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1、一、 單項(xiàng)選擇題(在每小題的備選答案中選出一個(gè)正確的答案,并將正確答案的號(hào)碼填在題干的括號(hào)內(nèi)。每小題1分,共15分)1在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中,買賣商品是按重量計(jì)價(jià)的,若合同未明確規(guī)定計(jì)算重量的辦法時(shí),按慣例,應(yīng)按( )。a凈重計(jì) b毛重計(jì)c皮重計(jì) d重量計(jì)2按照現(xiàn)行的國(guó)際貿(mào)易慣例解釋,若以cfr條件成交,買賣雙方風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分是以( )。a貨物交給承運(yùn)人保管為界b貨物交給第一承運(yùn)人保管為界c貨物在目的港越過(guò)船舷為界d貨物在裝運(yùn)港越過(guò)船舷為界3incoterms 2000c組貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)與其它組貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的重要區(qū)別之一是( )。a交貨地點(diǎn)不同b風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分地點(diǎn)不同c風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分地點(diǎn)與費(fèi)用劃分地點(diǎn)不同d費(fèi)用劃分地點(diǎn)不同4按照國(guó)

2、際貿(mào)易有關(guān)慣例,賣方必須在運(yùn)輸單據(jù)上表明( )。a包裝標(biāo)志 b警告性標(biāo)志c指示性標(biāo)志 d運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志5按fob條件達(dá)成的合同,凡需租船運(yùn)輸大宗貨物,應(yīng)在合同中具體訂明( )。a裝船費(fèi)用由誰(shuí)負(fù)擔(dān) b卸船費(fèi)用由誰(shuí)負(fù)擔(dān)c保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用由誰(shuí)負(fù)擔(dān) d運(yùn)費(fèi)由誰(shuí)負(fù)擔(dān)6在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中,海運(yùn)提單的簽發(fā)日期是表示( )。a貨物開始裝船的日期b裝載船只到達(dá)裝運(yùn)港口的日期c貨物已經(jīng)裝船完畢的日期d裝載船只到達(dá)目的港口的日期7海運(yùn)貨物中的班輪運(yùn)輸,其班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)應(yīng)該( )。a包括裝卸費(fèi),但不計(jì)滯期、速退費(fèi)b包括裝卸費(fèi),同時(shí)計(jì)滯期、速遣費(fèi)c包括卸貨費(fèi),應(yīng)計(jì)滯期費(fèi),不計(jì)速遣費(fèi)d包括裝貨費(fèi),應(yīng)計(jì)速遣費(fèi),不計(jì)滯期費(fèi)8必須經(jīng)過(guò)背書才能進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)讓的

3、提單是( )。a記名提單 b不記名提單c指示提單 d備運(yùn)提單9在海洋運(yùn)輸貨物保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)中,共同海損( )。a是部分損失的一種b是全部損失的一種c有時(shí)是全部損失,有時(shí)是部分損失d既是部分損失,又是全部損失10在國(guó)際貿(mào)易運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)中,倉(cāng)至倉(cāng)條款是( )。a承運(yùn)人負(fù)責(zé)運(yùn)輸責(zé)任起訖的條件b保險(xiǎn)人負(fù)責(zé)保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任起訖的條款c出口人負(fù)責(zé)交貨責(zé)任起訖的條款d進(jìn)口人負(fù)責(zé)接貨責(zé)任起訖的條款11按中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司海洋貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)條款規(guī)定,三種基本險(xiǎn)別就保險(xiǎn)公司承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)責(zé)任范圍的大小而言,下列四種排列順序正確的是( )。a最大的是平安險(xiǎn),其次為一切險(xiǎn),再其次為水漬險(xiǎn)b最大的是水漬險(xiǎn),其次為一切險(xiǎn),再其次為平安險(xiǎn)c最大

