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1、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義,但是不能獨(dú)立作謂語,只能和行為動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用在行為動(dòng)詞前,表示說話人對(duì)這一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的看法或主觀設(shè)想。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞雖然數(shù)量不多,但用途廣泛,主要有下列:can (could), may(might), must, need, ought to, dare(dared), shall (should), will (would) .只做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:must,can,may可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞又可做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 :如: need , will , dare具有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞特征:have(had,has) to,used to, ought to可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞又可作助動(dòng)詞:如:sha

2、ll(should),will(would)注: mustnt 代表強(qiáng)烈禁止must 表示主觀, have to 表示客觀。常用的有: can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should),will (would)位置:1- 具有助動(dòng)詞作用,可以用來構(gòu)成否定句,疑問句及用于簡(jiǎn)單回答。Can you sing an English song?你會(huì)唱英語歌嗎?Yes I can.是的,我會(huì)。2- 后接動(dòng)詞原形,即不帶to 的不定式。She may lose her way.她可能迷路了。3- 無人稱

3、和數(shù)的變化。We must stay here.我們必須待在這兒。He must stay here.他必須待在這兒。4- 有一定的詞義,但并不完整,必須與動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語。(后面加動(dòng)詞原形)5- 在以 Could 引導(dǎo)的表示委婉語氣的疑問句,常用來表示請(qǐng)求別人幫助或?qū)﹂L(zhǎng)輩的請(qǐng)求的。如:( Could you come to my party on Saturday afternoon?)注意:這里不是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法?;卮馂椋嚎隙ǎ篩es ,I can./Sure./Certainly.否定 :Sorry,I am afraid not.(在作否定回答時(shí),要注意: 在拒絕長(zhǎng)輩的請(qǐng)求時(shí),不能

4、用 can not ,這樣顯得語氣太過生硬,不禮貌。但是在長(zhǎng)輩拒絕晚輩的請(qǐng)求是可以用can not 的。 )用法:首先它是動(dòng)詞,而且不同于行為動(dòng)詞 ,行為動(dòng)詞表示的是可以通過行為來表達(dá)的動(dòng)作(如寫,讀,跑) ,而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞只是表達(dá)的一種想法(如能,也許,敢)。用法是:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞原形例句: I can read this sentence in English.我能用英語讀這句話。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是一種本身有一定的詞義,表示說話人的情緒,態(tài)度或語氣的動(dòng)詞,但不能單獨(dú)作 謂語 ,只能和其他 動(dòng)詞原形 構(gòu)成謂語。We can be there on time tomorrow.我們明天能按時(shí)去那兒。M

5、ay I have your name?我能知道你的名字嗎?Shall we begin now?我們現(xiàn)在就開始嗎?You must obey the school rules.你必須遵守校規(guī)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞數(shù)量不多,但用途廣泛,主要有下列:can(could),may(might),must,need,oughtto,dare(dared),shall(should),will(would),have,had better.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞還有一個(gè)很重要的用法,即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)用法小結(jié)(一)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的三種句式1在肯定句中一般用must(一定),can,could (可能),might /may (也

6、許,或許) 。e.g:(1)He must/can/may,might know the answer to this question.他一定 /可能 /也許知道這個(gè)問題的答案。(2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.屋里很冷,他們肯定把暖氣關(guān)了。2否定句中用can t / couldn t (不可能),may not/might not(可能不)。e.g:(1)It can t/couldn t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.這不可能是校長(zhǎng),他去美

7、國了。(2)He may not/might not know the scientist.他也許不認(rèn)識(shí)那位科學(xué)家。3疑問句中用can/could(能 ?)。e.g:(1) Could he have finished the task?他可能把任務(wù)完成了嗎?(2) Can he be at home now?他現(xiàn)在能在家嗎?注:以上三種句式中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語氣按程度都是依次遞減的。Might,could并非may,can的過去式,而表示語氣較為委婉或可能性較小。(二)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的三種時(shí)態(tài)1對(duì)將來情況的推測(cè),用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ 動(dòng)詞原形 ”。e.g:(1) She must / may / mig

