職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)綜合B新增小抄完整版

1、專(zhuān)業(yè)好文檔閱讀判斷 what is a dream？for centuries，people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. in fact，many experts believe that

2、dreams can tell us about a persons mind and emotions.before modern times，many people thought that dreams contained messages from god. it was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. the austrian psychologist，sigmund freud1，was probably the first person t

3、o study dreams scientifically. in his famous book，the interpretation of dreams （1900），freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a persons wishes. he believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings，thoughts，and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. the swiss psychiatrist ca

4、rl jung2 was once a student of freuds. jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. he thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. for example，people who dream about falling

5、 may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. on the other hand，people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. for example，psychologist william domhoff from the university of ca

6、lifornia，santa cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life，thoughts，and behavior. a criminal，for example，might dream about crime.domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. his research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. according to

7、domhoff，dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.he has also found a link between dreams and gender. his studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. for example，the people in mens dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting. this is not true of wome

8、ns dreams.3 domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world，including both modern and traditional ones.can dreams help us understand ourselves？ psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. however，one thing they agree on this

9、： if you dream that something terrible is going to occur，you shouldnt panic. the dream may have meaning，but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.？ 許多世紀(jì)以來(lái)，人們都對(duì)他們夢(mèng)到的奇異事情感到疑惑。一些心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為，這種大腦的夜間活動(dòng)并沒(méi)有特殊含

10、義。另一些人則認(rèn)為，夢(mèng)是生命中重要的一部分。實(shí)際上，許多專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為，夢(mèng)能揭示人的心理和情感活動(dòng)。近代以前，很多人認(rèn)為夢(mèng)傳遞的是上帝的信息。直到20世紀(jì)，人們才開(kāi)始從科學(xué)的角度研究夢(mèng)。 奧地利心理學(xué)家西格蒙德弗洛伊德或許是第一個(gè)用科學(xué)的方法研究夢(mèng)的人。在他的著作夢(mèng)的解析(1900)中，弗洛伊德寫(xiě)道，夢(mèng)是一個(gè)人愿望的表達(dá)。他認(rèn)為夢(mèng)打開(kāi)了一扇窗，讓人們得以表達(dá)在生活中不敢表達(dá)的情感、思想和恐懼。瑞士精神病學(xué)家卡爾榮格曾是弗洛伊德的學(xué)生，但他對(duì)夢(mèng)的看法與弗洛伊德不同。他認(rèn)為，做夢(mèng)的目的是要給做夢(mèng)的人傳遞一種信息。而人們想想自已做的夢(mèng)，便能對(duì)自己有一個(gè)更深刻的了解。比如，如果夢(mèng)到從高處墜落，那么他應(yīng)該反思

11、自己是不是白視過(guò)高。反過(guò)來(lái)，如果夢(mèng)中自己成了英雄，應(yīng)該想想平時(shí)可能太看低自己了。現(xiàn)代心理學(xué)家還在繼續(xù)發(fā)展關(guān)于夢(mèng)的理論，來(lái)自位于圣克魯茲的加利福尼亞大學(xué)的威廉多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他認(rèn)為，夢(mèng)境和一個(gè)人的日常生活、思想和行為都緊密相關(guān)，比方說(shuō)，一個(gè)罪犯就可能夢(mèng)到犯罪。多姆霍夫還認(rèn)為，夢(mèng)和年齡也有關(guān)系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人做夢(mèng)做的那么多。他認(rèn)為，做夢(mèng)也是一項(xiàng)心理機(jī)能，也需要隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)而發(fā)展。多姆霍夫還發(fā)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)和性別之間的關(guān)系。通過(guò)研究，他發(fā)現(xiàn)男性和女性的夢(mèng)境常常是不同的。例如，在男性夢(mèng)境中出現(xiàn)的通常是其他男性，而且常與打斗有關(guān)，而女性的夢(mèng)境則不是這樣。多姆霍夫通過(guò)研究包括來(lái)自現(xiàn)代文化以及傳統(tǒng)文