4、的是一切險(xiǎn),其次為水漬險(xiǎn),再其次為平安險(xiǎn)d最大的是一切險(xiǎn),其次為平安險(xiǎn),再其次為水漬險(xiǎn)12在進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易中,代理人或經(jīng)紀(jì)人為委托人服務(wù)而收取的報(bào)酬叫做( )。a酬金b回扣c折扣d傭金13信用證的基礎(chǔ)是國(guó)際貨物銷售合同,而且又是開證行對(duì)出口人的有條件的付款承諾,所以,當(dāng)信用證條款與銷售合同規(guī)定不一致時(shí),受益人可以要求( )。a開證行修改b開證人修改c通知行修改d議付行修改14匯票有即期和遠(yuǎn)期之分,在承兌交單(da)業(yè)務(wù)中,( )。a只使用遠(yuǎn)期匯票,不使用即期匯票b只使用即期匯票,不使用遠(yuǎn)期匯票c既使用即期匯票,也使用遠(yuǎn)期匯票d即期匯票和遠(yuǎn)期匯票同時(shí)使用15賣方發(fā)盤限15日復(fù)到有效,14日下午收到買

5、方復(fù)電要求減價(jià)3并修改交貨期,正研究如何答復(fù)時(shí),次日上午又收到買方來(lái)電接受發(fā)盤,( )。a于是,合同按賣方發(fā)盤條件達(dá)成b于是,合同按買方提出條件達(dá)成c于是,合同按買方還實(shí)盤條件達(dá)成d此時(shí),合同尚未達(dá)成二、多項(xiàng)選擇題(在每小題的備選答案中選出二個(gè)或二個(gè)以上正確的答案,并將正確答案的號(hào)碼填在題干的括號(hào)內(nèi)。正確答案未選全或有選錯(cuò)的,該小題無(wú)分。每小題2分,共10分)16為防止運(yùn)輸途中貨物被竊,應(yīng)該( )。a投保一切險(xiǎn),加保偷竊險(xiǎn)b投保水漬險(xiǎn)(即單獨(dú)海損賠償)c投保一切險(xiǎn)d投保偷竊險(xiǎn)e投保一切險(xiǎn)或投保平安險(xiǎn)和水漬險(xiǎn)種的一種,加保偷竊險(xiǎn)17仲裁協(xié)議是仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)受理爭(zhēng)議案件的必要依據(jù),按照有關(guān)規(guī)定,仲裁協(xié)議

6、( )。a必須在爭(zhēng)議發(fā)生之前達(dá)成b只能在爭(zhēng)議發(fā)生之后達(dá)成c可以在爭(zhēng)議發(fā)生之前達(dá)成d必須在爭(zhēng)議發(fā)生之后達(dá)成e可以在爭(zhēng)議發(fā)生之后達(dá)成18國(guó)際貿(mào)易貨物海洋運(yùn)輸當(dāng)中的過(guò)期提單是指( )。a提單簽發(fā)日遲于貨物裝船完畢日b提單晚于貨物到達(dá)目的港c提單簽發(fā)日早于貨物裝船完畢日d賣方向銀行交單時(shí)間超過(guò)提單線發(fā)日期21天e賣方向買方交單時(shí)間超過(guò)提單簽發(fā)日期21天19不可抗力的事件范圍較廣,引起的情況一般為( )。a賣方原因b買方原因c自然力量d社會(huì)力量e外部力量20在履行出口合同過(guò)程中,若以cif或cfr成交,采用信用證作為支付方式,賣方應(yīng)做好的工作環(huán)節(jié)有( )。a備貨、報(bào)驗(yàn)b申請(qǐng)進(jìn)口許可證c制單結(jié)匯d租船訂艙

7、、辦理貨運(yùn)手續(xù)e催證、審證、改證三、名詞解釋題(每小題3分,共15分)21樣品22班輪23匯票24提單25詢盤四、簡(jiǎn)答題(每小題5分,共25分)26信用證的性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)是什么?27在什么情況下才構(gòu)成實(shí)際全損?28“交貨”和“裝運(yùn)”在不同的價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)條件下,為什么有時(shí)是同一個(gè)概念,有時(shí)又互異?29仲裁協(xié)議有幾種形式?仲裁協(xié)議有何作用?30什么是發(fā)盤?構(gòu)成一項(xiàng)發(fā)盤應(yīng)具備哪些條件?五、計(jì)算題(第31小題7分,第32小題8分,共15分)31某出口公司按每公噸1,200美元fob上海對(duì)外報(bào)價(jià),國(guó)外客戶要求改報(bào)ciff日金山。假設(shè)每公噸運(yùn)費(fèi)為130美元,加1成投保,保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)為1,問該出口公司應(yīng)報(bào)價(jià)多少?(要求寫

