中考英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí) 專題九：動(dòng)詞分類和時(shí)態(tài)

1、 中考英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí) 專題九 動(dòng)詞分類和時(shí)態(tài)易錯(cuò)清單一、 易混動(dòng)詞1. 幾個(gè)“花費(fèi)”:spend,take,pay,costspend 多用人作主語,后接金錢或時(shí)間。spend.on sth/ (in)doing sth。如:i spent 15 yuan on this new book.買這本新書我花了 15 元。take 常用于 “it takes sb some time to do sth”句型中,如:it often takes me half an hour to go to school by bike every day.我每天騎車去學(xué)校要花半小時(shí)。pay 常與 for 連用

2、,表“付給款”。如:i paid 15 yuan for this new book.cost 常用物作主語,表“價(jià)值或花費(fèi)多少錢”。如:this new book costs me 15 yuan.2. 幾個(gè)“看”:look,see,watch,read,findlook 看,表動(dòng)作,look at。see 看見,表結(jié)果;也可說看電影“see a film”。watch 觀看比賽、演出、電視等。read 讀書看報(bào)等文字材料。3. 幾個(gè)與“看”有關(guān)的詞或詞組:look for, find, find out, look after, take care of, look over,look f

3、orward tolook for 尋找,表過程。find 發(fā)現(xiàn),找到,表結(jié)果。find out 找出,查明。look after, take care of 均表示“照看,照顧”。look over 檢查身體等。look forward to 盼望,期待。4. 幾個(gè)“說”:say, speak, talk, tell第 1 頁 共 13 頁 say 用作及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞。用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),側(cè)重說的內(nèi)容;say 用作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),不涉及所說的內(nèi)容。如:please say it in english.這個(gè)請(qǐng)用英語說。its hard to say. 很難說。easier said than

4、done.說起來容易,做起來難。say 之后通常跟直接引語、間接引語或賓語從句。如:the teacher said,“please look at me.” 老師說:“請(qǐng)看著我”。our teacher said that the earth goes around the sun. 老師說地球圍繞太陽運(yùn)行。含有 say 的固定搭配和常見的句型有:say to oneself 自言自語;say“hi/hello”to sb. 向某人問好; have nothing to say to 對(duì)無話可說;say a good word for sb. 為某人說好話;they say. / its s

5、aid. ( 據(jù)說);that is tosay 那就是說。speak 用作及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞。用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),意思是“講、說某種語言”;用作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),意思是“說/說話”。如:do you speak english? 你講英語嗎?he can speak several foreign languages. 他會(huì)講好幾種外語。speak up. i cant hear you.大聲點(diǎn),我聽不見。they often speak of you.他們經(jīng)常談到你。speak 作“說/說話”講時(shí),與 talk 可以互換使用。如:the baby is learning how to speak

6、 / talk.那個(gè)嬰兒正在學(xué)說話。speak 與介詞 to 連用,作“說話”講,打電話時(shí)常用。如:hello,may i speak to tom? 喂,請(qǐng)湯姆接電話,好嗎?who is speaking? 你是誰?this is li hong speaking. 我是李紅。含 speak 的短語、固定搭配和句型常見的有:speak to / with. 與講話; speak up 大聲說;speak at the meeting 在會(huì)上發(fā)言;speak highly of 稱贊;speak for sb. 為某人說話; speak inpublic 當(dāng)眾發(fā)言。talk 用作不及物動(dòng)詞,作

7、“說話”講時(shí)與 speak 可以互換使用。作“交談”講時(shí),通常與第 2 頁 共 13 頁 介詞 to / with 連用。如:the baby cant talk yet.那個(gè)嬰兒還不會(huì)講話。they often talk in english.他們經(jīng)常用英語交談。id like to talk to her.我想和她談一談。talk 用作名詞時(shí),可以與動(dòng)詞 have 一起構(gòu)成短語“have a talk with”,意思是“和談一談”。如:may i have a talk with you?我可以和你談一談嗎?含 talk 的短語、固定搭配和句型常見有:talk to/with sb. 和

