工程造價(jià)論文外文翻譯14

1、個(gè)人收集整理勿做商業(yè)用途作者：ZHANGJIAN僅供個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)，勿做商業(yè)用途在斯里蘭卡建筑承包商中建立的估算數(shù)據(jù)流作者：G.W.Kodikara 和 R.McCafferz當(dāng)一個(gè)預(yù)算員在編寫工程量清單時(shí)，為了計(jì)算建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的成本他會(huì)收集大 量的數(shù)據(jù)。收集的數(shù)據(jù)可用于承包商的后續(xù)管理，承包商在投標(biāo)后的管理中使 用這些數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)應(yīng)格外注意。本文從斯里蘭卡建筑承包商的十個(gè)案例研究組織中 得到的信息確定了承包商的管理部門、管理任務(wù)和管理團(tuán)隊(duì)，而且還明確了估 算數(shù)據(jù)流在各管理部門之間和管理部門內(nèi)部的功能。這些數(shù)據(jù)流強(qiáng)調(diào)了在投標(biāo) 后進(jìn)行修正數(shù)據(jù)的必要性。人們認(rèn)為當(dāng)前估計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的形式和描述數(shù)據(jù)的主要原 因是為了在斯里

2、蘭卡的重新使用。然而，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)任何傳統(tǒng)格式的革命性變革 都不會(huì)受行業(yè)的歡迎。任何新的提議在可接受性的限制下的傳統(tǒng)做法內(nèi)被制定 。單位價(jià)格由材料消耗量、勞動(dòng)力消耗量和機(jī)械設(shè)備消耗量組成，單位價(jià)格各 組成量可以提供所有的數(shù)據(jù)供直接使用，因此減少了一些重復(fù)工作。進(jìn)一步的 研究應(yīng)該著手于單位價(jià)格的最佳格式和結(jié)構(gòu)的組成。資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途關(guān)鍵詞：工程量清單、案例研究、數(shù)據(jù)管理、評(píng)估、斯里蘭卡。簡介在過去的四十年里，許多研究人員調(diào)查了工程量清單在承包商投標(biāo)后的管 理中的應(yīng)用。已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的可供參考的工程量清單格式：操作清單(教育部和科 學(xué)部，1957),地方性貿(mào)易清單(Nott ,1963),工程

3、量清單-操作格式-(Skoyes, 1968), BPF系統(tǒng)-活動(dòng)日程-(英國房地產(chǎn)聯(lián)合會(huì)，1983)和建造者的數(shù)量(Pasquire and McCaffer, 1968)。然而使用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的測量方法(皇家特許測量協(xié)會(huì)。1968)的工程量清單在傳統(tǒng)的實(shí)踐準(zhǔn)備過程中仍然被廣泛用于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的工程量清單的準(zhǔn) 備。(Kodikarq ,1990)。這并不意味著在承包商投標(biāo)后的合同管理中使用工程量 清單是有效的(Skinner, 1981)。工程量清單是投標(biāo)人在所獲取的主要文件，本 文是對在1989年的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查承包商評(píng)估數(shù)據(jù)所作的報(bào)告。這項(xiàng)工作的目的是觀 察在斯里蘭卡建筑承包商組織中的估計(jì)數(shù)量流，并確定承包

4、商的數(shù)據(jù)管理效率低下的原因。十個(gè)組織以一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)化的問卷形式被調(diào)查采訪。這些問卷作為導(dǎo)火線被提出，因此他們可能導(dǎo)致揭露承包商當(dāng)前的實(shí)踐、問題和建議被討論。斯里蘭 卡建筑施工行業(yè)遵循的一些程序、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和原則被英國工業(yè)使用，因此在斯里蘭卡 建筑承包商組織的管理工作中反映了一些被英國工業(yè)采用的方法。 資料個(gè)人收集整理， 勿做商業(yè)用途條款的定義本文以下所列術(shù)語均用于描述給定的定義。估算的數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)算者為定價(jià)收集的數(shù)據(jù)被稱為估算數(shù)據(jù)，估算價(jià)格包括資源的價(jià)格，分 包商的價(jià)格和投標(biāo)價(jià)格。管理部門建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的管理工作是根據(jù)可辨認(rèn)的主要的管理部門進(jìn)行分組的。 這些部門 包括預(yù)算部、采購部、規(guī)劃部、現(xiàn)場管理部、施工技術(shù)部和