8、出計(jì)算公式及計(jì)算過(guò)程)32某外貿(mào)公司出口某商品20噸(1000千克噸),收購(gòu)價(jià)每千克人民幣280元,國(guó)內(nèi)費(fèi)用加17。外銷價(jià)每噸550美元cif舊金山,含傭3,共支付運(yùn)費(fèi)870美元,保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)440美元。試計(jì)算該商品換匯成本。(要求寫出計(jì)算公式及計(jì)算過(guò)程)六、案例分析題(每小題10分,共20分)331998年11日18日,我方某公司與國(guó)外客商簽訂一批大米出口合同,價(jià)格條件為usd115每公噸cip、漢堡,裝運(yùn)期為1999年3月15日前即期信用證支付方式。按合同規(guī)定,買方于2月6日將信用證開抵賣方。出口公司于3月8日將該批貨物裝上開往漢堡的班輪。不料,該批貨物在運(yùn)輸途中因海難于3月12日滅失。我方某公

9、司于3月16日持整套運(yùn)輸單據(jù)向銀行議付,但買方在得知貨物已滅失后已于3月15日通知銀行拒付貨款。試分析在此情況下,賣方應(yīng)如何處理?34某公司以cif鹿特丹出口食品1000箱,即期信用證付款,貨物裝運(yùn)后,憑已裝船清潔提單和已投保一切險(xiǎn)及戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)單向銀行收妥貨款,貨到目的港后經(jīng)進(jìn)口人復(fù)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)下列情況:(1)該批貨物共10個(gè)批號(hào),抽查20箱,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中2個(gè)批號(hào)內(nèi)含沙門氏細(xì)菌超過(guò)進(jìn)口國(guó)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);(2)收貨人只實(shí)收998箱,短少2箱;(3)有15箱貨物外表情況良好,但箱內(nèi)貨物共短少60公斤。試分析上述情況,進(jìn)口人應(yīng)分別向誰(shuí)索賠,并說(shuō)明理由。參考答案1、a 2、d 3、c 4、d 5、a 6、c 7、a

10、8、c 9、a 10、b 11、c 12、d 13、b 14、a 15、d 16、ce 17、ce 18、bd 19、cd 20、acde21、樣品:樣品是指從一批商品中抽取出來(lái)的或由生產(chǎn)、使用部門設(shè)計(jì)、加工出來(lái)的,足以反映和代表整批商品品質(zhì)的少量實(shí)物。22、班輪:是指在預(yù)定的航線上,按照船公司制定的船期表在固定港口之間來(lái)往行駛的船只。23、匯票:是指一個(gè)人向另一個(gè)人簽發(fā)的要求見票時(shí)或在將來(lái)的固定時(shí)間,或可以確定的時(shí)間,對(duì)某人或指定的人或持票人支付一定金額的無(wú)條件的支付命令書。24、提單:是承運(yùn)人或其代理人在收到貨物后簽發(fā)給托運(yùn)人的一種證件,它體現(xiàn)承運(yùn)人于托運(yùn)人之間的相互關(guān)系。25、詢盤:是準(zhǔn)

11、備購(gòu)買或出售商品的人向潛在的供貨人或買主探詢?cè)撋唐返某山惶峤换蚪灰椎目赡苄缘臉I(yè)務(wù)行為,它不具有法律上的約束力。26、信用證的性質(zhì)為銀行信用。其特點(diǎn)為:(1)信用證是一種有條件的保證付款的憑證,但不同于一般的銀行擔(dān)保。(2)信用證是依據(jù)買賣合同開立的,但它又是獨(dú)立于合同之外的自足的文件。(3)信用證只憑指定的單據(jù)付款,它是一種單據(jù)買賣。27、構(gòu)成實(shí)際全損的情況主要有:(1)保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物完全滅失。如:船只遭海難后沉沒,貨物與之同時(shí)沉入海底。(2)保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的喪失。貨物遭受損失,使被保險(xiǎn)人完全喪失了這些財(cái)產(chǎn),無(wú)法復(fù)得。(3)保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物發(fā)生質(zhì)變,失去原有使用價(jià)值。(4)船舶失蹤達(dá)到一定時(shí)期。28、裝運(yùn)一般是