12、化背景在內(nèi)的11種不同文化背景的人群夢(mèng)境中的性別差異得出了上述結(jié)論。夢(mèng)能幫助我們更好地理解自己?jiǎn)?？心理學(xué)家還在嘗試通過(guò)不同方式來(lái)解答這個(gè)問(wèn)題，不過(guò)，有一件事他們是意見(jiàn)一致的：如果你夢(mèng)到有不好的事要發(fā)生，不要慌張。夢(mèng)可能會(huì)有意義，但也不意味著你夢(mèng)到的一些恐怖事情就一定會(huì)發(fā)生。要記住，夢(mèng)中的世界并不是真實(shí)的世界閱讀理解 ill be bach omposer david cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. it took cope 30 years to

13、develop the software. now most people cant tell the difference between music by the famous german composer j. s. bach (1685-1750) and the bach-like compositions from copes computer.it all started in 1980 in the united states, when cope was trying to write an opera. he was having trouble thinking of

14、new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. at first this music was not easy to listen to. what did cope do? he began to rethink how human beings compose music. he realized that composers，brains work like big databases. first, they take in all the music that they have ever h

15、eard. then they take out the music that they dislike. finally, they make new music from what is left. according to cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.cope built a huge database of existing music. he began with

16、 hundreds of works by bach. the software analyzed the data：it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. it then combined the pieces into new patterns. before long, the program could compose short bach-like works. they werent good, but it was a start.cope knew he had more work to do-

17、he had a whole opera to write. he continued to improve the software. soon it could analyze more complex music. he also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.a few years later，copes computer program, called “emmy”，was ready to help him with his opera. the process require

18、d a lot of collaboration between the composer and emmy. cope listened to the computers musical ideas and used the ones that he liked. with emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. it was called cradle falling, and it was a great success! cope received some of the best reviews of his career, bu

19、t no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.since that first opera, emmy has written thousands of compositions. cope still gives emmy feedback on what he likes and doesnt like of her music, but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!作曲家大衛(wèi)科普發(fā)明了一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)軟件，它能編寫(xiě)出古典音樂(lè)的原創(chuàng)作品。科普花了30年

20、才完成這個(gè)軟件。現(xiàn)在，科普的計(jì)算機(jī)寫(xiě)出的作品與德國(guó)著名作曲家js巴赫寫(xiě)作品很相似，很少有人能分辨出其中的不同。這一切始于1980年的美國(guó)，那時(shí)科普正在寫(xiě)一部歌劇，但是他無(wú)法創(chuàng)作出新的旋律,于是他編寫(xiě)了一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)軟件來(lái)幫他編曲。最開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，軟件寫(xiě)出的樂(lè)曲并不動(dòng)聽(tīng)?？破帐窃趺醋龅哪兀克_(kāi)始重新考慮人們作曲的方式。他想到作曲家的大腦就像一個(gè)大數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，他們先是吸收他們聽(tīng)過(guò)的所有音樂(lè)，然后去除他們不喜歡的，最后再根據(jù)留下的音樂(lè)來(lái)創(chuàng)作出新的旋律。科普認(rèn)為，只有偉大的作曲家才能建立好的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，并且能熟記于心，從而創(chuàng)作出新的音樂(lè)?？破崭鶕?jù)現(xiàn)有的音樂(lè)建立了龐大的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。最開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)包含了幾百部巴赫的作

21、品?？破盏能涁鯇⑦@些數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析：首先它將音樂(lè)拆解成小的片段，從中找出同定模式，然后將片段組合成新的模式。不久，這個(gè)軟件就能夠?qū)懗龊桶秃诊L(fēng)格很像的小曲子。它們并不完美，但這只是個(gè)開(kāi)始?？破罩?，他要做的還有很多他得寫(xiě)出一整部歌劇。他進(jìn)一步完善他的軟件，不久它就能夠?qū)懗龈鼜?fù)雜的音樂(lè)了。他還在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中加入了一些其他作曲家的作品，其中也包括他自己的作品。幾年后，科普的軟件“艾米”已經(jīng)能夠幫助他創(chuàng)作歌劇了。創(chuàng)作過(guò)程需要作曲家和艾米共同配合?？破振雎?tīng)艾米寫(xiě)出的音樂(lè)片段，從中選取他認(rèn)為好的。有了艾米的幫助，科普只用了兩個(gè)星期就完成了這部歌劇，叫作搖籃墜落。演出獲得巨大成功，科普也得到了他有生以來(lái)最高的評(píng)價(jià)

