3061.從文化視角談中醫(yī)英譯

1、on english translation of traditional chinese medicine from a cultural perspectivexxxxx中醫(yī)學(xué)院外語(yǔ)學(xué)院2010屆本科學(xué)位論文論文英文題目：on english translation of traditional chinese medicine from a cultural perspective論文中文題目： 從文化視角談中醫(yī)英譯作 者 姓 名 作 者 學(xué) 號(hào) 所 在 院 系 外語(yǔ)學(xué)院所 學(xué) 專 業(yè) 英語(yǔ)（醫(yī)學(xué)方向）導(dǎo) 師 姓 名 論文完成時(shí)間 2010年6月1日xxxxx中醫(yī)學(xué)院外語(yǔ)學(xué)院本科學(xué)位論文

2、原創(chuàng)性聲明和使用授權(quán)說(shuō)明原創(chuàng)性聲明本人鄭重聲明： 所呈交的學(xué)位論文，是本人在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下，獨(dú)立進(jìn)行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已經(jīng)注明引用的內(nèi)容外，本論文不含任何其他個(gè)人或集體已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫(xiě)過(guò)的作品或成果。對(duì)本文的研究做出重要貢獻(xiàn)的個(gè)人和集體，均已在文中以明確方式標(biāo)明。本聲明的法律結(jié)果由本人承擔(dān)。論文作者簽名： 導(dǎo)師簽名： 年 月 日 學(xué)位論文使用授權(quán)說(shuō)明本人完全了解xxxxx中醫(yī)學(xué)院關(guān)于收集、保存、使用學(xué)位論文的規(guī)定，即：按照學(xué)院要求提交學(xué)位論文的印刷本和電子版本；學(xué)院有權(quán)保存學(xué)位論文的印刷本和電子版，并提供目錄檢索與閱覽服務(wù)；學(xué)院可以采用影印、縮印、數(shù)字化或其它復(fù)制手段保存論文；在不以贏利

3、為目的的前提下，學(xué)?？梢怨颊撐牡牟糠只蛉?jī)?nèi)容。論文作者簽名： 導(dǎo)師簽名： 年 月 日acknowledgementsduring the course of writing this thesis, i had benefited a great deal from my tutor, wang jiehua, who gave me a lot of insightful comments and enlightening suggestions. thanks should also go to all the professors and teachers who guided me

4、 into the field of culture and context, and offered me full support to my study in henan college of traditional chinese medicine.im also greatly indebted to mr. pan who gave me a lot of helps and suggestions and other teachers who taught me during my four-year college life. they have given me sparks

5、 of thoughts and helpful suggestions in their courses in writing this thesis.last but not least, i would like to express my great thanks to my friends and classmates who constantly extend their concern and suggestion. at the same time, thanks my parents for their love, support and encouragement.on e

6、nglish translation of traditional chinese medicine from a cultural perspective abstract: the intension of this study is to explore the effect of cultural factors (i.e. chinese religions, philosophy) on english translation of traditional chinese medicine (tcm). for its distinctive culture, translatio

7、n of traditional chinese medicine has special features. in-depth observation and explanation will be done in light of the cultural effects in tcm translation. several cases are given in the middle part of this thesis to explore the effect of unique culture of traditional chinese medicine on translat

8、ion. it finally discusses principles for tcm translation from cultural perspective. key words: translation of traditional chinese medicine; culture of traditional chinese medicine; translation principle從文化視角談中醫(yī)英譯xxxxx摘要：本文旨在探討文化因素（如：宗教、中國(guó)古代哲學(xué)等）對(duì)中醫(yī)英譯的影響?；诓煌奈幕尘埃嗅t(yī)英譯相較于其它專業(yè)翻譯有許多獨(dú)特的翻譯原則。該論文將重點(diǎn)探討文化因素對(duì)