12、指將貨物裝上運(yùn)輸工具。交貨一般是指賣方按照商定的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和運(yùn)輸方式將合同規(guī)定的貨物交付給買方,兩者具有不同的概念。但在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中,交貨具有兩種情況:第一種情況是賣方把貨物實(shí)際交給買方,稱為實(shí)際交貨。第二種情況是賣方憑單據(jù)交貨,稱為象征性交貨。因而采用fob、cfr和cif三種價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)時(shí),賣方只要根據(jù)合同規(guī)定將貨物裝上船,取得提單就算交貨,它屬于象征性交貨性質(zhì)。這時(shí),裝運(yùn)即作為交貨。而在目的地或其它地點(diǎn)交貨,或采用內(nèi)陸交貨和目的地交貨的價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)時(shí),屬于實(shí)際交貨性質(zhì),裝運(yùn)就不等于交貨,裝運(yùn)時(shí)間與交貨時(shí)間是不一致的。29、仲裁協(xié)議是雙方當(dāng)事人表示愿意將他們之間的爭(zhēng)議交付仲裁解決的一種書面協(xié)議。有兩

13、種形式:一種是在爭(zhēng)議發(fā)生之前訂立在合同中的仲裁條款;另一種是在爭(zhēng)議發(fā)生之后訂立的提交仲裁的協(xié)議。兩種形式的仲裁協(xié)議,其法律效力和作用是一樣的。具體表現(xiàn)在:(1)對(duì)雙方當(dāng)事人有約束力。(2)排除了法院對(duì)該爭(zhēng)議案管轄權(quán)。(3)使仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)和仲裁員取得了對(duì)該爭(zhēng)議案的管轄權(quán)。30、發(fā)盤又稱發(fā)價(jià)或報(bào)價(jià),在法律上稱要約。有賣方發(fā)盤和買方發(fā)盤之分,構(gòu)成一項(xiàng)發(fā)盤必須具備下列各項(xiàng)條件:(1)發(fā)盤應(yīng)向一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上特定的人提出,即指定受盤人。(2)發(fā)盤內(nèi)容必須十分確定,即在建議正在中寫明貨物并且明示或默示地規(guī)定數(shù)量和價(jià)格或規(guī)定如何確定數(shù)量和價(jià)格。(3)發(fā)盤必須表明發(fā)盤人對(duì)其發(fā)盤一旦被受盤人接受即受約束的意思。31、

14、cif(fob+國(guó)外運(yùn)費(fèi))/(1-保險(xiǎn)加成*保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率)134480美元32、換匯成本=出口總成本(人民幣)/出口外匯凈收入(美元)7元人民幣美元33、根據(jù)2000年通則的解釋,cif術(shù)語(yǔ)屬象征性交貨的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)。在信用證支付方式下,賣方只要提供了符合信用證條款規(guī)定的單據(jù),就算完成了交貨義務(wù),就可憑合格的單據(jù)向買方索取貨款的權(quán)利,屬于單據(jù)買賣。另一方面,在cif條件下,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移是以裝運(yùn)港將貨物裝船為界,即風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移是以貨物在裝運(yùn)港裝船時(shí)越過(guò)船舷為界,買方承擔(dān)貨物越過(guò)船舷之后的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在本案中,賣方已按合同規(guī)定將貨物于3月8日按時(shí)裝船,符合合同約定的裝運(yùn)期。該批貨物在運(yùn)輸途中因海難于3月12日滅失發(fā)生

15、在裝船完畢之后,也即發(fā)生在貨物風(fēng)險(xiǎn)已轉(zhuǎn)移到買方之后,只要我方某公司持整套運(yùn)輸單據(jù)向銀行議付,做到“單證相符,單單相符”,買方就無(wú)權(quán)通知銀行拒付貨款。34、第(1)種情況應(yīng)向賣方索賠,承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)清潔提單只證明貨物外包裝狀況,因原裝貨物有內(nèi)在缺陷,承運(yùn)人不負(fù)責(zé)任。第(2)種情況應(yīng)向承運(yùn)人索賠,因承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)清潔提單,提單是貨物收據(jù),因承運(yùn)人保存貨物不妥,造成貨物短少,承運(yùn)人在目的港應(yīng)如數(shù)交足。第(3)種情況,因貨物外表情況良好,箱內(nèi)貨物短少,若屬保險(xiǎn)單責(zé)任范圍以內(nèi)損失,可向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠,但如進(jìn)口人能舉證原裝數(shù)量不足,也可向賣方索賠。國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)試題一、名詞解釋(20分) 1、共同海損 2、清潔提單3

