高考英語(yǔ)完形填空解題技巧解析[1]

1、 完形填空題型有著極為深遠(yuǎn)的理論背景。在19世紀(jì)物理學(xué)重大發(fā)現(xiàn)“場(chǎng)理論”的啟發(fā)下，德國(guó)心理學(xué)家柯勒等人提出了“格式塔心理學(xué)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)人類認(rèn)知過(guò)程中的宏觀性和整體性。1953年，美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Wilson Taylor基于上述理論，首次提出完形填空這種題型，旨在測(cè)試考生利用已知信息恢復(fù)不完整語(yǔ)言材料的自然傾向強(qiáng)度，進(jìn)而考查考生的語(yǔ)言能力。作為選拔性考試，高考必須具有較高信度、效度和必要的區(qū)分度以及一定的難度。完形填空的重點(diǎn)在于綜合考查考生的詞匯和語(yǔ)法等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)以及閱讀和寫(xiě)作等語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力，正好滿足了高考的需求。自從1987年首次出現(xiàn)在高考英語(yǔ)試卷中以來(lái)，完形填空題型歷來(lái)都屬于高考英語(yǔ)中能力要求最高、

2、試題難度最大的一類題型。研究歷年的各套高考完形填空題，可以從具體的題目之中看出該題型中若干對(duì)我們解題非常有幫助的共同特點(diǎn)：一、 從所選文章的角度體裁上，以敘為主，敘議結(jié)合。高考完形填空題的選材多為具有一定故事情節(jié)的記敘文或是敘議結(jié)合、以敘為主、富有哲理的論說(shuō)文，這是和高考考生的語(yǔ)言水平緊密結(jié)合的。高考是各級(jí)各類英語(yǔ)測(cè)試中相對(duì)較簡(jiǎn)單的一種，因而采取了常見(jiàn)體裁中較簡(jiǎn)單的記敘文作為題目載體。因此，短文一般按照時(shí)間線索行文，內(nèi)部邏輯清晰層次分明。題材上，選用真實(shí)世界中的語(yǔ)言材料，考查考生使用語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行信息獲取和社會(huì)交際的能力，對(duì)心理問(wèn)題、校園生活、奇聞?shì)W事等熱點(diǎn)話題繼續(xù)關(guān)注，并兼顧高考的公平性原則，不涉

3、及特定地域或人群色彩較濃的不具有一般性的話題。難度上，基本與現(xiàn)行高三教材相當(dāng)。字?jǐn)?shù)上，完形填空短文詞數(shù)在240320之間。二、 從所挖空格的角度首先，該題型所選短文一般無(wú)標(biāo)題，但首句通常不設(shè)空，目的是讓考生熟悉語(yǔ)言環(huán)境，迅速進(jìn)入主題，對(duì)文章有宏觀和整體性的把握，建立正確的思維導(dǎo)向。正文中通常挖去20個(gè)詞（組），平均每14詞挖一個(gè)空格，通常不會(huì)出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)空格前后相連或同一句子挖空超過(guò)三個(gè)的情況。其次，挖去的詞匯以實(shí)詞為主，虛詞為輔。語(yǔ)言分為形式和內(nèi)容兩方面，而完形填空題多重視考查語(yǔ)言的內(nèi)容，這是與承載具體信息的實(shí)詞緊密相關(guān)的。在高考對(duì)具體語(yǔ)法規(guī)則不斷淡化的趨勢(shì)下，常與語(yǔ)言形式即具體語(yǔ)法條目相關(guān)的虛