8、ht / could arrive before 5.5:00 前她一定 /可能 /也許到。(2) She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meetinganyone.她一定 /可能 /也許會(huì)在山里一連走好幾英里而遇不到一個(gè)人。2對(duì)現(xiàn)在或一般情況的推測(cè),用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be ”,“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +be doing ”或“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形”。e.g:(1) He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now.他一定 /可能 /

9、也許正在聽收音機(jī)。(2) He can t ( couldn t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time.這個(gè)時(shí)候他不可能/可能不在家。(3) Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony布什先生一向準(zhǔn)時(shí),這次開幕式他怎么可能遲到呢?3對(duì)過去情況的推測(cè),用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have + 過去分詞 ”。e.g:(1) It must / may / might / could have rained last nig

10、ht .The ground is wet.地濕了,昨晚肯定/可能 /也許下雨了。(2) The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home .門鎖著,他不可能/可能不在家。(3) Can / Could he have gotten the book?難道他找到書了嗎?注:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should /ought to表推測(cè)時(shí),意為“想必會(huì),理應(yīng) ”但與“過去分詞”連用時(shí),則又可構(gòu)成虛擬語氣 意為“本應(yīng)該做某事卻沒做”。例如:have +(4) It s seven o clock. Jac

11、k should/ought to be here at any moment.現(xiàn)在七點(diǎn)鐘了,杰克理應(yīng)隨時(shí)到達(dá)。(推測(cè))(5) She should / ought to have attended your birthday party,but she had to look after her mother in hospital. (虛擬)她本該出席你的生日晚會(huì)的,可是她得在醫(yī)院照顧她媽媽。( 6) Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret,but he meant no harm.(虛擬)湯姆本不該告訴我你的秘密,可是他

12、并無惡意。can和 could表 推測(cè)對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼耐茰y(cè),兩者均可用,但can通常只用于否定句或疑問句中,一般不用于肯定句, 而could則可用于 肯定句 、否定句 和疑問句 ;對(duì)過去的推測(cè), 應(yīng)在can,could之后接動(dòng)詞的完成式,且此時(shí)can仍只用于否定句或疑問句,不用于肯定句;而could則可用于各種句型。如:Can Could this be true?這能是真的嗎Where can could he have gone?他能到哪里去了呢She can t couldn t have left so soon.她不可能走得這么早。He could have gone home.他可能

13、已回家了。注:could 后接動(dòng)詞的完成式, 除表示對(duì)過去的推測(cè)外, 還可表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性(即某事本來可以發(fā)生,卻沒發(fā)生) ,或委婉地責(zé)備某人過去應(yīng)該做某事而沒有去做(此時(shí)不用 can )。如:You could have started a little earlier.你本可早點(diǎn)動(dòng)身的。You needn t have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw.你其實(shí)可以不煮熟(它),我們(本來)可以生吃。can和 could表 允許表示現(xiàn)在的允許時(shí),若是請(qǐng)求別人允許自己做某事,兩者均可用,但用could語氣更委婉;若是自己允許別人做某事,一般只用

14、can ,而不用could 。如:Can Could I come in?我可以進(jìn)來嗎“ Could Can I use your pen?” “ Yes,of course you can.” “我可以借用你的鋼筆嗎? ”“當(dāng)然可以。”(不能說Yes,you could.)表示過去的允許時(shí), 若表示過去一般性允許 (即表示某人隨時(shí)都可以做某事),用 could ;若表示在過去某一特定情況下允許進(jìn)行某一特定的活動(dòng),則不用could 。如:When I lived at home,I could watch TV whenever I wanted to.我住在家里時(shí),想什么時(shí)候看電影就可以什么

15、時(shí)候看。(一般性允許)I was allowed to see the film yesterday evening.昨天晚上允許我去看了電影。(特定的允許,不能用could)can和 could表 能力can表示現(xiàn)在的能力,could表示過去的能力,要表示將來具備的能力通常be ableto 的將來時(shí)態(tài)。其中要注意的是, could 表示過去的能力,通常只用于表示過去一般性能力,而不表示過去具體某次特定情形下能夠做某事的能力。如:他學(xué)習(xí)很努力,所以考試能及格。誤: He studied hard and could pass the exam.正: He studied hard and w