16、、追索權(quán) 4、信用證 5、還盤二、簡(jiǎn)答(20分)1、簡(jiǎn)述fob、cfr和cif的異同點(diǎn)。2、簡(jiǎn)述國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的作用。三、案例分析及計(jì)算(60分)1.某貨輪在航運(yùn)途中貨艙起火并蔓延到機(jī)艙,為了船貨的共同安全,船長(zhǎng)下令往倉(cāng)中灌水滅火,火雖然被撲滅,但由于主機(jī)受損,貨輪無(wú)法繼續(xù)航行。于是船長(zhǎng)決定雇傭拖輪將貨輪拖到附近港口修理,檢修后再駛往目的港。事后調(diào)查,這次事故造成的損失有:800箱貨物被火燒毀;500箱貨由于灌水滅火造成損失;主機(jī)和部分甲板被燒壞;拖船費(fèi)用;額外增加的燃料和船長(zhǎng)、船員工資。 從上述各項(xiàng)損失的性質(zhì)看,哪些屬于單獨(dú)海損?哪些屬于共同海損?并簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明理由。(10分)2. 我國(guó)江蘇省南通

17、市某輕工產(chǎn)品進(jìn)出口公司向外國(guó)某公司進(jìn)口一批小家電產(chǎn)品,貨物分兩批裝運(yùn),支付方式為不可撤銷議付信用證,每批分別由中國(guó)銀行某分行開立一份信用證。第一批貨物裝運(yùn)后,賣方在有效期內(nèi)向銀行交單議付,議付行審單后,未發(fā)現(xiàn)不符點(diǎn),即向該商議付貨款,隨后中國(guó)銀行對(duì)議付行作了償付。南通公司在收到第一批貨物后,發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物品質(zhì)不符合同規(guī)定,進(jìn)而要求中國(guó)銀行對(duì)第二份信用證項(xiàng)下的單據(jù)拒絕付款,但遭到中國(guó)銀行的拒絕。試問,中國(guó)銀行這樣做是否有理?為什么?(15分)3. 我國(guó)山東某出口公司按cif條件與韓國(guó)某進(jìn)口公司簽訂了一筆初級(jí)產(chǎn)品的交易合同。在合同規(guī)定的裝運(yùn)期內(nèi),賣方備妥了貨物,安排好了從裝運(yùn)港到目的港的運(yùn)輸事項(xiàng)。在裝船

18、時(shí),賣方考慮到從裝運(yùn)港到目的港距離較近,且風(fēng)平浪靜,不會(huì)發(fā)生什么意外,因此,沒有辦理海運(yùn)貨物保險(xiǎn)。實(shí)際上,貨物也安全及時(shí)抵達(dá)目的港,但賣方所提交的單據(jù)中缺少了保險(xiǎn)單,買方因市場(chǎng)行情發(fā)生了對(duì)自己不利的變化,就以賣方所交的單據(jù)不全為由,要求拒收貨物拒付貨款。請(qǐng)問,買方的要求是否合理?此案應(yīng)如何處理?(15分)4.我某出口公司以cif紐約條件與美國(guó)某公司訂立了200套家具的出口合同,合同規(guī)定2002年12月交貨。11月底,我企業(yè)出口商品倉(cāng)庫(kù)發(fā)生雷擊火災(zāi),致使一半左右的出口家具燒毀。我企業(yè)以發(fā)生不可抗力為由,要求免除交貨責(zé)任,美方不同意,堅(jiān)持我方按時(shí)交貨。我方無(wú)奈經(jīng)多方努力,于2003年1月初交貨,美

19、方要求索賠。試問:(1)我方要求免除交貨責(zé)任的要求是否合理?為什么?(2)美方的索賠要求是否合理?為什么?(10分)5. 我國(guó)某公司以每箱50美元cif悉尼出口某商品共一萬(wàn)箱,貨物出口前,由我公司向中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司某分公司投保了水漬險(xiǎn)、串味險(xiǎn)及淡水雨淋險(xiǎn),其保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率分別為0.7%、0.3%和0.2%,按發(fā)票金額110%投保。試計(jì)算該批貨物的投保金額和保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)各是多少?(10分) 20062007學(xué)年第一學(xué)期國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)試題(答案)一、名詞解釋(20分) 1、共同海損:載運(yùn)貨物的船舶在航運(yùn)途中遇到自然災(zāi)害或者意外事故,危及船、貨的共同安全時(shí),船方為了保護(hù)船與貨物的共同安全或者為了使航程得以繼續(xù)完成

