初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納(精編)

1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納：名詞初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)最難的是語(yǔ)法，因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法跟漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法有很大的不同。對(duì)于從小就生活在中國(guó)的同學(xué)們，學(xué)起英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法來(lái)會(huì)顯得特別吃力。下面為大家講解一下初中英語(yǔ)名詞的語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)。一、名詞(n.) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名稱的詞(一)名詞的分類名詞分為普通名詞和專有名詞,其中普通名詞包括可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，可數(shù)名詞可用作單數(shù)，也可用作復(fù)數(shù)。可數(shù)名詞包括個(gè)體名詞(表示一類人或物的個(gè)體。如：boy,desk,cat,window)和集體名詞(由若干個(gè)體組成的集合體。如：family,class,police)。不可數(shù)名詞包括物質(zhì)名詞(表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物。如：water,paper

2、,silk,money)和抽象名詞(表示性質(zhì)、行為、狀態(tài)、感情或其它抽象概念。如：work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework)專有名詞表示個(gè)人、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等。如：tom,the great wall,the spring festival,france,the united states)(二)名詞的數(shù)1.可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式，其復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成主要有以下幾種：(1)一般情況下,在詞尾加s.eg.bookbooks,dogdogs,penpens,boyboys以輕輔音結(jié)尾的名詞后的s的讀音為s，以濁輔音和元音結(jié)尾名詞后的s讀音為z。(2)以

3、s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的詞名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),要在詞尾加es.eg.beachbeaches,brushbrushes,busbuses,boxboxes(es讀音為iz(3)以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞,先變y為i,再加es.eg.citycities,familyfamilies,documentarydocumentaries,countrycountries,strawberrystrawberries(ies讀音為iz)(注：以“元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞，直接在詞尾加-s.eg.boys,holidays,days)(4)以o結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)情況如下：,.tomatotomatoes,p

4、otatopotatoes, heroheroes negro negroes mongomongoesp結(jié)尾是兩個(gè)元音字母的加s,eg.zoozoos,radioradios某些外來(lái)詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)詞尾加s,eg. pianopianos一些名詞的縮寫形式變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，詞尾加s,eg.photo(photograph)photos,kilo(kilogram)kiloszero變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，既可加s,也可加 eg.zeros/zeroes(5)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),先把f或fe變?yōu)関,再加es.eg.wifewives,leaf leaves,halfhalves,knifeknives,thie

5、fthieves(res讀音為vz(注意：roof的復(fù)數(shù)為roofs; scarf的復(fù)數(shù)為scarfs/scarves)(6)有些名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，不是在詞尾加s或es,而是變換其中的字eg.manmen,womanwomen,policemanpolicemen,englishmanenglishmen,frenchmanfrenchmen, footfeet, toothteeth, childchildren,mousemice,oxoxen(公牛)(7)還有一些名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。eg.chinese,japanese,sheep,deer,fish(8)另一些名詞本身即是復(fù)數(shù)

6、形式，不可用作單數(shù)。eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors另外,當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞作定語(yǔ)說(shuō)明另一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般用單數(shù)。eg.an apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister但是，當(dāng)man和woman作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，就要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。eg.two men teachers,three women doctors可用“量詞+of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量。eg.a room of students,two boxes of

7、 pencils2.不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，它的“量”的表示方式如下。(1)表不定數(shù)量時(shí),一般用much,(a)little,a lot of/lots of,some,any等詞修飾。eg,much money,a little bread(2)表確定數(shù)量時(shí),一般用“數(shù)詞+量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞。如：two/three/+量詞復(fù)數(shù)十of+不可數(shù)名詞。eg.a bag of rice,two glasses of milk,four bottles of water3.有些名詞既可作可數(shù)名詞也可作不可數(shù)名詞，但詞義有所不同。eg： fruit水果fruits表示不同種類的水果;food食物