9、中醫(yī)翻譯的影響。論文中間部分將以典型翻譯實(shí)例闡明中醫(yī)英譯中的文化因素，最后討論在中醫(yī)文化背景下中醫(yī)翻譯的特點(diǎn)，并提出此背景下的翻譯原則。關(guān)鍵詞：中醫(yī)翻譯；中醫(yī)文化；翻譯原則contents1. introduction12. a brief review of the translation history of traditional chinese medicine13. cultural factors in traditional chinese medicine translation23.1 culture and translation33.2 characteristics o

10、f traditional chinese medicine culture33.2.1 characteristics of philosophical thoughts43.2.2 characteristics of scientific thoughts53.2.3 characteristics of humanities53.3 culture turn in english translation64. analysis of tcm culture and tcm terminology translation64.1 shanghan or typhoid74.2 merid

11、ians and collaterals or nervous and circulation system74.3 five elements75. principles for tcm translation in consideration of tcm culture85.1 faithfulness and accurate expressiveness85.2 nationality95.3 readers acceptance106. conclusion11work cited1211從文化視角談中醫(yī)英譯 on english translation of traditiona

12、l chinese medicine from a cultural perspective 1. introductiontraditional chinese medicine（tcm）roots deeply in chinese traditional culture, and it is the mirror of chinese society, religions, philosophy and values. it has an uninterrupted history of development dating back to thousands of years in c

13、hina and other parts of east asia. traditional chinese medicine, as one of the great treasures of our nation, is important in promoting cultural communication between china and other nations. for its distinctive cultural factors, it is impossible to translate tcm into foreign language without taking

14、 cultural factors into consideration. so tcm translation not only involves in language and medical system, but also relates with chinese culture. this phenomenon tells us that tcm translation should be done in consideration of cultural factors which include the effect of chinese religions, philosoph

15、y. etc. this distinctive tcm culture brings its translation special features. in order to solve this problem, a translator should search for special translation principles which are workable in tcm translation. the intention of tcm translation is to introduce traditional chinese medicine to foreigne

16、rs. so the target language should be acceptable to readers, faithful to the source language and keep its characters of nationality. the contents of this thesis include the characteristics of tcm culture, culture turn in translation and translation principals in consideration of tcm culture. 2. a bri

17、ef review of the translation history of traditional chinese medicine traditional chinese medicine was unknown in the west until very recently. the pioneers in this area were missionaries traveling and living in china. from then on, with more and more political and cultural communication between the

18、east and west, traditional chinese medicine as a part of chinese culture has come to be an object of curiosity in the western world. english books about traditional chinese medicine can be traced back to 1707, when physician sir. jf published the first book about tcm. but attraction and cognition of

19、 tcm to foreigners owed much to the report written by later j. reston which was named now, let me tell you about my appendectomy in beijing. at the same time, several professors do a lot of work in traditional chinese medicine translation. one of them was nanthan sivin. his work includes chinese sci

20、ence, edited with shigeru nakayama, traditional medicine in contemporary china and some other books. others like pro. manfred b. porkert, pro. paul u. unschuld, and chinese herb pharmacist and acupuncturist giovanni maciocia have done a great deal of work in traditional chinese medicine translation

21、and westward spread.at the same time, systematic studies on tcm translation were done by ou ming, xie zhufan and chen keyi and other scholars. and academicians initiated and began scientific researches on the comprehensive and systematic translation and many other aspects of tcm translation. with th

22、e maturity of studies on the english translation of tcm, english of traditional chinese medicine is accepted as a formal course in university. this strongly pushes tcm translation theory and practice forward. in the 1970s, translation studies began to take a cultural turn. then, peoples understandin

23、g of translation has further deepened. translation is no longer considered as merely an inter-lingual activity restricted at the linguistic level, it is more of an action of cross-cultural communication. therefore, the study of the relationship between culture and translation is of great significanc

24、e to translation practice and translation theory, especially for tcm translation which roots deeply into chinese culture. so far, an indisputable agreement has been reached in the study of translation that stress should be laid on cultural factors of both the source language and target language for