22、，但是沒(méi)有人知道他究竟是怎樣創(chuàng)作出這部歌劇的。從那以后，艾米已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了上千部作品?？破宅F(xiàn)在依然會(huì)給艾米反饋，告訴她自己哪些音樂(lè)是他喜歡的，哪些是不喜歡的，但是現(xiàn)在大部分的工作是由艾米來(lái)完成的！閱讀理解spacing in animals flight distanceany observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “flight distance

23、” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. as a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distancethe larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. an antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as fi

24、ve hundred yards away. the wall lizards flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.critical distance critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. “critical distance” includes the narrow

25、 zone separating flight distance from attack distance. a lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. if the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lions critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins

26、 slowly to stalk the man.social distance social animals need to stay in touch with each other. loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his groupthat is, th

27、e distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the groupit is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. we can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group.social distance varies from species to species. i

28、t is quite shortapparently only a few yardsamong some animals, and quite long among others.social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. when the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mothers voice, social distance may be the l

29、ength of her reach. this is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. when the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. when added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. to show this in man, one has only t

30、o watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.動(dòng)物的空間距離 逃離距離一些善于觀察的人已經(jīng)注意到一只野生動(dòng)物只讓人或其他潛在的敵人在特定的距離內(nèi)接近它， 然后它便會(huì)逃走?！疤与x距離”是用來(lái)描述這種物種間的空間距離的術(shù)語(yǔ)。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，動(dòng)物體積 與其逃離距離之間成正比關(guān)系動(dòng)物的體積越大，和敵人保特的距寓就越大。當(dāng)敵人離羚羊 500碼遠(yuǎn)時(shí)，羚羊就會(huì)逃離。另一方面,壁虎的逃離距離大約6英尺。逃離是動(dòng)物生存的基本手段關(guān)鍵距離關(guān)鍵距離顯然與逃離行為的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)有關(guān)。關(guān)鍵距離

31、指的是逃離距離和進(jìn)攻距離之間的狹 窄區(qū)域。動(dòng)物園的獅子會(huì)躲開(kāi)接近它的人，直到它遇到不可跨過(guò)的障礙物才停步。如果那人繼續(xù) 朝它走去,他就很快地進(jìn)入了獅子的關(guān)鍵距離,這時(shí)無(wú)路可走的獅子會(huì)調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)方向，開(kāi)始慢慢逼近那個(gè)人相聚距離 群居動(dòng)物需要相互之間保持聯(lián)系。和群體失去聯(lián)系會(huì)因?yàn)楦鞣N原因（包括面臨敵人）而導(dǎo)致 不幸。相聚距離不僅僅是動(dòng)物和群體失去聯(lián)系時(shí)的距離也就是說(shuō)，在這個(gè)距離它不再能看到、 聽(tīng)到或聞到群體確切地說(shuō)，它更是一種心理距離，一種當(dāng)動(dòng)物超越它的限度后會(huì)明顯感到焦 慮的距離。我們可以認(rèn)為它是一條控制群體的隱形帶。相聚距離會(huì)因動(dòng)物種類(lèi)不同而有差別。對(duì)一些動(dòng)物而言，相聚距離非常近，僅有幾碼遠(yuǎn)。但 其

32、他動(dòng)物的相聚距離會(huì)非常遠(yuǎn)。相聚距離不是一成不變的，而是部分地取決于環(huán)境。當(dāng)無(wú)尾猿和人類(lèi)的幼兒會(huì)活動(dòng)，但還不受母親言語(yǔ)控制時(shí)，相聚距離是她手臂夠得著的長(zhǎng)度。從動(dòng)物園的狒狒，我們很容易看到這點(diǎn)。當(dāng)小狒狒走到某個(gè)位置時(shí)，狒狒媽媽會(huì)伸出手來(lái)，抓住小狒狒的尾巴，把它拖回身邊。因?yàn)槲ｋU(xiǎn) 而需要加強(qiáng)控制時(shí)，相聚距離就會(huì)縮小。要在人類(lèi)身上證明這點(diǎn)，你只要觀察一個(gè)有許多孩子的 家庭就行了。當(dāng)孩子們橫過(guò)條繁忙的街道時(shí)，他們會(huì)互相牽著手。概括大意與完成句子screen test1 every year millions of women are screened with x-rays to pick up sig

33、ns of breast cancer.if this happens early enough，the disease can often be treated successfully. according to a survey published last year， 21 countries have screening programmes. nin2 but the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial，partly because the radiation brings a sm