4、詞數(shù)量不斷下降，目前僅在3個(gè)空格左右。最后，具體挖空的時(shí)候遵循“重復(fù)原則”，即挖去的詞通常都在保留的上下文中給出解題的線索。并且，某特定空格的解題線索多不在本空格所在的句子，或上一句或下一句，或上幾句或下幾句，所以我們?cè)诳紙?chǎng)上應(yīng)逾越空格所在的單句，結(jié)合更宏觀的上下文來(lái)解題。三、 從所擬選項(xiàng)的角度同一空格所對(duì)應(yīng)的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)一般是同一詞性，或在句子中充當(dāng)同樣的語(yǔ)法成分，這個(gè)擬選項(xiàng)時(shí)所應(yīng)遵循的最基本的原則。在完形填空題中，具體的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則不再是考查重點(diǎn)，更強(qiáng)調(diào)的是辨別詞語(yǔ)之間的細(xì)微差異，考查考生對(duì)上下文的理解，要求考生通過(guò)具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境來(lái)做出選擇。所以，所擬出的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)往往在語(yǔ)法方面都能成立，錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)多

5、半可以和空前、空后的文字形成某種考生非常熟悉的固定搭配，具有很強(qiáng)的干擾和迷惑作用。針對(duì)這種情況，考生們?cè)诮忸}過(guò)程中就更要緊抓文章主線，站在語(yǔ)篇的高度綜合處理各選項(xiàng)的取舍。完型填空題是集詞語(yǔ)辨析、詞的用法以及搭配、語(yǔ)法、單句理解、語(yǔ)篇理解的考查為一體的綜合題，不但要求同學(xué)們具有扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，而且還要求必須具備較強(qiáng)的分析理解、邏輯推斷能力及語(yǔ)感。該題型在歷屆高考試題中起著重要的作用，通常從一篇詞數(shù)250左右、難度略低于教材上課文的文章中設(shè)空格20個(gè)。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，由于短文被挖去一些詞，造成信息的中斷，同學(xué)們做題時(shí)，必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)思維斷層現(xiàn)象。如果不掌握正確的解題思路及步驟，并通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)挠?xùn)練的話，同學(xué)們面

6、對(duì)此題時(shí)就會(huì)束手無(wú)策，久而久之就會(huì)對(duì)完形填空產(chǎn)生厭煩、恐懼心理，更不利于能力的提高，不利于臨場(chǎng)發(fā)揮。 一、解題方法1、通覽全文，了解大意 由于完型填空試題主要測(cè)試同學(xué)們?cè)谡Z(yǔ)篇層面上綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力，在解答試題的之前應(yīng)快速閱讀全文，抓住文章的主題，搞清作者的思路及上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，通讀的關(guān)鍵是弄清第一句(往往點(diǎn)明主題，且是沒(méi)留空白的完整句)和最后一句(往往總結(jié)、概括全文)。另外，在瀏覽時(shí)全文的時(shí)候，要重點(diǎn)了解文中所敘述的人物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件，即who，when，where，what。例如有篇文章的第一句話為：Why is a space left between the rails

7、 of a railway line where one piece joins the next？這句話從鐵軌之間的縫隙引出了問(wèn)題。根據(jù)常識(shí)，就會(huì)很快的知道文中的內(nèi)容應(yīng)與熱脹冷縮的物理現(xiàn)象有關(guān)。2、快速反應(yīng)，初做答案 找到文章的突破口之后，就要趁著思路清晰時(shí)，快速做出反應(yīng)，一鼓作氣將文中所有能填的空填起來(lái)，不因某試題暫時(shí)給不了答案的題停留太久。做題以了解文章的大意為前提，如遇個(gè)別難題，可以暫時(shí)跳過(guò)去或初擬一個(gè)答案；如果停滯不前，不但會(huì)打斷思路、造成時(shí)間上和心理上的緊張，而且往往無(wú)濟(jì)于事。 在填每個(gè)空格時(shí)，注意分析選項(xiàng)所在的上下文，弄清上下文間的邏輯關(guān)系，注意空格前后的詞，看是否能與某一選項(xiàng)構(gòu)