5、財(cái)務(wù)管理部。資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途管理團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)管理工作的專業(yè)人士被定義為管理團(tuán)隊(duì)。他們包括預(yù)算員、采購員、 規(guī)劃員、現(xiàn)場管理員、施工技術(shù)員和高層管理者。應(yīng)該注意的是，管理部門和 管理團(tuán)隊(duì)是不一樣的，因?yàn)槿魏螌I(yè)管理團(tuán)隊(duì)都可以在幾個(gè)管理部門同時(shí)工作 。資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途管理任務(wù)與合同的采購和執(zhí)行直接相關(guān)的任務(wù)被定義為管理任務(wù)。本文只對某些重 要和常見的任務(wù)在各管理部門之間與業(yè)內(nèi)專業(yè)人士建立咨詢關(guān)系。資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途修正當(dāng)這些數(shù)據(jù)被管理團(tuán)隊(duì)用于特殊任務(wù)時(shí)他們也可以直接或修正后來滿足使 用需求。這些修正包括修改、重組或拆分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)，通過對數(shù)據(jù)適當(dāng)?shù)拿枋隹梢詼p 少這種仍然

6、存在的被稱為少修正”的這種類型的修正。資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途調(diào)查方法在1989年對斯里蘭卡建筑承包商的調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)并記錄了在數(shù)據(jù)的管理任務(wù) 中當(dāng)前的實(shí)踐和存在的問題，該調(diào)查包括對十個(gè)組織的專家之間的訪談和討論。 每個(gè)訪問者被訪問的次數(shù)在五至十次之間，他們的管理員工關(guān)于建立和記錄他們 的實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)和知識(shí)被采訪。在某些情況下，高層管理人員可以回答大部分的問題， 因?yàn)樗麄兦宄闹浪麄兘M織大體的慣例， 案例研究是以代表整個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的方式被 計(jì)劃實(shí)施，具有選擇性組織標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是判斷樣品的依據(jù)。這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括：所有權(quán)、規(guī) 模、工作類型、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和工作地點(diǎn)為了劃分組織內(nèi)部的諸多標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而將每個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義 為不同類別。 資料

7、個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途所有權(quán)政府或私人所有。規(guī)模大的-年?duì)I業(yè)額200斯里蘭卡盧比以上或者中等的-年?duì)I業(yè)額50-200斯里蘭 卡盧比之間或者小的-年?duì)I業(yè)額50斯里蘭卡盧比一下。 資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途工作類型中介咨詢、工程承包和委托代理。經(jīng)驗(yàn)頗具規(guī)模-超過15年的服務(wù)經(jīng)歷或者普通的-5-10年的服務(wù)經(jīng)歷或者新組建 的-5年以下的服務(wù)經(jīng)歷。工作地點(diǎn)WC-主要城市周邊（25千米半徑以內(nèi)）或者 OC-主要城市以外。管理部門、任務(wù)和團(tuán)隊(duì)對使用估算數(shù)據(jù)的觀測可以推廣到包括規(guī)模、所有權(quán)等的整個(gè)行業(yè)。雖然 有很多選擇可被利用，但僅僅只有傳統(tǒng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測量方法被用于項(xiàng)目的工程量清 單的準(zhǔn)備和定價(jià)過程中。