34、all risk of inducing cancer. also，younger women must he given higher doses of x-rays because their breast tissue is denser.3 researchers at the polytechnic universityof valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160，000 women at 11 local clinics. after estimating the womens cumulative dose

35、of radiation，they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.4 the mathematical model recommended by britains national radiological protection board （nrpb）predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100，000 women，18 of them fatal. the model prefer

36、red by the un scientific committee on the effects of atomic radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.5 the researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is“not very significant compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. the valencia programme，t

37、hey say，detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100，000 women screened.6 but they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45，because they would be exposed to less radiatio

38、n. the results of their study，they suggest， could help“optimise the technique” for breast cancer screening.7“there is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks，”admits michael clark of the nrpb. but he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “on t

39、he basis of the current data， for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. thats why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.”每年上百萬(wàn)的女性都做x射線透視，檢查是否有乳腺癌跡象。如果檢查得足夠早，疾病就可以被成功地治療。根據(jù)去年公布的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，21個(gè)國(guó)家有透視計(jì)劃。其中9個(gè)國(guó)家包括澳大利亞、加拿大、美國(guó)

40、和西班牙為50歲以下女性進(jìn)行透視。但是，用x射線檢查年輕女性，就醫(yī)學(xué)上的好處而論，是有爭(zhēng)議的，部分原因是輻射有誘發(fā)癌癥的小小的危險(xiǎn)。另外，年輕女人乳房組織緊密，給予的x射線的劑量要多一些。valencia理工大學(xué)的研究人員分析了】1個(gè)社區(qū)診所用x射線檢查16萬(wàn)以上女性的結(jié)果。估了女性的輻射累積劑量之后，他們用兩種模型計(jì)算由此導(dǎo)致額外癌癥數(shù)量。英國(guó)國(guó)家輻射保護(hù)委員會(huì)推薦的數(shù)學(xué)模型預(yù)測(cè)，透計(jì)劃會(huì)導(dǎo)致每lo萬(wàn)個(gè)女性中有36人患上癌癥，18人致死。聯(lián)合國(guó)原子輻射影響科學(xué)委員會(huì)首選的模型得出了一個(gè)較低的數(shù)字-20人患上癌癥。研究人員爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)，與發(fā)現(xiàn)后接受治療的癌癥數(shù)字相比，由輻射誘發(fā)癌癥的數(shù)字是很小的。他

41、們說(shuō)，valencia計(jì)劃在每10萬(wàn)接受透視的婦女中發(fā)現(xiàn)300 -450個(gè)乳腺瘟病例但是他們指如果x射線檢查從50歲而不是45歲時(shí)開(kāi)始，會(huì)使婦女由于輻射而患病的。危險(xiǎn)減少40%到80%，因?yàn)樗齻兛梢越邮芨俚妮椛洹Ｋ麄儼凳菊f(shuō)，他們研究的結(jié)果有助于使乳腺癌透視的技術(shù)更加完善。英國(guó)國(guó)家輻射保護(hù)委員會(huì)的michael clark承認(rèn)“在胸透的診斷益處和危險(xiǎn)之問(wèn)有一個(gè)平衡”但是他警告說(shuō)應(yīng)該謹(jǐn)慎地解釋此項(xiàng)研究?！盎谀壳暗臄?shù)據(jù)，每成功地發(fā)現(xiàn)io例癌癥就有可能導(dǎo)致今后出現(xiàn)一例癌癥。這就是為什么在所有的透視計(jì)劃中，輻射應(yīng)該減少到最小的原因?！毖a(bǔ)全短文are online friends real frien

42、ds?modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship. ( online friends，or virtual friends，are people who have become acquainted with each other through the internet.) are online friendships as beneficial as face-to-face friendships? what are the advanta

43、ges and disadvantages of having virtual friends? can people form strong bonds online? today these questions are the subject of lively debate.some people believe that the internet is the best way to make new friends. its convenient, its fast, and it allows to make contact with different kinds of peop

44、le from all over the world. when you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours. information updates and photos add to the experience. making friends on the internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in

45、 social situations. its often easier to share thoughts and feelings online. (in addition, virtual friends can offer emotional support.) they can make people feel less lonely and help them solve problems.although the internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantage. (when youre not face