8、成固定搭配。從各個(gè)角度考慮，初步做出每個(gè)小題的答案。 3、再次查讀，攻克難關(guān) 初選過(guò)后，可能還會(huì)留下一些空檔，此時(shí)，再重讀文章，從語(yǔ)義和邏輯的角度審視全文，看其是否通順流暢、條理清晰、符合邏輯。與此同時(shí)，將未填的空檔全部補(bǔ)齊。由于選答案時(shí)講求一氣呵成，初選過(guò)后還應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文對(duì)有疑問(wèn)或把握不準(zhǔn)的答案進(jìn)行推敲。在具體的操作中應(yīng)注意以下的問(wèn)題：1）看清上下文，找準(zhǔn)定位詞充分利用文章的上下文和前后句，找到對(duì)選擇有提示作用的詞或句。這些詞有時(shí)可能是同義詞或反義詞。例如：1. Some parts of the water are very shallow. But in some places it i

9、s very _A. deep B. high C. cold D. dangerous2. Mrs. ONeill asked_ questions and she didnt scold us either.A. no B. certain C. many D. more2）通順邏輯，尋求搭配注意固定的搭配，包括動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配、動(dòng)詞與名詞的搭配以及形容詞與名詞的搭配等，同時(shí)要根據(jù)內(nèi)容選擇正確的短語(yǔ)。例如：Heres a fellow who just walked into a bank and helped himself_ so much money.A. for B. by C.

10、to D. of3）扎實(shí)基礎(chǔ)，搞清辨異在此類試題的命制上，往往是以同類的詞為主，我們不需要去進(jìn)行具體的辨析，但是我們也要根據(jù)文章的意思來(lái)進(jìn)行推斷。如：Soon I heard a_ like that of a door burst in and then a climb of feet. A. sound B. cry C. voice D. shoutWhen the papers were _she discovered that twelve boys had made exactly A. examined B. completed C. marked D. answered 4）看

11、清執(zhí)行者，確定所選詞And video cameras can be used topeoples actions at home.A. keep B. make C. record D. watch5）尋求上下邏輯，從容確定關(guān)系It has been many years since I was last in London_ still remember something that happened during that visit.A. and B. for C. but D. as6）了解生活常識(shí)，確定相關(guān)知識(shí)(Immediately ) the officers jumped i

12、nto their cars and rushed to thehospital.A. animal B. biggest C. plant D. nearest完型填空解題技巧：巧用線索法所謂線索法，指的是根據(jù)文章上下文所提供的故事背景和語(yǔ)境線索進(jìn)行推理和判斷，從而確定最佳答案。具體說(shuō)來(lái)有以下幾種行之有效的方法。 1.巧用語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)折線索解題 有些句子含有表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ鹊倪B詞、副詞或副詞短語(yǔ)，如but， though， although， instead， however， on the contrary， otherwise等，我們可利用這些暗示來(lái)解決問(wèn)題。有時(shí)也可能沒(méi)有這些詞語(yǔ)的出現(xiàn)。如：

13、A formal letter is very different from an informal letter. Formal letters _1_ to businesses， schools or government offices. _2_ letters are for relatives， or former（以前的） teachers. You may write an informal letter by hand， but you should _3_ a formal letter. 1. A. send B. are written C. write D. are

14、dropped 2. A. Informal B. Formal C. Business D. Relative 3. A. copy B. type C. write D. share2.巧用因果關(guān)系線索解題 即根據(jù)上下文的因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行推斷，從而得出所需答案。如： It was a strange noise that made the man _1_ his car soon after he left a village _2_ London. He got out of his car and _3_ the wheels（車輪） carefully， but as he found

15、nothing _4_ he continued his way. 1. A. start B. stop C. slow D. speed 2. A. to B. for C. from D. of 3. A. repaired B. examined C. cleaned D. looked 4. A. wrong B. danger C. interesting D. matter3.巧用具體示例線索解題 即根據(jù)文章中所提供的具體實(shí)例進(jìn)行分析，將與具體示例有關(guān)的信息進(jìn)行優(yōu)選，將與具體示例無(wú)關(guān)的信息進(jìn)行排除，從而便可得出所需答案。如： Every student must wear the

