考研英語語法之非謂語動詞

1、考研英語語法之非謂語動詞非謂語動詞非謂語動詞是指那些在劇中不能單獨充當句子位于成分的動詞形式?；拘问接兴姆N：不定式（infinitive）、動名詞（gerund）、分詞（participle）、和獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（absolute structure）。一、不定式 動詞不定式是非謂語動詞中使用最廣泛的一種，在句子中，它除了做謂語外，可以擔當其他任何成分，可以做主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語。它在句中其名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用。語態(tài)一般式（尚未發(fā)生）進行式（正在發(fā)生）完成式（先于謂語動詞發(fā)生）主動to doto be doingto have done被動to be doneto be bei

2、ng doneto have been done舉例：It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely. He seems to be eating something. According to your market report, demand seems to be returning.The local health organization is reported to have been set up twenty-five years ago

3、 when Dr. Audio became its first president.不定式的語法功能：1) 作主語The traditional rule was that its safer (to stay where you are), but thats been fundamentally inverted. The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long. 2) 作賓語Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of stand

4、ard templates (patterns) into which they plug each days events. He feels it his duty to help others. 3) 作表語But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need. 4) 作定語Tom made

5、 the decision to go around the world in three years all alone. She has the ambition to learn other languages. The pressure to compete causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain. 5) 作狀語A sad thing about life is when you meet someone and fall in love, onl

6、y to find out in the end that you have wasted years on someone who wasnt worth it.6) 作補語The man was seen to fall heavily to the ground and never get up again. 注：使役動詞如make、let、have等以及感官動詞hear、see、feel、watch、notice等之后所加的不定式要省略to，但是在被動語態(tài)中不可省略。例如我們說see sb play on the ground，但被動態(tài)中我們說sb is seen to play on

7、 the ground。不帶to的動詞不定式1. 在dobut/except結(jié)構(gòu)中，當but或except前有實義動詞do的某種形式時，后接不帶to的動詞不定式。The train is late, and I can do nothing but wait.比較：There was so serious a matter that I had no choice but to call in the police. 2. 在had better, would rather/soonerthan, ratherthan, would just as soon, might just as we

8、ll, cannot (help) but等之后都必須接動詞原形。Tom cannot but ask his supervisor to help him solve the difficulty he has encountered in doing the project. 3. 在do far more than后面不定式省略to。In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes. 4. 在感官動詞或使役動詞，如hear, listen to, feel, see, look at, watch,

9、notice, observe, perceive, let, make, bid, have, note, leave等之后，不定式作賓語補足語時不帶to。She felt someone pat her on the head. for + 名（代）詞 + 不定式Its just inconceivable for a child to do that job.That is for you to decide. Its time for us to go. He stood aside for her to pass. 不定式的完成式：1. 不定式的一般式to do不能表示發(fā)生在謂語動詞

10、之前的動作，若要表達此意，需用to have done Albert Einstein, the great American scientist, is estimated to have had the incredible IQ of 200. 2. 表示非真實的過去，本打算做但實際上沒有實現(xiàn)的動作，如mean, intend, think, plan, hope, wish, purpose, would/should like, was/were等。 I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot. I planned to have visited

11、 you last night, but I was too busy. I was to have visited you last night. I was to have telephoned, but I forgot.二、動名詞語態(tài)一般式進行式主動doingbeing done被動having donehaving been done舉例：Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. There is no sign that Mr. Jospin,

12、 who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally.以主動態(tài)表被動義：deserve, need, require, want, bear, take(需要), stand(忍受), worth等。 The method deserves recommending. Your hair needs cutting.That novel is not worth reading.動名詞的語法功能：1) 作主語Home app

13、liances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage. 2) 做賓語The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. 3) 作表語The high cost of raw materials

14、is keeping prices up.Wasting time is robbing oneself.4) 作定語Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon. 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞屬格或物主代詞 + 動名詞 Sophias having seen them did not surprise us.