16、as able to pass the exam.注:若在否定句中沒有以上限制,即 couldn t 可表示過去特定情況下的能力,如可說He studied hard but still couldn t pass the exam.口訣:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞兩特點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞原形接后面,說話語氣較委婉。 can 能力 may 許可 , must 責(zé)任 或 義務(wù) 。否定回答 needn t 換, 需要 need, dare 敢 。should 應(yīng)該 ,would 愿 , have to 被迫 表客觀。特點(diǎn):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無人稱和數(shù)的變化,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面跟的動(dòng)詞須用原形,否定式構(gòu)成是在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加 not 。個(gè)別情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

17、有現(xiàn)在式和過去式兩種形式,過去式用來表達(dá)更加客氣,委婉的語氣,時(shí)態(tài)性不強(qiáng),可用于過去,現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞屬非及物動(dòng)詞,故沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。He could be here soon.他很快就來。We cant carry the heavy box.我們搬不動(dòng)那箱子。Im sorry I cant help you.對(duì)不起,我?guī)筒簧夏??;局鷦?dòng)詞與情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞最主要的區(qū)別之一是:基本助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義,而情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞則有自己的詞義,能表示說話人對(duì)有關(guān)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的看法,或表示主觀設(shè)想:What have you been doing since?(構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行體,本身無詞義)你一直在干什么?I am

18、afraid I must be going.(一定要)恐怕我必須走了You may have read some account of the matter.(或許已經(jīng))你可能已經(jīng)讀過關(guān)于這件事的一些帳戶除此之外,情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞還有如下詞法和句法特征:1) 除 ought和 used 和 have to以外,其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。如果我們把 ought to 和 used to 看做是固定詞組的話,那么,所有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無一例外地只能接不帶 to 的不定式:We used to grow beautiful roses.我們過去常常種這種漂亮的玫瑰花I asked if he w

19、ould come and repair my television set.我問他是否來修我的電視機(jī)2) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞在限定動(dòng)詞詞組總是位居第一:They need not have been punished so severely.他們不需要如此嚴(yán)厲的懲罰3) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞用于第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)候,沒有詞形變化,即其詞尾無-s 形式:She dare not say what she thinks.她不敢說她是怎么想的4) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有非限定形式,即沒有不定式和分詞形式,也沒有相應(yīng)的動(dòng)名詞:Still,she neednt have run away.不過,她不必跑了5)情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的“時(shí)

20、”的形式并不是時(shí)間區(qū)別的主要標(biāo)志。在不少場(chǎng)合,情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)形式都可以表示現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)頃r(shí)間:Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?你會(huì)很介意如果我讓你做什么?She told him he ought not to have done it.她告訴他他不應(yīng)該這樣做6) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞之間是相互排斥的,即在一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞詞組中只能出現(xiàn)一個(gè)情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞,但有時(shí)卻可以與have 和 be 基本助動(dòng)詞連用:You should have washed the wound.你應(yīng)該已經(jīng)洗好了傷口Well,you shouldnt

21、 be reading a novel.嗯,你不應(yīng)該讀一本小說7)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must一般疑問句否定回答要用neednt而不是 mustnt。Must I read books every day、我必須每天讀書No,you neednt .不,你不必1) 構(gòu)成否定式:He didnt go and neither did she.他沒去,她也沒去。The meeting might not start until 5 oclock.會(huì)議可能直到五點(diǎn)才開始。2) 構(gòu)成疑問式或附加疑問式:Must you leave right now?你一定要馬上離開嗎?You have been learnin

22、g French for 5 years,havent you?你已經(jīng)學(xué)了五年法語,不是嗎?3) 構(gòu)成修辭倒裝:Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.他無處得到他姐姐的任何消息。Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.他剛到,她就開始抱怨起來。4) 代替限定動(dòng)詞詞組:A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?B: Tom can.A: Shall I write to him?B: Yes,do.can 和 could1 表示