16、ir _1_ when they are at school. There are _2_ items of uniforms： suits， dresses， shorts， skirts and T-shirts. There are also Wasley schoolbags， caps and socks. 1. A. long hair B. thick glassesC. sports shoes D. school uniforms 2. A. much B. three C. many D. a lot 4.巧用同義反義線索解題 Though he is serious in

17、 appearance， he never fails to be interesting. Often he is clever， sometimes even _ and gay A. worried B. bright C. discouraging D. friendly As it turned out， my little publication went on to become Student， a national magazine for young people in the U.K. My wife and I have two children， and Id lik

18、e to think we are bringing them up in the same way Dad _ me. A. controlled B. comforted C. reminded D. raised 即根據(jù)文章所提供的內(nèi)容，同時(shí)結(jié)合一定的生活常識(shí)，對(duì)所推斷的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行邏輯推理和邏輯順序。如： I went to Wasley College with Winnic today. Wasley is a large， old _1_. It has three branch campuses（分校）： Clunes， Glen Waverly and Elasterwick.

19、It has a primary school， a _2_ school and a senior school. So there are twelve grades of _3_ studying there. 1. A. school B. factory C. movie D. hospital 2. A. night B. junior C. high D. spare-time 3. A. workers B. boys C. students D. teachers 6. 巧用語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志線索解題 語(yǔ)篇一般指比單個(gè)句子長(zhǎng)的語(yǔ)言單位，如句群、段落、篇章等。語(yǔ)篇與語(yǔ)篇之間往往有表明其內(nèi)

20、在聯(lián)系的詞語(yǔ)，這些詞語(yǔ)可稱為語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志。如：表示結(jié)果層次的語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志語(yǔ)有firstly， secondly， thirdly， finally等；表示邏輯關(guān)系的有thus， therefore， so等；表示改變?cè)掝}的有by the way等；表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的有before， so far， yet， now， later等。在做完形填空題時(shí)，如果能充分利用這些語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志語(yǔ)，就可以迅速理清文章的脈絡(luò)，弄清上下文的關(guān)系。如： First of all， I respected his devotion to teaching_， I admired the fact that he would talk

21、 to students outside the classroom or talkFinally， I was attracted by his lively sense of humor. （全國(guó)卷） A. Later B. Secondly C. However D. Therefore7. 巧用結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比線索解題 在做完形填空題時(shí)，有時(shí)會(huì)遇到兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)十分相似的句子，此時(shí)同學(xué)們應(yīng)認(rèn)真比較其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，或根據(jù)其相似性推斷空格處所填之詞，或根據(jù)文章的上下文語(yǔ)境判斷兩個(gè)（或幾個(gè)）相似結(jié)構(gòu)之間的邏輯關(guān)系。如： I realized strength and courage arent always

22、measured in medals and victories， but in the struggles we overcome（戰(zhàn)勝）。 The strongest people are not always the people who win， _ the people who dont give up when they lose. A. or B. nor C. and D. but The correct water supply forecast is based more on the water from the _ than from the below. （遼寧卷）

23、A. clouds B. sky C. air D. above 8. 巧用語(yǔ)境暗示線索解題 有的空格根據(jù)所在句的句意或附近上下文的語(yǔ)境我們無(wú)法作出正確的選擇，要想作出正確判斷，同學(xué)們應(yīng)特別注意空格前后所出現(xiàn)的相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)，尤其注意找出其中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的暗示性詞語(yǔ)。如： Four students from Burlington College of Higher Education are in the bell tower of the _ have made up their minds to ring the bells nonstop for two weeks as a protest （

24、抗議） against heavy trucks which run day and night through the narrow High Street. （全國(guó)卷） A. college B. village C. town D. church But then again， would there be a chair in Room 316？ Or would it be a（n） _ room？ A. small B. empty C. new D. neat精講精練一When Sir Winston Churchill, the great British Prime Mini

