汽車概論外語(yǔ)2.

1、1/86 1.1.2 BUS 1.1.2.1 BUSES FOR LOCAL TRANSPORTATION 1.1.2.3 OTHER TYPES OF BUSES 1.1.2.2 MOTORCOACHES 2/86 TYPES OF BUSES AMERICA CHINA Name Bus length (m) Commuter busUrban bus, City busMedium (7L10) or Large(10L12*)MotorcoachIntercity bus Double-decker busDouble-decker bus10L12* Articulated busA

2、rticulated busL18 MicrobusL3.5 MinibusLight bus3.5L7 MidibusMedium bus7L10 Trolley busTrolley bus *Length of a triple-axle single unit bus can be up to 13.7 m. 3/86 1.1.2.1 BUSES FOR LOCAL TRANSPORTATION Commuter buses usually have two axles (duallies on the drive axle), and two doors (one front, on

3、e mid- rear), allowing efficient internal traffic flow. Their seats are usually fixed and limited, leaving room for standing passengers. Double-decker buses, articulated buses or extra-long triple-axle buses are usually used on urban routes with heavy passenger loads. School buses are lighter, they

4、have only one passenger door, seats are more closely spaced, and no standing room. 4/86 EXAMPLE OF TYPICAL COMMUTER BUS Overall length 12 m Capacity 100 passengers 5/86 EXAMPLE OF DOUBLE-DECKER BUS NEOPLAN SKYLINER Overall length 13.7 m Number of seats 1+42+61 6/86 EXAMPLE OF ARTICULATED BUS Overall

5、 length 18 m Capacity 150 passengers 7/86 EXAMPLE OF SCHOOL BUS (NORTH AMERICAN VERSION) 8/86 1.1.2.2 MOTORCOACH Motorcoaches, also known as intercity buses, are heavier, with usually three axles, one passenger door and no standing room. Seats are usually soft and are able to recline. The floor is h

6、igh, allowing large under-floor luggage compartments. Besides their use for intercity transportation, motorcoaches are used for long-distance airport shuttle services, local touring and chatter for large groups. 9/86 EXAMPLE OF MOTORCOACH Overall length 12 m Number of seats 1+53 10/86 1.1.2.3 OTHER

7、TYPES OF BUSES Minibuses are one size up from large passenger vans, and seat up to 25 passengers. Some may have a small space for luggage. Midibuses, or mid-sized buses, are larger than minibuses, but smaller than motorcoaches, thus seating between 26 and 47. they can be front- or rear-engined, and

8、have a variety of designs depending on needs. Shuttle bus provides service between two destinations. Tour bus service shows tourists notable sights by bus. Parking lot trams are specialized form of bus, found in parking lots of amusement parks. Those vehicles consist of an engine-car chained up to a

9、 passenger-carrying trailer or number of trailers, thus making a kind of road train. 11/86 EXAMPLE OF MINIBUS FORD TRANSIT Diesel engine 2.4 L Number of seats 15 Overall length 6403 mm Overall width 2000 mm Price RMB 198800 12/86 EXAMPLE OF MIDIBUS Overall length 8.96 m Number of seats 1+41 13/86 EX

10、AMPLE OF SHUTTLE BUS AIRBUS Overall length 13 m Overall width 3 m 14/86 EXAMPLE OF PARKING LOT TRAM 15/86 1.1.3 TRUCK 1.1.3.1 AMERICAN DEFINITIONS 1.1.3.2 CHINESE DEFINITIONS 1.1.3.3 EXTERIOR FEATURES 16/86 1.1.3.1 AMERICAN DEFINITIONS The following definitions are given by the United States Federal

11、 Highway Administration (FHWA). Trucks are motor vehicles to carry goods. They are further subdivided by number of axles and number of units, including power and trailer units. 17/86 TYPES OF TRUCKS GIVEN BY FHWA TypeNumber of axlesNumber of unitsNumber of trailers 1 2 3 2 3 4 or more 10 4 5 6 4 or

12、more 5 6 or more 21 7 8 9 5 or fewer 6 7 or more 3 or more2 or more 18/86 EXAMPLES OF TRUCK AXLES AND UNITS Axles358 Units123 Trailers012 19/86 1.1.3.2 CHINESE DEFINITIONS In China, trucks are classified by their gross mass. Only a single truck unit is considered. Types of off-road trucks are not in

13、cluded in the following table. Type Gross mass (t) Mini truck Light truck Medium truck Heavy truck M1.8 1.8M6 6M14 M14 20/86 1.1.3.3 EXTERIOR FEATURES The normal controlled type has a “l(fā)ong nose” and provides some front panels (hood, fenders, etc.) to cover the engines and front wheels. The drivers