15、Its no use your trying to deceive me.I cant bear his staying up so late.Excuse my interrupting you.三、分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞：動詞原形+ing 過去分詞：動詞原形+edBuilding on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence (by conducting thousands of computer simulations of po

16、pulations), manipulating a number of variables relating to (peoples ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced). 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞區(qū)別從語態(tài)角度講，現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，過去分詞表被動1. What he said was very touching.2. I was touched by the sight.從時態(tài)角度講：現(xiàn)在分詞表動作正在進行，過去分詞表動作的完成。1. falling leaves, fallen leaves2. the

17、rising sun, the risen sun3. developing countries, developed countries現(xiàn)在分詞與動名詞的區(qū)別：1）現(xiàn)在分詞是動詞的一種非限定形式，主要起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句子中做定語、表語、狀語，有時也用在復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中。 This is an amusing story. The book is interesting. The students came into the classroom, laughing and talking. I heard him singing in the room last night.2）動名詞也是動

18、詞的另一種非限定形式，顧名思義，它既源于動詞，又具有名詞的功能，因此它在句子中起名詞的作用，可單獨或以動名詞短語的形式做主語、賓語、定語、表語。 Learning a foreign language well is no easy job. My favorite sport is skating. Have you finished correcting the students paper? We had better put off discussing it till next week.當現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞充當不同的功能時，很容易區(qū)分：1. My mother goes shoppi

19、ng every day. 2. My mother does shopping every day. 3. Being a qualified middle school English teacher is not easy. 4. Being a college student, I must study hard. 當現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞充當相同的功能時，例如表語和定語，區(qū)別就比較困難： 5. The situation is encouraging. 6. Reading is learning. 現(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語或邏輯主語的具體特征或行為，動名詞則表示抽象的、一般的行為。7. a l

20、eading comrade 定語 = a comrade who leads 8. a swimming pool 定語 = a pool used for swimming 現(xiàn)在分詞多表示所修飾對象的動作，它與被它修飾的名詞倒過來是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而動名詞則表示所修飾詞的用途，和所修飾的詞邏輯上沒有主謂關(guān)系。 9. a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping 10. a sleeping car = a car used for sleeping 又如：dining hall, teaching facilities分詞的語法功能1）做定語Blue skie

21、s are not always a guarantee of continuing fine weather.Adam and Eve were induced to eat the Forbidden Fruit by Satan.A man getting up as soon as the cock crows is a hard-working man.Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists from South Africa.2）做狀語While playing the piano, she go

22、t very excited.Not recognizing the voice, he refused to give the person his address.Even though defeated again, the scientists didnt give up.The suitcase was locked, left to Tom.He hurried to the hall, followed by two guards.Seen from the spaceship, the earth is a blue planet.3）作表語Travelling is inte

23、resting but tiring.The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.4）做賓補The parents can hear their daughter singing.I didnt make myself heard because a lot of people cried in the hall.練習(xí)：Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the s

24、tructure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of

25、 human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryos life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.四、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨立主格是一種書面文體的狀語表達形式。 1. 像一個句子，有自己的主語，卻沒有完整、獨立的謂語，但與變了形的謂語形式在邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂或主系關(guān)系； 2. 在形式上與主句沒關(guān)系，常用逗號與主句隔開（不絕對）； 3. 在功能上相當于一個帶有自己主語的非限制性狀語從句，但沒有連詞的引導(dǎo)。舉例：Weather permitting,

26、we are going to visit you tomorrow.The meeting gone over, everyone wanted to go home earlier.They will send you the book for 10, postage included.For a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the differe

27、nce between having a job or not. The plan was that the contending parties should reach an early agreement on basic principles, the details to be worked out later. 獨立主格生成法：1. 有be動詞去掉be動詞2. 無be動詞，加-ingJimmy walked slowly to the playground. His face was covered with tears. Jimmy walked slowly to the pl

28、ayground, his face covered with tears.The taxi sped away. Its lights disappeared into distance. The taxi sped away, its lights disappearing into distance.特殊：以下三種情況不能去掉be動詞，而要變成being1. 獨立主格的邏輯主語為代詞時： It was Sunday. We went to church. It being Sunday, we went to church.2. There be句型中： There was no bus

29、. We had to go home on foot. There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.3. 表示正在被做The dinner is being cooked. We have to wait for a while. The dinner being cooked, we have to wait for a while.獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)基本形式名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞The test finished, our holiday began.名詞/代詞+形容詞He came into the room, his ears red

30、 with cold.名詞/代詞+副詞Class over, all students went to play on the playground.名詞/代詞+不定式More time to be given, we will make full use of it,名詞/代詞+介詞短語The murderer got into the house, a knife in his hand.The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that n

31、atural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle class India compared to the tribes.Other things equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.with/without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)做獨立主格（獨立主格作伴隨狀語時，可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，也可不用）1. with+名詞/代詞+形容詞/方位副詞(做賓補)With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.2. with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語(做賓補)A careful balance has to be struck: if you show a labor-saving