8、某人談話;talk about 談?wù)?have a talk with sb. 和某人談話/談一談; talkof 談到/講到;talk out 說完; talk in english 用英語交談;tell 用作及物動(dòng)詞,意思是“講、說”,指說實(shí)話,說出事實(shí)的真相,講故事等。如:my mother often tells me stories.媽媽經(jīng)常給我講故事。please tell me the truth.請(qǐng)告訴我事實(shí)的真相。the boy never tells lies.那個(gè)孩子從不說謊。nobody can tell how the pyramids were built.沒有人能

9、說出金字塔是怎樣建成的。tell 表示命令時(shí),作“叫、告訴”講,常見的句型是“tell sb to do sth.”,意思是“叫/告訴某人做某事”。如:tell him to come to my office.叫/告訴他到我的辦公室來。tell them not to look out of the window.叫他們不要向窗外望。第 3 頁 共 13 頁 含有 tell 的短語、固定搭配和常用句型有: tell sb. a story 給某人講故事; tell sb. about sth.告訴某人關(guān)于某事的情況;tell sb. to do sth. 叫某人做某事;tell a lie

10、說謊; tell the truth 說實(shí)話。say 接說話的內(nèi)容,作及物動(dòng)詞。say sth to sb 對(duì)某人說某事。如:did you say goodbye to your granny?你和你外婆說再見了嗎?speak 常指能說某種語言,打電話時(shí)常用它表示說話,也有“演講”的意思,不強(qiáng)調(diào)說話的內(nèi)容。如:we can speak chinese and english.我們可以說漢語和英語。may i speak to henry?我可以和亨利講話嗎?he will speak at the meeting tonight.他將在今晚的會(huì)議上發(fā)言。talk 多是不及物動(dòng)詞,指交談、談?wù)?/p>

11、;作名詞時(shí)有演講、報(bào)告之意。tell 的意思是“告訴某人;講述;吩咐某人做”,多為及物動(dòng)詞,后面多接兩個(gè)賓語。5. 幾個(gè)“穿,戴”:put on,wear,dress(up)put on 指“穿上、戴上”,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作,代詞多放在中間。wear 指“穿著,戴著”,表示狀態(tài)。dress 指“給某人穿衣服”,其賓語多是指人。dress up 指“穿上盛裝,打扮”。6. 幾個(gè)“到達(dá)”:reach,arrive in/at,get toreach 是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,它后面可以直接跟表示地點(diǎn)的名詞作賓語。arrive 是個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞,后面接表示地點(diǎn)的名詞作賓語時(shí)需在賓語前加介詞 in 或 at(在國家和較大的城

12、市或地區(qū)前用 in,較小的地方或單位前用 at)。get to 表示到達(dá),多用于口語中。注意:當(dāng)表示到達(dá) here,there,home 時(shí),arrive 或 get 后不要加介詞。7. 幾個(gè)“帶、拿”:bring,take,get,carrybring 指將某物或某人從離說話人較遠(yuǎn)處“拿來”或“帶來”。第 4 頁 共 13 頁 take 指將某物或某人從離說話人較近處“帶到”或“拿到”離說話人較遠(yuǎn)處。get 指從說話人所在位置到別處把某物拿來。carry 不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作來去的方向,只說明動(dòng)作方式,表示“背著、扛著、提著、載著”等含義。8. 幾個(gè)與“聽”有關(guān)的詞或詞組:listen to,hear

13、,hear of,hear fromlisten to 聽,表示聽的動(dòng)作。hear 聽見,聽到,表示結(jié)果。hear of 聽說。hear from 收到某人的信息或來信。9. beat 和 winbeat 表示“贏”或“打敗”,后面要接被打敗的對(duì)手。win 用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),后面接的不是被打敗的對(duì)手,而是比賽本身、游戲、戰(zhàn)爭、名次等。10. rise 和 raiserise 是不及物動(dòng)詞,表示“上升、提高、增長”等。raise 是及物動(dòng)詞,表示“舉起、抬起”。11. borrow,lend和 keepborrow 指其邏輯主語從別處或別人那里“借來”東西,常與介詞 from 連用。lend 指其