8、foods各種食品;fish魚fishes魚的種類;drink飲料、酒a drink一杯/一份飲料、一杯酒; cloth布,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙sands沙灘; tea茶a tea一杯茶;chicken雞肉a chicken小雞;orange橘汁an orange橘子; glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼鏡; paper紙a paper試卷、論文;wood木頭a wood小森林;room空間、余地a room房間(三)名詞的所有格(表示人或物的所屬關(guān)系)(1)有生命的名詞所有格以及表示時(shí)間、距離、城鎮(zhèn)、國(guó)家等的名詞所有格。不是以s結(jié)尾的名詞變成所有格時(shí)，在詞

9、尾加s.eg.mikes watch;womens day以s結(jié)尾的名詞變成所有格時(shí),只加。eg.teachersoffice,studentsrooms兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞并列,表示共同所有，只需在最后一個(gè)名詞后加s.eg.tom and mikes room湯姆和邁克的房間(表示湯姆和邁克共有一間房)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞并列，表示分別所有，需在幾個(gè)名詞后都加s.eg.marys and jennys bikes瑪麗和詹妮的自行車(表示瑪麗和詹妮各自的自行車)(2)無(wú)生命的事物的名詞所有格常用of結(jié)構(gòu)eg.a map of china,the beginning of this game,the

10、 door of the room(3)特殊形式可用s和of短語(yǔ)表示的名詞所有格eg.the boys name=the name of the boy(男孩的名字)the dogs legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)chinas population=the population of china(中國(guó)的人口)chinas capital=the capital of china(中國(guó)的首都)雙重所有格eg.a fiend of my mothers我媽媽的一個(gè)朋友a(bǔ) picture of toms湯姆的一張圖片初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納：連詞初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)最難的是語(yǔ)法，因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)

11、的語(yǔ)法跟漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法有很大的不同。初中英語(yǔ)連詞有很多種。下面為大家講解一下初中英語(yǔ)連詞的用法。連詞是一種虛詞，它不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞，短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)以及句與句的作用。連詞主要可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。第一類表示并列關(guān)系的連詞并列連詞：并列連詞用來(lái)連接平行的詞、詞組和分句。1)and 和判斷改錯(cuò)：(錯(cuò)) they sat down and talk about something.(錯(cuò)) they started to dance and sang.(錯(cuò)) i saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.(對(duì)) they sat do

12、wn and talked about something.(對(duì)) they started to dance and sing.(對(duì))i saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.解析：第一句： and 連接兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)，所以 talk 應(yīng)改為 talked。第二句：and 連接兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞不定式，第二個(gè)不定式往往省略to，因此sang 應(yīng)改為 sing。第三句：and 連接感觀動(dòng)詞saw 后面的用作的賓補(bǔ)的兩個(gè)并列分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，因此whisper應(yīng)改為whispering。注意：1. and 還可以和祈使句或名詞詞組連用表示條件。(or

13、也有此用法)make up your mind, and youll get the chance.= if you make up your mind, youll get the chance.one more effort, and youll succeed.= if you make one more effort, youll succeed2, a and b 當(dāng)表示整體或者指同一人時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 當(dāng)and連接的單數(shù)名詞前分別有each，every，many等詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)也用單數(shù)。bread and butter a knife and forkthe mother and

14、 teacher is very strict with her son.no teacher and no student is allowed to smoke in class.3. and連接的是兩個(gè)相同意思的詞，表示“漸漸”，或加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣read it again and again2)both and兩者都she plays (both) the piano and the guitar.3) neithernor 意思為既不也不謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用就近原則，與nor后的詞保持一致。neither you nor he is to blame.4)not onlybut (also)不但而且

15、she plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.注意： not only but also 關(guān)聯(lián)兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，一個(gè)分句因有否定詞not 而必須倒裝。not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.5) as well as 以及，也，與同樣the teacher, as well as the students, is interested in the activity.比較and和or1) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。2)