8、即使不需要工程量清單的合同（例如，交鑰匙工程， 設(shè)計(jì)和構(gòu)建）是一個(gè)在傳統(tǒng)格式的管理工作中編制的內(nèi)部的工程量清單，評(píng)估 、采購、計(jì)劃、現(xiàn)場管理和工料測量等管理任務(wù)在每個(gè)部分都會(huì)被總結(jié)。每個(gè) 管理團(tuán)隊(duì)在不同的管理部門之間利用估算數(shù)據(jù)來完成管理任務(wù)。這些數(shù)據(jù)之后 被傳遞到其他管理團(tuán)隊(duì)、在管理部門和管理任務(wù)之間建立的數(shù)據(jù)流被用于案例 研究。據(jù)觀測在各管理部門之間和管理部門內(nèi)部使用和交換測量數(shù)據(jù)是復(fù)雜的。估算 數(shù)據(jù)在使用數(shù)據(jù)中被大量修正，所以現(xiàn)在這些數(shù)據(jù)的形式和表現(xiàn)手法被認(rèn)為是 導(dǎo)致低效率數(shù)據(jù)流的主要原因。 資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途數(shù)據(jù)流大部分的管理團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)一個(gè)以上的管理部門。例如，現(xiàn)場管理者主要

9、承擔(dān) 在所有管理部門中估計(jì)整個(gè)項(xiàng)目持續(xù)時(shí)間的工料測量的責(zé)任。管理團(tuán)隊(duì)在不同 的管理部門之間以不同的方式運(yùn)用數(shù)據(jù)，因此，觀測數(shù)據(jù)最好是在各管理部門之間而不是管理團(tuán)隊(duì)之間，每個(gè)管理部門負(fù)責(zé)處理一系列的管理任務(wù)。當(dāng)這些 數(shù)據(jù)被用于處理這些管理任務(wù)時(shí)會(huì)被重復(fù)多次利用，因此，最好是在各管理任 務(wù)之間確定數(shù)據(jù)流，只有通過觀察管理任務(wù)之間的數(shù)據(jù)流，修正使用估算數(shù)據(jù) 才可能被正確識(shí)別。所有的管理任務(wù)應(yīng)根據(jù)重要的工序進(jìn)行分組，以便于數(shù)據(jù) 流可以以簡單的方式被說明，根據(jù)提出的估算數(shù)據(jù)方法確定了兩種類型的數(shù)據(jù) 流。常見數(shù)據(jù)流的類型是工程量清單采用綜合單價(jià)形式定價(jià)。第二種類型的數(shù) 據(jù)流是工程量清單采用材料成本和勞動(dòng)力

10、組價(jià)形式進(jìn)行定價(jià)。資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途數(shù)據(jù)流復(fù)雜的原因?qū)＜抑赋霈F(xiàn)場控制、現(xiàn)場監(jiān)理和成本控制效率低下的原因如下：1. 現(xiàn)場管理者被要求從事太多的工作。2. 影響工程量清單和實(shí)施規(guī)劃的因素太多。3. 現(xiàn)場監(jiān)理和成本控制沒有和工程量清單聯(lián)系起來。在介紹中提到的傳統(tǒng)的工程量清單的其他形式得到了專業(yè)工程師的建議，討論總結(jié)了是個(gè)組織的專業(yè)人士的主要觀點(diǎn)。 在實(shí)際的操作基礎(chǔ)上準(zhǔn)備清單的提議 并不受歡迎，承包商需要一個(gè)更精簡的工程量清單來直接定價(jià)。實(shí)際操作的基礎(chǔ)會(huì)增大工程量清單的使用范圍。在傳統(tǒng)清單中施工順序的準(zhǔn)備比操作清單的準(zhǔn)備 更簡單。建筑承包商內(nèi)部的定額和操作清單類似。 盡管后者才是為沒有工程

11、量清 單的特殊類型的合同所設(shè)計(jì)的。BPF系統(tǒng)、基本的清單和工程量清單的操作格式 都不被傳統(tǒng)的格式歡迎，在討論中可以很明顯的看出任何對傳統(tǒng)格式的革命性變 革都不會(huì)受行業(yè)的歡迎。因此，任何新提議的制定應(yīng)限制在傳統(tǒng)做法內(nèi)。資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途結(jié)論斯里蘭卡建筑施工行業(yè)的十個(gè)案例研究實(shí)現(xiàn)了在建筑承包商組織中建立估 算數(shù)據(jù)流和找出數(shù)據(jù)管理不良的原因，這個(gè)案例是以可能在過去的提議基礎(chǔ)上 獲取建議的方式被研究，研究結(jié)果如下： 資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途1. 雖然有很多選擇可被利用，但僅僅只有傳統(tǒng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測量方法被用于項(xiàng)目的工 程量清單的準(zhǔn)備和定價(jià)過程中。即使不需要工程量清單的合同（例如，交鑰 匙工