14、seat and the control devices are behind the engine. This type is also called CBE (cab behind engine) type. The forward controlled type puts the drivers seat and the control devices over the engine, thus the front panels are not required (flat nose). This type is also called COE (cab over engine) typ

15、e. According to its exterior features, the cab of the truck can be classified into two types: 21/86 1.1.4 OTHER TYPES OF MOTOR VEHICLES 1.1.4.1 MODIFICATIONS 1.1.4.2 RACING CAR 22/86 1.1.4.1 MODIFICATIONS Modifications are rebuilt on the chassis of mass production motor vehicles to meet particular r

16、equirements. Many modifications are provided with special equipments to carry out special tasks. In China, they are called special purpose vehicles. Special purpose vehicles are classified into two types vehicles for special transportation and vehicles for special work. 23/86 EXAMPLES OF VEHICLES FO

17、R SPECIAL TRANSPORTATION Vehicles for special transportation are used to carry special goods. TANKER CEMENT MIXER DUMPER 24/86 EXAMPLES OF VEHICLES FOR SPECIAL WORK Vehicles for special work have special equipments to meet the requirements for special work. AMBULANCE GABAGE DISPOSAL TRUCK LADDER TRU

18、CK ICE CREAM CAR 25/86 1.1.4.2 RACING CAR Racing car is constructed for particular race criteria. There are quite many worldwide famous motor races such as Formula one, Le Mans 24 hours, Rally and Indianapolis 500. Because the components of racing cars might be examined under critical conditions dur

19、ing the competitions, smart constructions should be made using cutting-edge technologies. 26/86 EXAMPLES OF WORLDWIDE FAMOUS MOTOR RACES FORMULA ONE RALLY DRAG RACE LA MANS 24 HOURS 27/86 1.2 MOTOR VEHICLE AND SOCIETY 1.2.2 PILLAR INDUSTRY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY 1.2.1 THE MOST IMPORTANT TRANSPORTATION

20、TOOL 1.2.3 INDICATOR OF LATEST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1.2.4 CHANGE OF LIVING STYLE 1.2.5 PROBLEMS CREATED BY MOTOR VEHICLES 28/86 1.2.1 THE MOST IMPORTANT TRANSPORTATION TOOL Railway train, water ship and airplane are transportation tools can only function along lines and points. Motor vehicle is a

21、kind of transportation tool functioning on surface and has the advantage of “door to door” convenience. Railway trainWater shipAirplane LinesRailwayWater routeAirline PointsRailway stationWharfAirport 29/86 IMPORTANCE OF MOTOR VEHICLES The top place of transportation quantity The largest amount comp

22、ared with the other kinds of machine products High average rate of ownership Keep pace with peoples daily activities Speed up work efficiency and living tempo 30/86 1.2.2 PILLAR INDUSTRY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY Annual production is nearly 70 million units Wide involvement in national economy Huge demand

23、 for labor force Highly profitable 31/86 Top 15 Motor Vehicle Producing Countries in 2006 RankCountry Production (1000 units) RankCountry Production (1000 units) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 U.S.A. Japan China Germany S. Korea France Spain Canada 10 802 10 774 7 280 5 601 3 828 3 100 2 698 2 497 9 10 11 12 13 14

24、 15 Brazil Mexico India U.K. Russia Thailand Italy 2 471 1 956 1 684 1 629 1 392 1 281 1 165 Total global Production 67 265 32/86 Wide Involvement in National Economy 33/86 Huge Demand for Labor Force Comparison of Laborers in Three Countries (1000 people) ItemU.S.JapanChina Number of laborers in au

25、tomotive areas Total number of laborers in the country Ratio of the upper two items 21 000 129 520 1/6 7 270 64 360 1/9 30 000 202 000* 1/7 * Laborers in cities and towns, total laborers in China are about 800 million. 34/86 Highly Profitable Rank of Powerful Automotive Firms among Global Top 500 Co

26、mpanies in 2006 RankAutomotive Firm Revenues ($millions) RankAutomotive Firm Revenues ($millions) 5 7 8 9 17 31 41 60 78 79 GM Daimler-Chrysler Toyota Motor Ford Motor Volkswagen Honda Motor Nissan Motor Peugeot BMW Fiat 192 604 186 106 185 805 177 210 118 377 85 511 83 274 69 915 57 973 57 834 80 100 178 235 249 345 470 475 491 Hyundai Motor Renault Volvo Mazda Motor Suzuki Motor Mitsubishi Motors China FAW Shanghai Automotive Isuzu Motors 57 435 51 365 32 184 25 789 24 258 18 725 14 511 14 057 13 971 35/86 1.2.3 INDICATOR OF LATEST SCIENCE AND TEC