16、 但有時(shí)and 也可用于否定句。請(qǐng)注意其不同特點(diǎn)：there is no air or water in the moon.there is no air and no water on the moon.在否定中并列結(jié)構(gòu)用or 連接，但含有兩個(gè)否定詞的句子實(shí)際被看作是肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，因此要用and。第二類表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞1) or意思為或則。which do you prefer, tea, coffee, or juice ?2) eitheror意思為或者或者 。注意謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用就近原則。either you or i am right.3) or else/ otherwise 否則be

17、silent, or else you will be kicked out.i am tired, otherwise, i would play.第三類表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系的連詞1) but 但是 he is rich but unhappy.while 然而，表示對(duì)比意味 some people love cats, while others hate them.yet 然而 she said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.however 然而，可是，不過(guò) she does not like him, however, i like

18、him.2) notbut 意思為不是 而是not 和but 后面的用詞要遵循一致原則。they were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.第四類表因果關(guān)系的連詞1) for 因?yàn)?，做并列連詞使用時(shí)，是在對(duì)先行的句子補(bǔ)述原因或者理由，只可以連接句子與句子，通常不置于句首。he is absent today, for he is ill.2) so, therefore 因此he hurt his leg, so he couldnt play in the game.i think, therefore

19、 i am3)then 那么，因而hide behind the wall, then they wont see you.注意：a. 兩個(gè)并列連詞不能連用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列連詞連用。you can watch tv, and or you can go to bed.he hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldnt play in the game.b. although yet，但although不與 but連用。(錯(cuò))although he was weak, but he tried his be

20、st to do the work.(對(duì))although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.從屬連詞從屬連詞不同與并列連詞，只能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句，而不能引導(dǎo)詞或者詞組。從屬連詞一般可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。第一類引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連詞1) that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句或間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，可省略。引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不可以省略。he said (that) he would come. 賓語(yǔ)從句his mother told me (that) he is a good boy. 間接引語(yǔ)that she is still alive is t

21、rue. 主語(yǔ)從句2) if/whether 是否i wonder if he is at home.i ask him whether he would come.注意：只可以用whether的情況介詞后面 it will depend on whether it rains tomorrow.whetheror not 固定搭配 let me know whether you come or not.動(dòng)詞不定式前 i dont know whether to accept his advice.第二類引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞1) 連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞before 在之前 the war

22、 had been over before he came to china.after 在之后 he came to china after the war was over.since 自從 i have lived in this city since i was born.when/while 當(dāng) the teacher entered the classroom, when all the students were playingwhen i came into this room, i found him lying bed asleep (while后接的動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞)a

23、s 當(dāng) i saw her as i was getting on the bus.till/until 直到 i didnt go to sleep until/till i finished my homework.as soon as 一就 as soon as he saw the policeman, the thief run away.2) 連接地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞where 在哪里 there were lots of parks where i lived.3) 連接原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞because 原因,用于解釋某事的原因，動(dòng)機(jī)，強(qiáng)調(diào)直接原因和因果關(guān)系 i do it

24、 because i like it.for 表因?yàn)?，表間接的原因，用于說(shuō)明，解釋 i soon went to sleep, for i was tiredsince 表原因，比because弱，比as強(qiáng)，表一種已知的，顯然的理由，常譯為“既然as 表原因時(shí)，意義最弱 as you are in poor health, you should do more exercises4) 連接結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞sothat 如此以至于 he is so kind that everybody likes him.suchthat he is such a kind man that every

25、body likes him5) 連接目的狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞that / so that / in order that 為了speak clearly that/so that/ in order that they may understand you.6) 連接條件狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞if 如果 if it rains tomorrow, we wont go on a picnic.unless 除非 (如果不 ) he will come unless it rains.in case 萬(wàn)一 you may call this number in case i am not at ho

26、me7)連接比較狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞than 比 its easier than i thought.as/soas和一樣 she is as tall as you.he is not as/so tall as his wife.8)連接方式狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞as 按照 do as i told you.take things as they are.as if / though 仿佛 he behaves as if/though he was a child.9)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞although/though 盡管 although japan is small, the po