14、邏輯主語將東西“借出、借給”別人,常與介詞 to 連用。keep 表示“保存”,與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用。12. receive 和 acceptreceive 的意思是“收到了”,只表示收到某物,并不表明同意或不同意接受的含義。accept 表示“接受”,“同意接納”,如接受物體、邀請(qǐng)、批評(píng)等。如:he received an invitation from her and accepted it happily.他收到了她的邀請(qǐng),并且很愉快地接受了。13. answer 與 replyanswer 意為“回答、響應(yīng)、答復(fù)、接聽電話”等,多作及物動(dòng)詞。reply 意為“回答、答復(fù)”,是不

15、及物動(dòng)詞,后需加介詞 to,at 等再加賓語。14. hope 與 expecthope 指主觀上的愿望,但在客觀上不一定有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性,常接 that 從句、動(dòng)詞不定式或以介詞 for 引出的短語。第 5 頁 共 13 頁 expect 著重指客觀上有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的“期待、期望”等,其后可接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或 that 從句。15. lie 和 laylie 有多個(gè)意思:表示“躺;展示;位于”時(shí),其變化是 lay,lain,lying;表示“說謊”時(shí),其變化是 lied,lied,lying。lay 的含義是“放置、產(chǎn)卵”等。其變化是 laid,laid,laying。二、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一

16、般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別它們所表示的動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過去,但二者又有區(qū)別:一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,說話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于陳述一件過去的事情,與現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系的發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作yesterday,last week,a moment ago等)連用。如:these farmers have been to the united states.這些農(nóng)民去過美國了。,它不與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語 (如really? when did they go there?真的嗎?他們什么時(shí)候去的?have you finished your homework? 你完成

17、作業(yè)了嗎?yes,i did it a moment ago. 是的,我剛剛做的。三、a)詞組 have/has been in/to 與 have/has gone to 的區(qū)別“have/has gone to+地點(diǎn)”表示“某人去了某地(還未回來)”,指主語所指的人不在這兒?！癶ave/has been in+地點(diǎn)”表示“在某地呆了多長時(shí)間”,常與表示時(shí)間的狀語連用?！癶ave/hasbeen to+地點(diǎn)”表示“曾經(jīng)去過某地(但現(xiàn)在已不在那兒)”。如:my father isnt at home. he has gone to beijing.我爸爸不在家,他去北京了。i have bee

18、n in beijing for 10 years. 我待在北京十年了。i have been to that city,and i dont want to go there again.我去過那座城市了,我不想再去了。b)would rather 與 prefer towould rather 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,后面跟不帶 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成句型:would rather dosth.,意為“寧可/愿做,還是的好?！边@種結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示“喜歡/愛”。would 與代詞連第 6 頁 共 13 頁 用時(shí)通常用縮寫d。其否定結(jié)構(gòu)為:would rather not do sth.,意思是“寧可

19、/愿不做”。如:they would rather use colors like orange and yellow.他們寧愿使用像橙色和黃色這樣的顏色。id rather not tell you about it.關(guān)于這件事我不愿告訴你。would rather 與 than 連用時(shí),than 前、后連接兩個(gè)平衡結(jié)構(gòu),意為“寧而不;與其不如。”如:id rather go shopping in sunshine town than in moonlight town. 我寧愿去陽光城購物,也不愿去月光城。id rather put the picture on my home page

20、 than show it to everyone.我寧愿把照片放在家庭網(wǎng)頁上,而不愿把它給每個(gè)人看。would ratherthan可以用來表示個(gè)人的選擇或談?wù)搫e人的選擇。如:id rather help mum do a lot of housework than watch too much tv at weekends.在周末,我寧愿幫媽媽干點(diǎn)家務(wù)活,也不愿看太多的電視。he would rather give away his money to the poor than enjoy himself. 他寧愿把錢送給窮人,也不愿自己享受。動(dòng)詞 prefer 用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),之后通常跟