12、程，設(shè)計(jì)和構(gòu)建）是一個(gè)在傳統(tǒng)格式的管理工作中編制的內(nèi)部的工程量 清單。資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途2. 工程量清單被負(fù)責(zé)完成管理任務(wù)的管理部門和管理團(tuán)隊(duì)用于整個(gè)合同的實(shí)施過程中。3. 雖然在一個(gè)合同中涉及6個(gè)管理團(tuán)隊(duì)(預(yù)算員、采購員、規(guī)劃員、現(xiàn)場管理 人員、施工技術(shù)人員和高層管理者)但是預(yù)算員、施工技術(shù)人員共同承擔(dān)了 許多工作資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途參考文獻(xiàn)1安德森，斯威尼，威廉斯商業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)第三版荷蘭國際集 團(tuán)西方出版社 1987Flow of estimating data in Sri Lankan building contractor organizations資料個(gè)人

13、收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途G.W.Kodikara and R.McCafferzWhen an estimator prices a bill of qua ntities, s/he collects, gen erates and assembles data (estimat ing data) for the purpose of establish ing the cost of con struct ing the project. The data gen erated could be used by the con tractor subseque nt man ageme n

14、t functions, and the use of estimat ing data in the con tractors?post-te nder managementworthy of attention. Drawing information from ten case studies of the orga ni zati on of Sri Lankan buildi ng con tractors, this paper ide ntifies the con tractorss man ageme ntfun cti ons; man ageme nttasks; and

15、 man ageme nt.lt also establishesthe flow of estimati ng data within and betwee n the man ageme nt functions. These flows highlight the substantial burden of re-work in the post-tender use of data. It is argued that the current format and presentation of estimating data in Sri Lanka are the major ca

16、uses for such re-work. However, it was found that any revolutio nary cha nge to the conven ti onal format would not be welcomed by the in dustry. Any new proposal should be developed within the limitation of acceptability to conventional practice. The recomme ndati on is that the unit rate?is broke

17、n dow n to its cost comp onents of material, labour and pla nt. The breakdow n of the unit rate would supply all the n ecessary data for direct use, thus reducing the re-work. Further research should be addressed to investigate the best format and structure of this breakdown. Keywords: Bills of qua

18、ntities, case studies, data man ageme nt, estimat ing, Sri Lank料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè) 用途In troduct ionOver the past four decades, many researchers have inv estigated the post-te nder use of bills of qua ntities in con tractors? ma nageme nt. Alter native formats to the bill of quantities have emerged such as:

19、 Elemental Bill (Department of Education and Science 1957), Sectionalised Trades Bill (Nott, 1963), Operational Bill (Forbes and Skoyles 1963), Bill of Qua ntities 一 Operatio nal Forma一 (Skoyles, 1968), BPF System一 Schedule of Activities 一(British Property Federation, 1983) and Builders?Quantities (

20、Pasquire and McCaffer, 1988). However, the conventional practice of preparing the bill of qua ntities, using the Sta ndard Method of Measureme nt (Royal In stitutio n of Chartered Surveyors, 1988), is still the widely used sta ndard for preparati on of bills of qua ntities (Kodikara, 1990). This doe

21、s not mean that the current post-tender use of bills of qua ntities is efficie nt whe n used in the man ageme nt of a con tract by a con tractor (Skinner, 1981). The BOQ is a client ? document for the client? purposes. This paper reports on an inv estigati on un dertake n in 1989 into the con tracto

22、rGuse of estimati ng data. The aim of the work was to observe the flow of estimating data in Sri Lankan build ing con tractor orga ni zatio ns, and to ide ntify reas ons for in efficie ncy in con tractors? data man ageme nt. To achieve this ten orga ni zati ons were in terviewed using a structured q