25、tcm translation.3. cultural factors in traditional chinese medicine translation language is an expression of culture and individuality of its speaker. and translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions. (toury, 1978:200) nida also put t

26、hat to be bilingual, one has to be bicultural. because the cultural factors in tcm translation are much more important and its unique characteristic, many translation principles in other subjects are misfit in tcm translation. so when translating tcm, cultural factors have to be considered because i

27、t is hard to find the equivalents or similar concepts in english for some concepts in chinese.3.1 culture and translation culture is everything and everywhere. as hall reminds us, “culture is communication and communication is culture”. culture is a complex system which is hard to define. it is lear

28、ned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols, subject to change, integrated, ethnocentric, and adaptive. newmark (1988:94) defines culture as “the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression,” thus

29、 acknowledging that each language group has its own culturally specific features. those special features make translation more difficult. fuller ever wrote two hundred years ago that culture makes all things easy, while at the same time it really makes translation harder. according to newmark, trans

30、lating the source language into a suitable form of target language is a part of the translators role in trans-cultural communication. every nation has its own culture. cultural differences between chinese and english peoples bring translators communicative barriers between the source language and th

31、e target language; just as translation theorist eugene a. nida said, “for a truly successful translator, his bi-cultural abilities are even more important than his bilingual abilities.”(nida, 1993: 110) “when translators deal with special words, they are confronted with two different cultures.”(王佐良)

32、 traditional chinese medicine translation should be based on culture and language surroundings, because tcm translation involves in two different medical science system, medical science culture, and even two completely different conceptions. 3.2 characteristics of traditional chinese medicine cultur

33、e traditional chinese medicine, as a part of chinese culture, is a mirror of chinese society, religions, philosophy and values. the fundamental principles of chinese medicine are based on several schools of thought. traditional chinese medicine can be shown to be most influenced by taoism, buddhism,

34、 and neo-confucianism. in addition to this, traditional chinese medicine is interrelated with the special anthropography, geography and unique traditional culture of china. lots of terms in tcm, loaded with historical culture information, reflect the religious beliefs, values and philosophical ideas

35、 with concise words. however, the most important characteristics among them are philosophical thoughts, scientific thoughts and humanities.3.2.1 characteristics of philosophical thoughts philosophical sense is one of the characteristic with the concepts and thoughts peculiar to tcm. much of the phil

36、osophy of tcm derives from the same philosophical bases which contributed to the development of taoist philosophy, and reflect the classical chinese belief that the human being is an integrated part of nature and need to remain in harmony with nature. under the influence of taoism and traditional ch

37、inese philosophy, the diagnosis and treatment are based on an overall analysis of symptoms and signs, the cause, nature and location of the illness as well as the patients physical condition according to the basic theories of tcm. this shows the philosophical thought of holism and syndrome different

38、iation. paul u states in his book chinese medicine: a history of ideas (1985:103) that tcm was closely associated with and greatly influenced by the taoist tradition, while acupuncture was more closely aligned with the confucian condition. this may be partly due to use of herb and mineral substances

39、 in the search for immortality. tao expresses through the duality of yin-yang. it is like the eternal primeval law of nature. those thoughts are permeated deeply in tcm theory. “chinese traditional medical science closely relies on philosophy both in ideology and methods. sometimes it even uses phil

40、osophical language and laws to express physiology and pathology phenomenonand the theory can develop divorced from anatomy and morphology.”(任旭 102) “most of the tcm terms belong to philosophy, completely different with western medicine science. at the same time, the philosophy thoughts in tcm and th

41、e scientific concepts in western medicine science have the knowledge owned by both, which make the translation between them possible.”(林巍 65-66) the view “medicine being related to philosophy” tells that if one understands the thinking process of the ancient china and the traditional chinese philoso