25、ster, reached his eightieth birthday in November, 1954, he was presented with his portrait by a well-known modem artist, Graham SutherlanDThe painting had been ordered and paid for to 1 the Grand Old Man of World War.Sir Winston and Lady Churchill were deeply moved by this 2 of respect and affection

26、. 3 of them, of course, allowed the others to see how much they both disliked the portrait. “It makes me look 4 , which I am not!” protested Churchill in private(私下). 5 , he only remarked that it was fine example of modern art. His friends smileDIt was known that Churchills didnt 6 modern art.Church

27、ill was so unhappy about the portrait that finally his wife had it 7 . Churchill died at ninety in 1965Land Churchill 8 him in 1977Shortly after her death, the public learned what had happened to the 9 , and a heated argument broke out. The painter was 10 saDThe artist community, shocked and 11 , sa

28、id that the destruction of the picture had been a crime (罪行). Historians said that they regretted the disappearance of a(n) 12 document. All agreed that Churchills didnt have the 13 to do what they had done.Graham Sutherland had told Churchill that he would 14 him “as he saw him”. Churchill never ha

29、d a chance to see the work in 15 since the painter 16 to show it to him. He found out only 17 he received his present that Sutherland had seen him 18 a heavy, sick, tired old man. Since he hated old age, he was naturally 19 .Who has the right to a work of art, the owner, the donor, or the artist who

30、 created it? Was the portrait a good one, as many(including the painter) said? Or was it bad as others thought? None of these questions have been answered yet to everybodys 20 .1 Agive Bregard Cpaint Dhonour2 Amark Bpiece Cprize Dtrade3 ANeither BBoth CEither DAll4 Awise Bgentle Cstupid Dhappy5 AFor

31、tunately BObviously CStraight DPublicly6 Acare for Blook like Cturn down Dmake up7 Ahidden Bhung Cdestroyed Dreturned8 Amourned Bmissed Cfollowed Dburied9 Apainting Bman Cwoman Dartist10Aunderstandably Bunexpectedly Cunreasonably Dunthinkingly11Aafraid Bregretful Ccurious Dangry12Ainteresting Bcolor

32、ful Cexpensive Dhistorical13Achance Bright Cpower Dcourage14Ahelp Bobey Cpaint Dshow15Aprogress Bplace Cneed Dsight16Aagreed Bpromised Crefused Dhated17Auntil Bwhen Cbefore Dthough18Aas Bto Cabout Dfor19Amoved Bworried Ctired Dhurt20Asurprise Bdisappointment Cdelight Dsatisfaction精講精練二It was already

33、 late when we set out for the next town, 1 according to the map was about fifteen miles away on the other side of the 2 .There we felt 3 that we would find a bed 4 the night. Darkness fell soon after we left the village, but luckily we met 5 as we drove fast along the narrow winding road that 6 the

34、hills. As we climbed 7 , it became colder and rain began to fall, 8 it difficult at times to see the roaDI asked John, my companion, to drive more 9 .After we had traveled for about twenty miles, there was still no sign of the town which was 10 on the map. We were beginning to get 11 . Then without

35、warning the car stoppeDA quick 12 showed that we had run out of petrol（汽油）. Although we had little food with us, we decided to 13 the night in the car. Our meal was soon over. I tried to go to sleep at once, 14 John, who was a 15 sleeper, got out of the car after a few minutes and went for a walk 16

36、 the hills. Soon he came back. From the top of the hill he had seen, in the valley below, the 17 of the town we were looking for. We at once unloaded（卸）all our luggage（行李）and with a great effort（努力）, 18 to push the car to the top of the hill. Then we went back to the luggage, loaded the car again an

