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.注：在非正式文體中可以說：you re the one that knows where to go.)(2)當(dāng)先行詞是 he,

23、they, those, people, person等詞時。如：he who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.those who are against the proposal put up your hands.注：在固定結(jié)構(gòu)的諺語或習(xí)語中，可用 he that。如：he that promises too much means nothing.(3)當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語修飾時。如：do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the

24、 meeting?(4)在分隔式定語從句中，若先行詞指人，為了明確修飾關(guān)系，應(yīng)當(dāng)用who(m)。如：a new master will came tomorrow who will teach you german.there s only one student in the school who/whom i wanted to see.i was the only person in my office who was invited.(5)兩個定語從句同時修飾一個指人的先行詞，第二個定語從句常用who(m)來引導(dǎo)，如：she is the only girl i know who ca

25、n play the guitar.36 .在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指人時，在下列情況中，一般用關(guān)系詞that:(1)當(dāng)主句是以 who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時。如：who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?which of us that knows anything does not know this?(2)當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞所修飾時。如：he is the greatest man that has ever lived.(3)當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the last等

26、詞所修飾時。如：she is the only person that understands me.7 .當(dāng)先行詞被the same所修飾時，關(guān)系詞既可以用as,也可以用that。在表示具體事物時，有時兩者有一定的區(qū)別。一般說來，表示同一種類多用 as,表示同一事物多用 that o如：this is the same instrument that i used yesterday.這就是我昨天用過的那臺儀器。this is the same instrument as i used yesterday.這臺儀器跟我昨天用過的那臺樣。在抽象概念上，同種類和同一事物是沒有絕對區(qū)別的，所以兩個

27、詞可換用：i have the same opinion as / that you have.這里要注意的是：(1)使用as時，它引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的動詞可以省略，但使用 that時，定語從句中的動詞不可省略。如：women received the same pay as men.women received the same pay that men received.(2)在“the same that ”結(jié)構(gòu)中，that只是用來加強語氣，強調(diào)相同。 that可以省去而不改變 句子原意，甚至連名詞前的same也可以省去。如：this is the same instrument that

28、 i used yesterday.=this is the same instrument i used yesterday.=this is the instrument i used yesterday.但在“the same as”結(jié)構(gòu)中，same和as都不能省略。(3)當(dāng)“the same that ”結(jié)構(gòu)中的that作為關(guān)系副詞用時，不可以直接與as互換。如： he lives in the same building that i live.=he lives in the same building as / that i live in.shall we meet at th

29、e same place that we last met?=shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at?8 .當(dāng)先行詞前有such, so, as 時，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)當(dāng)用 as。如：a wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn t understand.he spoke in such easy english as everybody could understand.at this time of the day, all buses and trolleys h

30、ave to carry as many passengers as they can.it is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.let s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.另需注意：this book is written in such easy english as beginners can understand.(定語從句)this book is written in such easy english that beginners can understand it.

31、(結(jié)果狀語從句)9 .as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用來修飾整個句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all,as is said,as is reported, as is announced,as we all know,as i expect正如我所預(yù)料的eg： as i expected,he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 那樣，他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。定語從句專項訓(xùn)練yx:一 .用關(guān)系代詞填空,nf_i、用 that、which、who whom、w

32、hose填空 k1 .this is the man wants to see you. jtsz:2 .the student answered the question is zhang hua. -x#h3 .the man you went to see has come.oj4 .the man i met yesterday lent me some money, f5 .the woman you saw is our geography teacher.6 .the runner you are asking about is over there. jake.7 .the p

33、erson you should write to is mr. ball. 9k=8 .the man was passing by saw what happened.#79 .here is the pen you lost the day before yesterday. 7new.these books you lent me were very useful. 5up11 .the storybook i have just read cannot be easily forgotten. s=_/12 .a clock is a machine tells people the

34、 time. *as13 .this is shirt i bought yesterday. i8:m14 .a dictionary is a book gives the meaning to the word. rw115 .the book is on the table is mine. 16 .the film they are talking about is very interesting. #y$(517.1 if never forget the people and the places i have ever visited. hio18.15 there anyo

35、ne family is in beijing? 519.5 how me the boy mother is a well-known singer. v4&2o.the boy father is a teacher is good at english. $21.1 know the person company produces new machines ,x22.she is the engineer work is considered to be the best here.q623 .this is the person story surprised everybody. p

36、s24 .the woman secret was discovered kept her job in the company. x325 .this is the boy mother teaches us chinese in our school. &dec626 .the girl watch was lost cried sadly. ka27 .please pass me the book cover is black.nbhl28 .the student shoes are dirty played basketball so well. ln129 .mr lee son

37、 is my classmate is my english teacher. a2oa30 .is this factory the one a lot of students visited yesterday? )c:z31 .the first thing we should do is to clean the room. vs%4=32 .you should do all i told you to do. -una33 .the book has nothing interests me. =sgv34 .the naughty boy can do something wil

38、l give you trouble. o35 .this is the tallest building i have ever seen. xcm36 .you can take anything you like, k37 .this is the best film has been shown this year. gat38 .he took away everything belonged to him. hx39 .there is no person is always in the right. j*ao40 .this is the very person i need.

39、 ;lc5pw41.1 have read all the books you gave me. dba42.he is the only person is right. t（43.1 dont have any friends can lend me some money. $31/1.1 1 have read every book i can find. &2ns45 .they talked much had nothing to do with the matter. kr46 .there is little i can give you. p47.1 will never fo

40、rget the day i spent with you. $48.1 will never forget the day i joined the army. bh4z49 .this is the factory my father worked 30 years ago. 050 .this is the factory i visited. w-=51.1 will never forget the days we spent together in the country. 2m|theory for about 2,000 years? nc二、單項選擇b1. .your tea

41、cher of chinese is a young lady comes from beijing. (r!a. who b. which c. whom d. whose-qcu2. what s the name of the program. ze4la. which are listeningb. you are listening to 2%6y3zc. to that you are listening d. that you are listening tsd3. the students were all interested you told them yesterday.

42、 wa，f_a. in which b. in that this c. all that d. in everything az|m4. he was the only person in his office was invited. qca. whom b. whose c. that d. which jvia5. this is the museum we visited last year. (et$ua. where b. in which c. which d. in that ? z(6. charlie told his mother all had happened. f,.a. that b. what c. which d. who 9xa7. do you know the student? afj+5a. whom i often talk b. with who i often talk 0f6f%jc. i often talk