42、phy it would be much easier for him or her to grasp the basic of traditional chinese medical theory. 3.2.2 characteristics of scientific thoughts since the flourishing of modern society and the spreading of western medicine, some people come to oppugn the scientific views of traditional chinese medi

43、cine. can we suspect its scientific value only because tcm cure disease in a different way with western medicine?longman advanced american dictionary defines “science” in this way, “knowledge about the physical world, especially based on examining, testing, and proving facts”. according to this defi

44、nition, all the theories that have experienced the test of history should be in the scope of science, while tcm is the product of examining and testing of history. with its remarkable curative effect, there is no doubt that tcm is scientific. traditional chinese medicine theory is a precise and conc

45、ise theory although tcm and western medicine belong to two different systems and two categories of scientific thoughts. scientific thoughts in tcm are based on chinese traditional culture. they are based on the theories of holism and syndrome differentiation, qi, blood, yin-yang and five elements, a

46、nd so on. it is completely different from western medicine theory which is characterized by dealing with the human body in a microscopic approach. tcm treats people before disease occur, while western medicine treats people after the symptoms appear. tcm comes from nature and return to nature while

47、western medicine relies more on instruments. with its little side-effect and natural material, tcm would be widely accepted day by day.3.2.3 characteristics of humanities the humanities of tcm greatly inherit from chinese traditional thoughts such as lao zi, confucius, zhuang zi and others. they tak

48、e human body and the nature world as an inseparable whole. they brought out the thought that tcm treats people before the disease occurs as it puts in nan jing (classic on medicine problems): “the wise men give priority of prevention over treatment. they prevent a disturbance before it stars.”the hu

49、manities of tcm are not only embodied in medical treatment but also in moral characters of medical practitioners themselves. “a wise doctor must be in a tranquil mood without selfish desire and demand while diagnosing and treating diseases. and, also, he should have benevolence for the patients, and

50、 is bent on treating diseases for all the people.”(valuable prescriptions for emergencies) confucius believed one should behave as one is supposed to according to ones station in life, and not to be ambitious. according to the thought of correspondence between human and nature, he envisaged a harmon

51、ious society kept together by a tight hierarchical system of precisely defined social roles and mutual obligations. these theories and thoughts shape the thought of humanity.3.3 culture turn in english translation translation has long been considered as an inter-lingual activity. cultural factors, h

52、owever, are not fully emphasized in the practice and research of translation. until 1970s, translation studies began to take a cultural turn. then, peoples understanding of translation has been further deepened. translation is no longer considered as merely an inter-lingual activity restricted at th

53、e linguistic level, it is more of an act of cross-cultural communication. therefore, the study of the relationship between culture and translation is of great significance to translation practice and translation theory, especially for tcm translation which roots deeply into chinese culture.with the

54、culture turn in english translation, the relationship between domestication and foreignization become incompatible. “medicine science is not only the science of intelligence, but also the culture of anthropology.”(邱鴻鐘 3-4) so its impossible for a translator to translate a piece of work by using only

55、 one translation strategies. either the advocacy of foreignization as the sole strategy or the advocacy of domestication as the sole strategy in unavoidably is one-side and incorrect. in order to make tcm translation truly understood by target-text readers, especially the western people, translators

56、 pay much attention to culture and culture turn. so far, an indisputable agreement has been reached that in the study of translation, as for tcm translation, stress should be laid on culture factors of both the source language and target language.4. analysis of tcm culture and tcm terminology transl

57、ation tcm culture is a part of chinese culture. it can exist independently just like law culture, diet culture, etc. for this reason, it has culture-specific terms. tcm is a kind of terminology knowledge but different with other terminology subjects. it has its own terminologies and theories which a

58、re hard to find similarity in other subjects. the language of tcm is usually very concise; especially the use of four-character summations that frequently occur in chinese medicine makes it unique, precise and elegant. the translation principles that translator must follow in tcm translation are faithfulness and expressivenes