23、uestionnaire. he questions were phrased as guide lines, so that they would lead to discussi ons reveali ng con tractors? curre nt practices, problems and suggesti ons. Sri Lankan buildi ng con structi on in dustry follows some of the procedures, sta ndards and prin ciples that are used in the UK in

24、dustry, hence the man ageme nt of work in Sri Lankan build ing con tractor orga ni zati ons reflect some of the methods that are adopted in UK. Therefore, findings may also be of value to the UK in dustry. Parallel works on UK contractors?data managementhave been researchedby Pasquire and McCaffer (

25、1987).資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Defin iti on of termsIn this paper, the following terms are used to describe the given meaning資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Estimati ng dataThe data that are collected, gen erated and assembled by the estimator for pric ing purposes are termed estimating data. Estimating data includes prices o

26、f resources, usages of resources, prices of sub-c on tractors and prices of bill item資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿 做商業(yè)用途Man ageme nt fun cti onsThe management work of a construction project is grouped according to recognizable major management functions. These are estimating, purchasing, planning, site man ageme nt, a

27、nd qua ntity surveyi ng/finan cial con tro 資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Man ageme nt groupsThe professi on als who are resp on sible for the work of the man ageme nt fun cti ons are defi ned as man ageme ntgroups.They are estimators, purchasers, pla nn ers, site age nts, qua ntity surveyors and upper man ageme nt

28、. It should be no ted that the management functions and management groups are not the same because any professi onal man ageme nt group can un dertake work in several man ageme nt fun cti ons. 資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Man ageme nt tasksTasks which are directly related to procureme nt and executio n of con tra

29、cts are defi ned as man ageme nt tasks. In this paper, only the most importa nt and com mon tasks in each management function are established through consultation with the professi on als in the in dustry.資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Data flowThe term data flow is used to describe the process of extracting, using

30、, rege nerati ng, ame nding and pass ing on of data by con tracto?staff.資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做 商業(yè)用途Re-workWhe n data are used for a particular task by a man ageme nt group they can be used either directly or with some re-work to suit the requirement. The re-work is any work such as modificati on, or group ing,

31、 or break ing up of data. By proper prese ntati on of data, this type of re-work can be reduced and the re-work which still exists is called ,less re-work?資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Inv estigati on methodologyThe Sri Lankan buildi ng con structi on in dustry was surveyed in 1989 to observe and record the curren

32、t practices and problems in data management. The survey comprised in terviews and discussi ons with professi on als to ten orga ni zatio ns. Each orga ni zati on was visited betwee n five and ten times, and their man ageme nt staff were in terviewed to establish and record their actual experie nee a

33、nd kno wledge. The case studies were planned in such a manner that they would represent the whole industry. Out of various sampli ng tech niq ues , the judgeme nt sampli ng method was selected because it was the easiest way of meeting both the research constraints and representativeness.In selecting

34、 the organizations the criterion was to judge the representativenessof the sample. The criteria were: ownership, size, type of work, experie nee and locati on of work. Categories were defi ned for each criteri on to divide the orga ni zati ons within the criteria資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Own ershipGover nment

35、or private own ership.SizeLargeannual turn-over of 200 million Sri Lankan rupees or Medium 一annual turn-over of 50-200 million Sri Lankan rupees or Smal一annual turn-over of 50 milli on Sri Lankan rupees.資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Type of workCon sulta ncy, an d/or con tract ing, an d/or clie nt.Experie neeWell-

36、established Over 15 years of service or Average5-15 years of serviceNewly formed 一 Un der 5 years sea nc資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Locatio n of workWC一Within and around (within 25 km radius) the capital city (Colombo) orOC一 Outside the capital city資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Man ageme nt fun cti ons, tasks and groupsThe obs

37、ervation in relation to the use of estimating data could be generalized to the overall in dustry irrespective of the size, own ership, etc. Although there are nu mber of opti ons available, only the conven ti onal sta ndard method of measureme nt is used to prepare and price the BOQ for projects. Ev