27、pulation is big.even if 即便 even if it was snowing heavily, we went on running.初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納：副詞初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)最難的是語(yǔ)法，因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法跟漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法有很大的不同。初中也要副詞用法有很多種。下面為大家講解一下初中英語(yǔ)副詞的用法。副詞在句中主要用作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或句子。初中英語(yǔ)副詞的用法： 修飾動(dòng)詞，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式、頻度等。一般位于動(dòng)詞之后，如果動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)，則要位于賓語(yǔ)之后。頻度副詞常位于助動(dòng)詞和連系動(dòng)詞be 之后或?qū)嵙x動(dòng)詞之前。例如：he arrived only yesterd

28、ay. 他是昨天才到的。there were clothes lying here and there on the floor. 地板上到處都是衣服。i have been terribly worried about you all day. 我一整天都非常為你擔(dān)心。she plays the piano very well. 她鋼琴?gòu)椀煤芎?。the boy is always asking his parents for money. 那個(gè)男孩老是向他父母要錢。she never goes to the cinema. 她向來(lái)不看電影。 修飾形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)，一般前置，只有enou

29、gh例外，需要后置。例如：she seems quite happy. 她看上去相當(dāng)愉快。youve done rather badly in the test. 你考得夠糟糕的。the wind was right in our faces. 風(fēng)迎面吹來(lái)。this girl is not old enough to go to school. 這個(gè)女孩還沒(méi)有到上學(xué)的年齡。he didnt run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不夠快，沒(méi)有趕上火車。 用作表語(yǔ)，多為與介詞同形的副詞和表示方位的副詞。例如：is anybody in? 里面有人嗎?有人在家

30、嗎?father is away. 父親離家在外。i am downstairs and my brother is upstairs. 我住樓下，我哥哥住樓上。my friend is still abroad. 我的朋友還在國(guó)外。 少數(shù)表示地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的副詞還可用作定語(yǔ)，一般位于名詞之后。例如：i hope youll enjoy your stay here. 希望你在這里過(guò)得愉快。i met a friend of mine on my way home. 在我回家的路上，我碰到一位朋友。what did you think of the meeting yesterday? 你覺(jué)得昨天

31、的會(huì)開(kāi)得怎樣? 副詞的比較等級(jí)用法與形容詞一樣。初中英語(yǔ)副詞的分類1、 時(shí)間和頻度副詞:now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday.2、 地點(diǎn)副詞:here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outsi

32、de, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on.3、方式副詞:carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly4、 程度副詞，放在被修飾詞之前:much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quit

33、e, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly.5、 疑問(wèn)副詞，一般放在句首：how, when, where, why.6、關(guān)系副詞，一般放在句首：when, where, why.7、連接副詞:how, when, where, why, whether.初中也要重點(diǎn)副詞注釋：1.asas常構(gòu)成一些詞組：as soon as(一旦就), as well as(同樣), as+形容詞/副詞+as possible(盡可能地)。如：please ring me up as soon as you get to beijing

34、.(請(qǐng)你一到北京就給我寫信。)/ miss gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐盡快地趕到了校門口。)注釋 as long / much as + 名詞可以表示長(zhǎng)達(dá)/多達(dá)的含義。如：the house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花費(fèi)高達(dá)50萬(wàn)元。)/ they stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他們呆在山洞里長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩周。)2. later、after、ago、before的用法：一段時(shí)間+la

35、ter/ago分別表示(多久)以后/以前,主要用于過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。after/before+某個(gè)時(shí)刻分別表示在某時(shí)刻之后/之前,此時(shí)兩個(gè)詞是介詞。ago與before：ago只能用于過(guò)去時(shí),before用于完成時(shí)。如：he had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一個(gè)事故)/ some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(數(shù)年后這個(gè)男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ have you been there before?(你從前到過(guò)那兒?jiǎn)?)/ after a few years he gave up smoking.(