21、名詞/動(dòng)名詞作賓語,再加 to 加名詞/動(dòng)名詞,即“prefer a to b”結(jié)構(gòu),意為“喜歡 a 勝過 b;寧愿 a 不愿 b”。如:i prefer modern drama to beijing opera. 我喜歡話劇勝過京劇。i prefer walking to jogging.我寧愿散步而不愿慢跑。有時(shí)“prefer doing sth. to doing sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)可以與“would rather do sth. than do sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)互換使用。如:i prefer singing to dancing.我寧愿唱歌不愿跳舞。(=id rather sing tha

22、n dance.)i prefer playing football to playing basketball. 我寧愿踢足球也不愿打籃球。(=id playfootball rather than play basketball.)i always prefer getting up early rather than going to school without breakfast. 我總是早起,而不是不吃早飯去上學(xué)。(= i would rather get up early than go to school without breakfast.)第 7 頁 共 13 頁 注意點(diǎn):

23、“prefer a to b”與“prefer a rather than b”有時(shí)可以互換使用。如:i prefer fish to chicken. 我寧愿吃魚不愿吃雞。該句相當(dāng)于:i prefer fish rather than chicken.四、 瞬間性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別瞬間性動(dòng)詞表示短暫的、不能持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,如:come, leave, begin, become, buy,receive, die, join, borrow, lend, go等。瞬間性動(dòng)詞不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,如:work, stay,live,learn

24、,read,write,wait 等。例如:她已經(jīng)離開沈陽一個(gè)月了。誤:she has left shenyang for a month.正:she has been away from shenyang for a month.但是瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,說明某動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)可以持續(xù)一段時(shí)間。如:she often goes on business. but she hasnt left shenyang for a month. 她經(jīng)常出差辦事,但她已經(jīng)一個(gè)月沒離開沈陽了。提分策略英語動(dòng)詞的“時(shí)態(tài)”是謂語動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)的各種形式。中考英語試題常考動(dòng)詞的辨析用

25、法和常用時(shí)態(tài),即:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)五種時(shí)態(tài)是考查的重點(diǎn)。動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的判斷技巧如下:1. 根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語與時(shí)態(tài)的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系確定時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞特定的時(shí)態(tài)常常與特定的時(shí)間狀語聯(lián)系在一起,如由 this time yesterday 可知用過去進(jìn)行時(shí);由 so far,in the past three years,till now可知要用完成時(shí),等等?！纠?1】(2014浙江寧波29)are you surprised at the ending of the movie?no,because ia. readthe story.b. will readd. was r

26、eadingc. have read【解析】 考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意:你對(duì)影片的結(jié)尾感到驚訝嗎?不,因?yàn)槲易x過這個(gè)故事。根據(jù)句意句子應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故選 c。【答案】c【例 2】(2013貴州安順26)dada. is leave for b. leaves forthe usa in two weeks.第 8 頁 共 13 頁 c. is leaving ford. left for【解析】考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。“in+時(shí)間段”是一般將來時(shí)的標(biāo)志,leave 等表示地點(diǎn)位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可以表達(dá)將來含義。故選c?！敬鸢浮?c2. 根據(jù)固定句型與動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系確定時(shí)態(tài)在英語中,不少句型與

27、一些動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用方面都存在著特定的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。如:(1)在“祈使句+and/or+陳述句”句型中,陳述句中用 will 表示的一般將來時(shí);(2)was/were about to do. when. 或 was/were doing. when. 或 was/were on the point ofdoing. when. 句型中,when 分句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí),(3)在一個(gè)含有時(shí)間狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,如果主從句的謂語動(dòng)詞都是過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,一般來說,表示短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí),表示持續(xù)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞用過去進(jìn)行時(shí);等等?！纠?1】(2013四 川雅安 14)if farmers

28、nowhere to live.a. cut down;havec. will cut don;have d. cut down;will havetrees and forests,giant pandasb. will cut down;will have【解析】考查主句與從句的時(shí)態(tài)。if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句,遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則,即主句用一般將來時(shí),從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),所以選 d?！敬鸢浮縟【例 2】(2013黑龍江齊齊哈爾6)whatyouwhen the captain camein?a. are;doingb. did;doc. were;doing【解析】考查過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)時(shí)