23、能力或客觀可能性,還可以表示請(qǐng)求和允許。如:Can you finish this work tonight?你今晚能完成這項(xiàng)工作嗎?Man can not live without air.人離了空氣不能活。 Can I go now? Yes,you can.我現(xiàn)在可以走了嗎?你可以。注意: could 也可表示請(qǐng)求,語氣委婉,主要用于疑問句,不可用于肯定句,答語應(yīng)用 can (即 could 不能用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的簡(jiǎn)略答語中) 。如:Could I come to see you tomorrow?我明天能來看您嗎?Yes,you can.(否定答語可用No,Im afraid not.)是

24、的,你可以。 (不,恐怕不行。 ) can 表示能力時(shí),還可用be able to代替。如:Ill not be able to come this afternoon.我今下午不能來。2 表示驚異、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度。(主要用在否定句、疑問句或驚嘆句中)Can this be true?這可能是真的嗎?How can you be so careless!你怎么能這么粗心!This can not be done by him.這不可能是他做的。3 “ can(could) + have +過去分詞” 的疑問或否定形式表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的行為懷疑或不肯定。如:He can not have be

25、en to that town.他不可能去過那個(gè)鎮(zhèn)。Can he have got the book?他可能擁有這本書嗎?4 用在疑問句及否定句中,表示驚訝,不相信等.5 can nottooenough表示 無論怎樣 也不過分 , 越 越好 6 can可以表示體力或腦力方面的能力,能夠,能,會(huì)Can you finish the work in such a short time你能在那么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作嗎?7 can 表示許可、允許 , 在疑問句中表示要求,在否定句中表示不許,此時(shí)可以和 may 通用。may 和 might1 表示許可。表示請(qǐng)求、 允許時(shí), might比 may 的

26、語氣更委婉一些,否定回答時(shí) (口語中常用)no,youcant . or,yes,please 用 mustnt 表示“不可以” 、“禁止”、“阻止”之意(具有強(qiáng)烈禁止的意思)如:You may drive the car.你可以開這輛車。 Might I use your pen? No,you mustnt.我可以用你的鋼筆嗎?不,絕對(duì)不行。用 May I .征詢對(duì)方許可在文體上比較正式,在口氣上比較客氣。在日??谡Z中,用CanI . 征詢對(duì)方意見在現(xiàn)代口語中更為常見。2 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如:May you succeed!祝你成功!3 表示推測(cè)、可能(疑問句不能用于此意)。He m

27、ay be very busy now.他現(xiàn)在可能非常忙。4 “ may(might) + have +過去分詞”表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的行為的推測(cè)。如:He may not have finished the work.他可能沒有完成工作。must1 表示必須、必要。 ( must表示主觀多一些而have to則表示客觀多一些)如:I have to give up smoking.(可能是由于身體或其它原因等不得不戒煙)I must give up smoking. (自己覺得有必要戒煙)You must come in time.你必須及時(shí)過來?;卮?must引出的問句時(shí),如果是否定的回答,不能

28、用mustnt,而要用neednt或 donthave to 。 Must we hand in our exercise books today? Yes,you must. (No,you don t have to.)我們今天必須交上練習(xí)冊(cè)嗎?是的。(不,不必。 )mustnt意思為“不許、不準(zhǔn)” ,表示禁止。 You mustnt play football in the street。have to2 “ must be +表語”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè),它的否定或疑問式用can 代替 must 。This must be your pen.這一定是你的鋼筆。3. “ must + have

29、+ 過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)常用在肯定句中,表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的行為的推測(cè)。它的否定或疑問式用 can 代替 must 。He must have been to Shanghai.他一定去過上海。4 haveto 的含義與must相似,兩者往往可以互換使用,但haveto 有各種形式,隨have 的變化而定。must與 have to有下列幾點(diǎn)不同: must表示的是說話人的主觀看法,而have to則往往強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要。如:The play is not interesting. I really must go now.這部劇沒意思。我真的必須現(xiàn)在就走。I had to work when I was