36、過(guò)了幾年他戒了煙。)3.above、below、over、under的用法：在上下方用above和below,在高低處用over和under.如：the stars are high above in the sky.(星星高掛在空中) / a plane flew over quickly.(一架飛機(jī)從頭頂飛過(guò)。)當(dāng)above、below、over、under是介詞性質(zhì)時(shí),意義相似。4. too、also、either、nor的用法：too(也)用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句的末尾,且用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi);also(也)用于肯定句句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前;either(也)用于否定句末尾,也用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi);nor(也不)用于

37、倒裝句句首;如：are you american,too?(你也是美國(guó)人嗎?)/ he is not happy and i am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) / he didnt watch the football game. nor did i.(他沒(méi)有看足球賽,我也沒(méi)有。)/ you can also find the market is very good.(你還可以發(fā)覺(jué)那個(gè)市場(chǎng)很好。)5. enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法： enough (足夠,十分)放在形容詞或副詞之后;too(太)、very(非常)、q

38、uite(相當(dāng))、so(如此地)等放在形容詞或副詞之前,very much(非常)放在動(dòng)詞之后。如：its too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太貴/那么貴/非常貴/相當(dāng)貴。)/ i dont like sweets very much.(我不很喜歡糖果)注意 very與 much的區(qū)別：very修飾形容詞、副詞的原級(jí)和現(xiàn)在分詞形容詞,much修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí);much還可以修飾疑問(wèn)句和否定句中的動(dòng)詞,very不可以。如：he is very stupid.(他很笨)/ the film was very moving and everyone swept.(電

39、影非常動(dòng)人,大家都哭了)/ you must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得學(xué)習(xí)更努力,不然你考不進(jìn)那所好學(xué)校)/ i dont like him much.(我不太喜歡他)6. sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法：sometimes(有時(shí))用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、 sometime(在將來(lái)某時(shí))用于將來(lái)時(shí)、 some times(數(shù)次)表示次數(shù)、some time(一些時(shí)間)表示一段時(shí)間。如：sometimes they go hiking in th

40、e mountains.(他們有時(shí)徒步旅行到山里去)/ i will stay here some time.(我會(huì)在這兒呆些時(shí)候的。)/ i will meet your father sometime.(我什么時(shí)候要見(jiàn)見(jiàn)你的父親。)7. how、what用于感嘆句的用法：對(duì)句子中的形容詞或副詞感嘆時(shí)用how,對(duì)人或事物(可能含有形容詞作修飾語(yǔ))進(jìn)行感嘆用what. 如：what a fine day (it is) today!(今天天氣真好!) / how difficult (the problem is)!(問(wèn)題)真難呀!)8.already、yet的用法：在完成時(shí)中,already

41、一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。如：have you done it already?(你已經(jīng)做好了?) / i have not had my breakfast yet.(我還沒(méi)有吃早飯呢。)9. hard與hardly的用法：hard作為副詞意思是：努力地,猛烈地,hardly是否定詞,意思是：幾乎不,一般與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could連用。如：they study english very hard.(他們英語(yǔ)學(xué)得很刻苦)/ you can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共場(chǎng)所你幾乎看不到一個(gè)人隨地吐痰)10.

42、like.very much、like.better(=prefer)、like.best的用法：三個(gè)短語(yǔ)分別表示非常喜歡、更喜歡、最喜歡。如：i like baseball very much.(我非常喜歡棒球)/ do you like butter better than cheese?( / they like hamburgers best.11.quite/what+a+形容詞+名詞的用法：記住：quite/such/what.+a+形容詞+名詞;too/so/how+形容詞+a+名詞;rather+a+形容詞+名詞 = a+ rather+形容詞+名詞。如：i have neve