38、e n for con tracts which do not dema nd the presenceof a bill (e.g. turn-key, design-and-build), an internal BOQ is prepared in conventional format for management of work. Management tasks undertaken in estimating, purchasing, planning, site management and quantity surveying are summarized un der ea

39、ch secti on. Each man ageme nt group uses estimati ng data for their man ageme nt tasks in differe nt man ageme nt fun cli ons. These data are the n passed to the other management groups. Data flow between management groups, management fun cti ons and man ageme nt tasks were exam ined in the case st

40、udies. It was observed that the use and excha nge of measured data withi n and betwee n man ageme nt functions were complex. The estimating data were used with substantial re-work, hence theprese nt format and prese ntati on of these data can be see n as the major cause for the inefficient flow of d

41、ata.資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Data flowMost of the man ageme nt groups are resp on sible for more tha n one man ageme nt fun cti on. For example, the site age nt assumes duties in all the man ageme nt fun cti ons from estimat ing to the qua ntity survey ing throughout the project durati on. The man ageme nt gr

42、oups have differe nt ways of data han dli ng in differe nt functions. Therefore, it is better to observe the data flow between management functions than betwee n man ageme nt groups. Un der each man ageme nt fun cti on, a set of man ageme nt tasks is undertaken. Repetition takes place when the data

43、is used for these tasks. Therefore, it is best to ide ntify the flow of data betwee n man ageme nt tasks. On ly by observ ing the data flow betwee n man ageme nt tasks, could the re-work in use of estimating data be properly identified. All the management tasks were grouped according to major operat

44、ions, so that the flow of data can be illustrated in a simple manner. Two types of data flow were ide ntified depe nding on the method of prese nting the estimati ng data. The com mon type, where the BOQ is priced using a composite unit rate. The sec ond type of data flow can be observed in orga ni

45、zati ons where the priced BOQ is broke n dow n toits cost comp onents of material, labour and pla nt after winning the job.資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Reas ons for the complexity in data flowThe other major reasons for inefficient site control,site monitoring and cost control that the professi on als poin ted ou

46、t were:料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途1 unorgani zed allocati on of staff. For example, the site age nt is asked to carry out too much of the work;資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途2 large amount of variatio ns which affects the BOQ and programme 料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做 商業(yè)用途3 site mon itori ng and cost con trol are not lin ked to the BOQ資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿

47、做商業(yè)用途The proposal of preparing the bill in operational basis (operational bill) was not welcomed. The con tractors n eed a shorter and more simpler BOQ for direct pric ing. The operati onal basis would in crease the size of the BOQ. The con tractors con sider that the preparati on of con struct ion

48、seque nceus ing the items in the conven ti onal bill is much easier than the preparation of an operational bills. The opinion on builders? quantities was similar to that of operational bill. The professionals saw the two methods as the same, although the latter has only bee n desig ned for special t

49、ypes of con tract which do not have bills of qua ntities. However, the idea of splitt ing the unit rate to its components was greatly appreciated. The inclusion of buying units was also accepted. The BPF system, elemental bill, and the operational format of the BOQ were also not welcomed as opti ons

50、 to the conven ti onal format. From the discussi on s, it was clear that any revoluti onary cha nge to the conven ti onal format would not be welcomed by the industry. Therefore, any new proposal should be developed within the limitations of the conventional practice. Some of the professionals even

51、poin ted out the fact that the cha nges required have bee n accommodated in the Stan dard Method of measureme nt,which is now in its seve nth edition資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Con clusi onTen case studies in Sri Lankan building construction industry werecarried out to iden tify the flow of estimat ing data in c

52、on tractor orga ni zati ons, and to establish the reasons for poor data management. The case studies were carried out in such a way that it would be possible to obtain suggestionsand comments on past proposals, while establishing the current situation and the problem. The findings of the research ar

53、e as follows:資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途.Although there are number of options available, only the conventional Standard Method of Measureme nt is used to prepare and price the BOQs. Eve n for con tracts which do not dema nd the prese nee of a bill (e.g. turn-key, desig n-and- build), an internal BOQ is prepared for man ageme nt of work資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途 2.The BOQ is used throughout the con tract by the man ageme ntgroups, who are responsible for management