29、間狀語從句“when the captain came in ”可知句意為:隊(duì)長來的時(shí)候你在干什么?時(shí)間狀語為一般過去時(shí)態(tài),所以主句要用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),故選c?！敬鸢浮縞3. 短語動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞短語動(dòng)詞+副詞構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞。用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),如果是代詞做賓語的話,必須把代詞放在動(dòng)詞和副詞之間。動(dòng)詞短語比較復(fù)雜,需要熟記。常見的有:givesb. a hand (助某人一臂之力);ask/tell sb. to do sth. invite sb. to do sth. have difficulty in doing sth.第 9 頁 共 13 頁 (做某事費(fèi)勁/由困難)等

30、?！纠?2014山東濱州21)smoking is bad for your health. youd better.a. set it upb. give it upd. look it upc. pick it up【解析】考查短語動(dòng)詞的用法。該句表示建議,因?yàn)槌闊熡泻?建議放棄,不是建立、撿起或查找。故選 b?！敬鸢浮縝4. 根據(jù)上下語境來確定時(shí)態(tài)在絕大多數(shù)情況下,動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是由上下文來決定的,這就要求我們一方面要熟記各種時(shí)態(tài)的適用范圍,另一方面要求我們注意上下文的提示?！纠?2013湖北武漢27)what does toms uncle do?he is a teacher. he

31、physics at a school now.b. has taught c. teachesa. will teachd. taught【解析】考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意:湯姆的叔叔是干什么的?他是一名老師。他現(xiàn)在在一所學(xué)校教物理?！备鶕?jù)問句時(shí)態(tài)以及時(shí)間狀語 now 可以判斷用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故選 c?！敬鸢浮縞專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練1. (2014安徽5)toma. has lived;getsc. lived;gothere for 10 months since heb. has lived;gotd. lived;has gotback to his hometown.2. (2014湖北棗陽33) wh

32、ere is your father?heshanghai on business for several days.b. has gone toa. has been toc. has been ind. has left for3. (2014江蘇鹽城 10) do you know the young man well?sure,wefriends since we met in nanjing three years ago.a. have beenc. have madeb. wered. have become4. ( 2014深圳9) lets go to yang meiken

33、g to enjoy the cool wind,?第 10 頁 共 13 頁 good idea. but i am afraid we cant go there if it.a. will you;rainsb. will you;will raind. shall we;rainsc. shall we;will rain5. (2014江蘇江陰8) mr blackearliest plane to shanghaia. is leaving for;takes offb. will leave;takes offshanghai this afternoon. do you kno

34、w when the?c. is leaving for;is taking offd. will leave;is taking off6. (2013廣東)tim will call me as soon as hemy package.a. receiveb. will received. receivesc. received7. (2013山西)dear,you need took,mum. i am considering it.a. make an appointment b. make a suggestionc. make a decisionto go to univers

35、ity at home or go abroad.8. (2013山西太原)dontup english. its very useful.a. giveb. hurryc. stay9. (2013吉林)i need a new jacket. this one doesntthe cold.a. help outb. take awayd. give awayc. keep out10. (2013浙江)we have toour sports meeting till next week because of the heavy rain.keep pigs for food. but

36、now some people keepa. take offc. put offb. get offd. set off11. (2013四川成都)chinese peoplethem as pets.a. used tob. has toc. had better12. (2013河北)a. cut downyour name on the paper and you can get a gift.b. look down第 11 頁 共 13 頁 c. turn downd. put down13. (2013江蘇南京)he failed in the basketball match

37、and looks sad. lets.a. put him upb. set him upc. cheer him upd. clean him up14. (2013安徽)the sports meeting will bebecause of the bad weather.a. put onc. put upb. put offd. put down參考答案與解析1. d 解析:考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的用法。由連詞 since 引導(dǎo)的要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài);從句應(yīng)該通用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。故選 d。2. c 解析:考查 have/has been in 的用法。a 項(xiàng)到某地去過;b 項(xiàng)到某地去了;c 項(xiàng)到某地去過一段時(shí)間;d