43、r seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣奇怪的家伙) / it is quite a nice day for a walk.(這真是散步的好日子)初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納：數(shù)詞初中英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法跟漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法有很大的不同，初中英語(yǔ)數(shù)詞是其中之一。表示數(shù)目和順序的詞叫數(shù)詞，數(shù)詞可分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩類。下面為大家講解一下初中英語(yǔ)連詞的用法。(一)基數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞用來(lái)表示數(shù)目，或者說(shuō)表示數(shù)量的詞叫基數(shù)詞。最基本的基數(shù)詞如下表所示。1 one 11 eleven 100 a hundred2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 1000 a thousand3 thr

44、ee 13 thirteen 30 thirty 1，000，000 a million4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty 10，000，000 ten million5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty 100，000，000 a hundred million6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty 1，000，000，000 a billion7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety10 ten說(shuō)明：1.13

45、19是由個(gè)位數(shù)加后綴-teen構(gòu)成。注意其中13、15的拼寫是thirteen和fifteen。2.2090由個(gè)位數(shù)加后綴-ty構(gòu)成，注意其中2050的拼寫分別是twenty, thirty, forty 和fifty;80的拼寫是eighty。3.其它非整十的兩位數(shù)2199是由整十位數(shù)加連字符“-”，再加個(gè)位數(shù)構(gòu)成。如： 81 eighty-one。4.101999的基數(shù)詞先寫百位數(shù)，后加and再寫十位數(shù)和個(gè)位數(shù)。如： 691 six hundred and ninety-one。5.1000以上的基數(shù)詞先寫千位數(shù)，后寫百位數(shù)，再加and，最后寫十位數(shù)和個(gè)位數(shù)。如：5893 five tho

46、usand eight hundred and ninety-three。 在基數(shù)詞中只有表示“百”、“千”的單位詞，沒(méi)有單獨(dú)表示“萬(wàn)”、“億”的單位詞，而是用thousand(千)和million(百萬(wàn))來(lái)表達(dá)，其換算關(guān)系為：1萬(wàn)=10 thousand;1億=100 million; 10億=a thousand million=a billion。7.多位數(shù)的讀法：1)1000以上的多位數(shù)，要使用計(jì)數(shù)間隔或逗號(hào)“，”。即從個(gè)位起，每隔三位加一個(gè)間隔或逗號(hào)。第一個(gè)間隔或逗號(hào)前是thousand(千)，第二個(gè)間隔或逗號(hào)前是million(百萬(wàn))，第三個(gè)間隔或逗號(hào)前是a thousand mi

47、llion或a billion(十億)。2)每隔三位分段以后就都成了101999。讀的時(shí)候十位數(shù)(或個(gè)位數(shù))的前面一般要加and。如：888，000，000讀作：eight hundred and eighty-eight million。(二)基數(shù)詞的用法1.基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示大量的數(shù)目。在這種情況下，表示單位的基數(shù)詞(hundred, thousand, million, billion)不能在詞尾加-s。例如：two hundred students 二百個(gè)學(xué)生five thousand years 五千年2.基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示大量的 的數(shù)目，在這種情況下，表示單位的基數(shù)詞詞尾加-s

48、，要與of短語(yǔ)連用。3.基數(shù)詞在句中的作用基數(shù)詞的作用相當(dāng)于名詞和形容詞，它在句子中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。例如：three and five is eight. 3+5=8主語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ)how many oranges do you want?你要多少桔子?i want eight. 我要八個(gè)。賓語(yǔ)there are eight boats in the lake. 湖里有八條小船。定語(yǔ)(三)序數(shù)詞表示順序的詞，叫序數(shù)詞。序數(shù)詞用來(lái)表示數(shù)詞順序。除特殊情況外，序數(shù)詞一般都由相應(yīng)的基數(shù)詞加后綴-th構(gòu)成。請(qǐng)見(jiàn)下表：第一到第十 第十一到第十九 第二十以上first eleventh twent