30、 your age.當(dāng)我像你這么大時(shí),我不得不工作。 must 一般只表現(xiàn)在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí), have 則有更多的時(shí)態(tài)形式。 二者的否定意義不大相同。如:You mustnt go.你可不要去。You dont have to go.你不必去。 詢問對(duì)方的意愿時(shí)應(yīng)用must 。如:Must I clean all the room?我一定要打掃整個(gè)房間嗎?注意: have to也可拼做have got to。5 表示一種與說話人愿望相反、不耐煩的感情色彩,偏偏、非要。Why must you always bother me為什么你總是來煩我?6. must 可以表示“非要,偏要”Must you

31、 open the window? Its so cold outside.你非要 /偏要開窗嗎?外面真的很冷。dare 和 need1 need表示“需要”或“必須”,作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),僅用于否定句或疑問句中,在肯定句中一般用must,have to,ought to,或 should代替。如:You needn t come so early. Need I finish the work today? Yes,you must.注意: neednt +不定式的完成式“表示本來不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事”。如:You neednt have waited for me.2 Dare 作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

32、時(shí),主要用于疑問句、否定句和條件從句中,一般不用在肯定句中。如:How dare you say Im unfair.He darent speak English before such a crowd,dare he?3 Dare 和 need 常用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化,所不同的是,作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),在肯定句中,dare 后面通常接帶to的不定式,在否定和疑問句中,dare后面可接帶to 或不帶 to 的不定式。如:I dare to swim across this river.He does not dare (to) answer.Dont you dare (to) to

33、uch it!I wondered he dare (to) say that.He needs to finish it this evening.shall一 .Shall 的用法:1 Shall用于第一人稱,表示征求對(duì)方的意愿。如:What shall we do this evening?2 Shall用于第一、第三人稱疑問句中,表示說話人征求對(duì)方的意見或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)示。如:Shall we begin our lesson?When shall he be able to leave the hospital?3 Shall用于第二、第三人稱,表示說話人給對(duì)方命令、警告、允諾或威脅。如:

34、You shall fail if you dont work harder.(警告)He shall have the book when I finish reading.(允諾)He shall be punished.(威脅)should二 .Should的用法:1 Should表示義務(wù)、責(zé)任、勸告、建議,其同義詞是oughtto ;在疑問句中,通常用should代替 ought to。如:You should go to class right away.Should I open the window?Should的含義較多,用法較活,現(xiàn)介紹三種其特殊用法。請(qǐng)看下面的句子: I s

35、hould think it would be better to try it again.我倒是認(rèn)為最好再試一試。 You are mistaken,I should say.依我看,你是搞錯(cuò)了。 I should advise you not to do that.我倒是勸你別這樣做。 This is something I should have liked to ask you.這是我本來想問你的。從以上例句可以看出: 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 should用于第一人稱時(shí)可以表示說話人的一種謙遜、客氣、委婉的語氣。Should 還可以用在 if 引導(dǎo)的條件從句,表示一件事聽起來可能性很小,但也不是完

36、全沒有可能。相當(dāng)于“萬一”的意思。從句謂語由should加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,主句謂語卻不一定用虛擬語氣。如: Ask her to ring me up if you should see her.你萬一見到她,請(qǐng)讓她給我打個(gè)電話。 If you should change your mind,please let us know.萬一你改變主意, 請(qǐng)通知我們。 Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come.萬一我明天有時(shí)間,我就來。此外, Why(or How) + should結(jié)構(gòu)表示說話人對(duì)某事不能理解,感到意外、驚異等意思。意為“竟

37、會(huì)” 。如: Why should you be so late today?你幾天怎么來得這么晚? Where is Betty living? 貝蒂住在哪里? How should I know? 我怎么會(huì)知道呢? I dont know why you should think that I did it.我真不知道你憑什么認(rèn)為這件事是我干的。2 “ should + have +過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)一般表示義務(wù),表示應(yīng)該做到而實(shí)際上沒有做到,并包含一種埋怨、責(zé)備的口氣。如:She should have finished it.I should have helped her,but I n