20、,而有意識(shí)的合理的采取挽救措施所做出的某些特殊犧牲和支出的額外費(fèi)用。2、清潔提單:指貨物在裝船時(shí)“表面狀況良好”,承運(yùn)人在提單沒有標(biāo)明貨物及包裝有缺陷的提單。 3、追索權(quán):是指持票人在票據(jù)到期不獲付款或期前不獲承兌或有其他法定原因,并在實(shí)施行使或保全票據(jù)上權(quán)利的行為后,可以向其前手請(qǐng)求償還票據(jù)金額、利息及其他法定款項(xiàng)的一種票據(jù)權(quán)利。4、信用證:是銀行做出的有條件的付款承諾,即銀行根據(jù)開證申請(qǐng)人的請(qǐng)求和指示,向受益人開具的有一定金額、并在一定期限內(nèi)憑規(guī)定的單據(jù)承諾付款的書面文件;或者是銀行在規(guī)定金額、日期和單據(jù)的條件下,愿代開證申請(qǐng)人承購(gòu)受益人匯票的保證書。5、還盤: 是指受盤人不同意或不完全同

21、意發(fā)盤提出的各項(xiàng)條件,并提出了修改意見,建議原發(fā)盤人考慮。二、簡(jiǎn)答(20分)1、簡(jiǎn)述fob、cfr和cif的異同點(diǎn)。答案:相同點(diǎn)(1)賣方都是在裝運(yùn)港交貨,(2)買賣雙方風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移以貨物越過(guò)裝運(yùn)港船舷為界限(3)都適合于水上運(yùn)輸(4)賣方辦理出口通關(guān)手續(xù),買方辦理進(jìn)口通關(guān)手續(xù)區(qū)別:在運(yùn)輸和保險(xiǎn)上存在差別fob下運(yùn)輸和保險(xiǎn)由買方自行安排,賣方無(wú)責(zé)任;cfr下賣方負(fù)責(zé)簽訂運(yùn)輸合同,支付運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用,保險(xiǎn)由買方自行安排;cif下,運(yùn)輸合同和保險(xiǎn)合同均由賣方負(fù)責(zé)簽訂,并承擔(dān)運(yùn)費(fèi)和保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。2、簡(jiǎn)述國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的作用。答案:貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中起著積極的作用,主要表現(xiàn)在下列幾個(gè)方面:(1)有利于買賣雙方洽商交

22、易和訂立合同(2)有利于買賣雙方核算價(jià)格和成本(3) 有利于解決履行當(dāng)中的爭(zhēng)議三、案例分析及計(jì)算(60分)、答案:本案例、是因火災(zāi)而造成的直接損失,不具備共同海損成立的條件,屬單獨(dú)海損。、是因維護(hù)船貨共同安全,進(jìn)行灌水滅火而造成的損失和產(chǎn)生的費(fèi)用,屬于共同海損。2、答案:信用證是一種銀行開立的有條件的承諾付款的書面文件。對(duì)出口商來(lái)說(shuō),只要按信用證規(guī)定條件提交了單據(jù),在單單一致、單證一致的情況下,即可從銀行得到付款;對(duì)進(jìn)口商來(lái)說(shuō),只要在申請(qǐng)開證時(shí),保證收到符合信用證規(guī)定的單據(jù)即行付款并交付押金,即可從銀行取得代表貨物所有權(quán)的單據(jù)。因此,銀行開立信用證實(shí)際是進(jìn)行單據(jù)的買賣。此外,開證行與受益人之間

23、的關(guān)系屬于一種對(duì)雙方都有約束力的合同關(guān)系。這種合同關(guān)系約束開證行應(yīng)在對(duì)單據(jù)做出合理審查之后,按照信用證的規(guī)定,承擔(dān)向受益人付款的義務(wù),而不受買賣雙方買賣合同或者開證行和買方依開證申請(qǐng)書成立的合同以及其它合同的影響。因此,在本案中,中國(guó)銀行這樣做是合理的。 3、答案:從交貨方式上來(lái)看,cif 是一種典型的象征性交貨(symbolic delivery)。象征性交貨是針對(duì)實(shí)際交貨而言。在象征性交貨方式下,賣方是憑單交貨,買方是憑單付款。只要賣方如期向買方提交了合同規(guī)定的全套合格單據(jù),即使貨物在運(yùn)輸途中損壞或滅失,買方也必須履行付款義務(wù)。反之,如果賣方提交的單據(jù)不符合要求,即使貨物完好無(wú)損地運(yùn)達(dá)目的