37、d set off down the hill. 19 less than a quarter of an hour we were in the town, where we found a 20 quite easily.1 Awhich Bit Cwhere Dthat2 Arivers Bhills Ctowns Dvillages3 Asurprised Bafraid Cpleased Dsure4 Aat Bin Cthrough Dfor5 Aeverybody Bsomebody Cnobody Danybody6 Agot to Barrived Cled to Dbelo

38、nged to7 Ataller Bhigher Clower Dfaster8 Agetting Bthinking Ccausing Dmaking9 Acertainly Bcarefully Cslowly Dsurely10Amarked Bset Cbuilt Ddrawn11Aexcited Bworried Ccold Dwarm12Aattention Boperation Cexamination Dinformation13Aspend Blive Cspare Dstay14Asince Bthough Cso Dbut15Aquick Bfast Cpoor Dhea

39、vy16Aacross Bthrough Cdown Dup17Alights Bmap Cbus Dsituation18Aought Btried Csucceeded Dmanaged19AFor BIn CSince DAt20 Apoliceman Bfriend Chotel Dcinema精講精練三People do not analyze every problem they meet. Sometimes they try to remember a solution, from the last time they had a 1 problem. They often a

40、ccept the opinions or ideas of other people. Other times they begin to act without 2 , they try to find a solution by trial or error. 3 , when all of these methods 4 , the person with a problem has to start analyzing. There are six 5 in analyzing a problem. 6 the person must recognize that these is

41、a problem. For example, Sams bicycle is broken, and he cannot ride it to class as he usually does. Sam must 7 that there is a problem with the bicycle. Next, the person must find the problem. Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must know why it does not work. For example, he must 8 the parts that

42、are wrong. Now the person must look for 9 that will make the problem clearer and lead to 10 solutions. For example, suppose Sam decides that his bicycle does not work because there is something wrong with the brakes. 11 , he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about brakes, talk to his frie

43、nds at the bike shop, or look at his brakes carefully. After 12 the problem, the person should have 13 suggestions for a possible solution. Take Sam as an example 14 , his suggestions might be: tighten or loosen the brakes; buy new brakes and change old ones. In the end, one 15 seems to be the solut

44、ion to the problem. Sometimes the 16 idea comes quite 17 because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a different way. Sam, for example, suddenly sees there is a piece of chewing gum (口香糖) stuck to a brake. He 18 hits on the solution to his problem: he must 19 the brake.Final

45、ly the solution is 20 . Sam does it and finds his bicycle works perfectly. In short he has solved the problem.1 Aserious Busual Csimilar Dcommon2 ABesides BInstead COtherwise DHowever4 Afail Bwork Cchange Ddevelop5 Aways Bconditions Cstages Dorders6 AFirst BUsually CIn general DMost importantly7 Aex

46、plain Bprove Cshow Dsee8 Acheckable Bdetermine Ccorrect Drecover9 Aanswers Bskills Cexplanation Dinformation10Apossible Bexact Creal Dspecial11AIn other words BOnce in a while CFirst of all DAt this time12Adiscussing Bsettling down Ccomparing with Dstudying13Aextra Benough Cseveral Dcountless14Aseco

47、ndly Bagain Calso Dalone15Asuggestion Bconclusion Cdecision Ddiscovery16Anext Bclear Cfinal Dnew17Aunexpectedly Blate Cclearly Doften18Afortunately Beasily Cclearly Dimmediately19Aclean Bseparate Cloosen Dremove20Arecorded Bcompleted Ctested Daccepted精講精練四The Voice of America began during the World

48、War. When Germany was broadcasting a radio program to get international 1 , American officials believed they should 2 the German broadcast with words that they thought were the facts of world events. The first VOA news report began with words in 3 . “The 4 may be good or bad, but we shall tell you t

49、he truth.” Within a week, other VOA 5 were broadcasting in Italian, French and English. After the World Warended in 1945, some Americans felt VOAs 6 had to be changed, 7 the Soviet Union became enemy of AmericAThey wanted to 8 Soviet listeners. Then VOA began broadcasting in Russian. In the early years VOA began adding something new to its br