49、iethsecond twelfth thirtieththird thirteenth fortiethfourth fourteenth fiftiethfifth fifteenth sixtiethsixth sixteenth seventiethseventh seventeenth eightietheighth eighteenth ninetiethninth nineteenth hundredthtenth thousandth說(shuō)明：1.英語(yǔ)中表示第一、第二、第三的序數(shù)詞屬特殊形式，要注意它們的拼寫。2.表示“幾十”的序數(shù)詞通常是將基數(shù)詞詞尾y變成i再加上后綴-eth。3

50、.其余的二位數(shù)序數(shù)詞是以相應(yīng)的整十基數(shù)詞加個(gè)位序數(shù)詞。如：fifty-first(第五十一)。4.少數(shù)序數(shù)詞拼法不規(guī)則，如：fifth(第五)，eighth(第八)，ninth(第九)，twelfth(第十二)等。注意：1.序數(shù)詞可縮寫為阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字加序數(shù)詞最后兩個(gè)字母。例如：第一：(the) first=1 st第二：(the) second=2 nd第三：(the) third=3 rd第五：(the) fifth=5th第九十七：(the) ninety-seventh=97 th第一百零一：(the) one hundred (and)first=101st2.編了號(hào)的事物要用基數(shù)詞表示

51、順序，但是基數(shù)詞要后置。例如：第一課：lesson one第三十二頁(yè)：page 32第305房間：room 305第12路公共汽車：bas no.12(四)序數(shù)詞的用法序數(shù)詞和基數(shù)詞一樣，也能起名詞或形容詞作用，在句子中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。例如：the first is bigger than the second. 第一個(gè)比第二個(gè)大。主語(yǔ)give me the first. 把第一個(gè)給我。賓語(yǔ)shes often the first to go to school. 她經(jīng)常第一個(gè)去上學(xué)。表語(yǔ)were going to learn the eighth lesson. 我們將要學(xué)習(xí)第八課

52、。定語(yǔ)初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在初中的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，句子語(yǔ)態(tài)可以分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種。那么主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子需要有哪些語(yǔ)法要注意呢?主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)又會(huì)有什么區(qū)別呢?下面為大家講解一下。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別：在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，主語(yǔ)后面接人(be +動(dòng)詞原型)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞)在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的使動(dòng)方。在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的受動(dòng)方。在語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別主要在于，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)直接使用動(dòng)詞原形作為謂語(yǔ)，然后再在該動(dòng)詞原形的基礎(chǔ)上施加時(shí)態(tài)和其他語(yǔ)法;而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則使用系詞+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作為謂語(yǔ)，各種時(shí)態(tài)和其他語(yǔ)法也施加在系詞上。舉例：1.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：th

53、e snowslide killed him. 雪崩害死了他。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：he was killed by the snowslide. 他死于雪崩。2.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：we use electricity to run machines. 我們用電力來(lái)開(kāi)動(dòng)機(jī)器。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：electricity is used to run machines. 電力被我們用來(lái)開(kāi)動(dòng)機(jī)器。3.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：bell invented the telephone in 1876.貝爾于1876年發(fā)明了電話。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：the telephone was invented by bell in1876.電話是貝爾于1876年發(fā)明的

54、。主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義大家都知道，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(形式)來(lái)表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，但有些句子用的卻是主動(dòng)形式，表達(dá)的卻是被動(dòng)意義。下面我們就來(lái)總結(jié)一下常見(jiàn)的用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的幾種形式。1.連系動(dòng)詞(如：feel,taste,sound,smell,look等)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：this material feels very soft. 這塊材料摸上去很柔軟。this apple tastes good. 這個(gè)蘋果嘗起來(lái)很好吃。2. 有些表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在性質(zhì)或性能的不及物動(dòng)詞常與一些副詞連用，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，其主語(yǔ)一般為事物。這些動(dòng)詞有：sell,read, write,wash,wear,last等。如：the pen writes smoothly 這支筆寫起來(lái)很流暢。this kind of food sells well. 這種食物很暢銷。3. 動(dòng)詞need, want, require表示需要時(shí)，后接動(dòng)名詞或不定式的被動(dòng)式表示