24、港,買方仍有權(quán)拒收單據(jù)并拒付貨款。還需指出,按cif術(shù)語(yǔ)成交,賣方履行其交單義務(wù)只是得到買方付款的前提條件,除此之外,他還必須履行交貨義務(wù)。因此,本案中,買方提出的要求是合理的,賣方必須提交符合規(guī)定的全套單據(jù),買方可以拒收貨物拒付貨款,或向賣方提出索賠。 4、(1)我方要求免除交貨責(zé)任的要求不合理。理由:雖然我企業(yè)出口商品倉(cāng)庫(kù)遇不可抗力導(dǎo)致一半左右出口家具燒毀,但這種不可抗力并沒有使我方到達(dá)不能履行合同的程度,所以我方不能要求免除全部交貨責(zé)任,但可以延期履行交貨。(2)美方的索賠要求不合理理由:我方遇不可抗力事件后,雖經(jīng)多方努力仍造成逾期交貨,對(duì)此,我方不負(fù)責(zé)任,可以免責(zé)。5、保險(xiǎn)金額計(jì)算的公

25、式是:保險(xiǎn)金額=cif貨值(1+加成率)。保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)則根據(jù)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率表按保險(xiǎn)金計(jì)算,其計(jì)算公式是:保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)=保險(xiǎn)金額保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率。在本案中,保險(xiǎn)總金額=cif貨值(1+加成率)10000箱=50(1+10%)=550000美元;總保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)=保險(xiǎn)金額保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率=550000(0.7%+0.3%+0.2%)=6600美元。請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容,o(_)o謝謝!2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全,電大期末考試必備小抄,電大考試必過(guò)小抄acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peri

26、pheral and the central nervous systems. it is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. the enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, c

27、arried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. when a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released

28、 into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. this may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and

29、non-nerve cells. this process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the german pharmacologist loewi in 1921. chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the

30、fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. at this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. on release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (star

31、ting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. this is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. the action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinester

32、ase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. the choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. these same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. in the autonomic

33、 nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve s

34、upply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. to understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells i

35、t is necessary to understand membrane receptors. in post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. these are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a rever

36、sible fashion. it is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. the type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in gla

37、nds, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. these terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine

38、at the muscarinic receptors. acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. in the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. in the central nervous

39、 system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme a through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. after the arrival of a nerve signal at the term

40、ination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into thesynaptic cleft. for the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate areceptorprotein. there are two main types

41、of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resultin

42、g indepolarizationof the neuron. muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. for a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to whic

43、h it has bound. this will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. this enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid

44、and choline. if acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. if this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, an

45、d possibly death can occur. although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with alzheimers disease. abstract expre

46、ssionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in new york city during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in american art in the following decade; also called action painting and the new york school. it was the first important school in american painting to declare its independence

47、 from european styles and to influence the development of art abroad. arshile gorky first gave impetus to the movement. his paintings, derived at first from the art of picasso, mir, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. jackson pollocks turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which we

48、re created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. willem de koonings first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. his intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images

49、 of woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. painters such as philip guston and franz kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, th

50、e latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. other important artists involved with the movement included hans hofmann, robert motherwell, and mark rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as clyfford still, theodoros stamos, adolph gottlieb, helen frankenthaler, lee krasner, a

51、nd esteban vicente. abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. for example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de kooning or pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the si

52、mple, quiescent images of mark rothko. basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role

53、in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. the movement had an inestimable influence on the many va

54、rieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the american art scene. science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to st

55、udying molecules and viruses. beginning with the greeks and hipparchus, continuing through ptolemy, copernicus and galileo, and today with our work on the international space station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. from here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. to tr

56、uly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen bystudying the chemistry of biological processes. this science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit.analytic geometry, branch o

57、fgeometryin which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such ascartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. its most common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. for example, the linear equationax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexy-plane, and the linear equationax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, wherea, b, c,anddare constant numbers (coefficients). in t

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