38、ever could.You should have started earlier.3.表示規(guī)章制度,用shouldwill 和 would1 表示請(qǐng)求、建議等,would比 will 委婉客氣。如:Would you pass me the book?2 表示意志、愿望和決心。如:I will never do that again.They asked if we would do that again.3 用“ will be ”和“ will(would) + have +過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè),主要用于第二、三人稱。前者表示對(duì)目前情況的推測(cè),后者表示對(duì)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或事態(tài)的推測(cè)。

39、如:This will be the book you want.He will have arrived by now.The guests would have arrived by that time.I thought you would have finished this by now.4 will 表示習(xí)慣、請(qǐng)求,固有性質(zhì)等。Everyday he will sit here hour after hour doing nothing.(習(xí)慣)Will you help me with my English?(請(qǐng)求)The door wont open.(固有性質(zhì))5Would可

40、表示過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或某種傾向。Would表過去習(xí)慣時(shí)比used to正式,并沒有“現(xiàn)已無此習(xí)慣”的含義。如:The wound would not heal.During the vacation he would visit me every week。6 表料想或猜想。如:It would be about ten when he left home.What would she be doing there?I thought he would have told you all about it.ought to1 Ought to表示應(yīng)該。如:You ought to take

41、care of him.2 表示推測(cè)。注意與must表示推測(cè)時(shí)的區(qū)別:He must be at home by now.(斷定他已到家)He ought to be home by now.(不十分肯定)This is where the oil must be.(比較直率)This is where the oil ought to be.(比較含蓄)3 “ ought to + have +過去分詞”表示過去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。如:You ought to have asked him (but you didnt).這時(shí),ought to和 should可以互相換用。注意:在美國英語中

42、,ought to用于否定句和疑問句時(shí),to可以省略。如:Ought you smoke so much?You oughtnt smoke so much.ought和should的區(qū)別:1 ought語氣略強(qiáng)。2 should較常用。3.ought在美國英語中用的很少,而should卻相當(dāng)常用。4 ought屬正式用語。注:由于ought to沒有過去式,所以在直接引語變間接引語的過程中,就不再變化.used to,had better, would rather的用法1 Used to表示過去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在已不存在,在間接引語中,其形式可不變。如:He told us he us

43、ed to play football when he was young.在疑問句、否定句、否定疑問句或強(qiáng)調(diào)句中,可有兩種形式:疑問句Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?Used you to go to the same school as your brother?否定句I usednt to go there.I didnt use to go there.Usednt亦可拼作usent ,但發(fā)音皆為ju:snt。否定疑問句Usent you to be interested in the theatre?Didnt

44、 you use to be interested in the theatre?強(qiáng)調(diào)句I certainly used to smoke,but it was a long time ago.I certainly did use to smoke,but it was a long time ago.其反意疑問句或簡(jiǎn)略回答中,也有兩種形式:She used to be very fat,didnt she?(口語 +常用) / use(d)nt she?(正式 +過時(shí))Did you use to play chess? Yes,I did.Used you to get up early

45、 in the morning? Yes,I did. (Yes,I used to.)2 Had better意為“最好” ,后接不帶to 的不定式。如: We had better go now. Yes,we had (wed better / we had better).Hadnt we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)I think Id better be going.(用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),表“最好立即”)You had better have done that.(用于完成時(shí)態(tài),表未完成動(dòng)作)注: had best 與 ha

46、d better 同意,但較少用。 You had better 用于同輩或小輩,對(duì)長(zhǎng)輩不可用。3 Would rather意為“寧愿” ,表選擇,后接不帶to 的不定式。如:Id rather not say anything.Would you rather work on a farm? Wouldnt you rather stay here? No,I would not. Id rather go there.由于 would rather表選擇,因而后可接 than 。如:I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.I would rather watch TV than go to see the film.I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.Id rath

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