46、 to face, its much easier to deceive people.) online friends only tell you what they want you to know. they sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you cant be sure of what they really like. that is why you should not give personal information to anyone online u

47、nless youre totally sure of who that person is.can online friendship be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? there are different points of view. researchers at the university of southern california surveyed 2,000 households in the united states. the results showed that more than 40 percent of partici

48、pants feel “as strongly about their online buddies” as they do about their “offline” friends. （researchers also found that its not unusual for online friends to become face-to-face friends.） in contrast, there are many people who believe that its not possible to have deep relationships with online f

49、riends. a young indian software engineer, lalitha lakshmipathy，says，“its good to feel connected with many people, but all my e-buddies are not necessarily my close friends.”(many people would agree.) they say that its hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you dont share experiences i

50、n person.people continue to express different opinions about online friendship. however, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships. as one life coach says, “a social networking site should only be the add on in any relationship.”網(wǎng)友算真正的朋友嗎？現(xiàn)在計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)使得一種

51、新的人際關(guān)系成為可能，即網(wǎng)友。網(wǎng)友，或稱(chēng)虛擬朋友，是指在網(wǎng)上認(rèn)識(shí)的人。網(wǎng)友是否能像現(xiàn)實(shí)中的朋友一樣互相幫助？交網(wǎng)友的利弊分別有哪些？網(wǎng)絡(luò)上能建立起牢固的聯(lián)系嗎？現(xiàn)今這些問(wèn)題引起了激烈的爭(zhēng)論。有人認(rèn)為，網(wǎng)絡(luò)是結(jié)交朋友的最好的方式。網(wǎng)絡(luò)不僅方便快捷，還能讓你聯(lián)系到全世界各種類(lèi)型的人。當(dāng)你瀏覽社交網(wǎng)站和進(jìn)人聊天室聊天時(shí)，你會(huì)很容易找到志趣相投的人。信息更新和照片也能增進(jìn)這種體驗(yàn)。在網(wǎng)上交友對(duì)于內(nèi)向的人來(lái)說(shuō)尤其有利，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谏缃粓?chǎng)合可能會(huì)感到不自在。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上，分享思想和情感也變得更為容易。另外，虛擬的朋友能夠給人們以情感支持，減少人們的孤獨(dú)感，幫助他們解決問(wèn)題。網(wǎng)絡(luò)雖然可以增進(jìn)友誼，但也存在不少缺陷

52、。由于沒(méi)有面對(duì)面的接觸，人們很容易受騙。網(wǎng)友只會(huì)告訴你他們想讓你知道的信息。他們有時(shí)會(huì)夸大自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)而掩蓋缺點(diǎn)，讓你看不清他們的廬山真面目。在因?yàn)槿绱?，在不完全確定對(duì)方是誰(shuí)之前，不要隨便將個(gè)人信息提供給網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的任何人。網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的朋友能和現(xiàn)實(shí)中的朋友一樣有意義嗎？對(duì)些有許多不同觀點(diǎn)。南加州大學(xué)的研究人員對(duì)美國(guó)2000戶(hù)家庭進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，超過(guò)40%的受訪者認(rèn)為“網(wǎng)上的友誼”同“線下的友誼”一樣牢固。調(diào)查還顯示，網(wǎng)友不能轉(zhuǎn)變成現(xiàn)實(shí)中的朋友也不是尋常的。與此相對(duì)的是，許多人認(rèn)為與網(wǎng)友發(fā)展深厚的友誼不太可能。拉麗莎拉什米帕西是一名年輕的軟件工程師，她說(shuō)：“同很多人保持聯(lián)系給人感覺(jué)很好，但是

53、我網(wǎng)上的朋友不都是我親密的朋友?！焙芏嗳艘舱J(rèn)同這一點(diǎn)，他們認(rèn)為，由于缺乏共同的經(jīng)歷，與網(wǎng)友發(fā)展信任和聯(lián)系很困難。人們還在為網(wǎng)友的問(wèn)題爭(zhēng)論不休。不過(guò)，大部分人仍認(rèn)為，虛擬的朋友不能代替現(xiàn)實(shí)中的朋友，正如一位人生導(dǎo)師所說(shuō)：“社交網(wǎng)站只能成為人際關(guān)系的助益，而不能取而代之。完形填空the difference between man and computerwhat makes people different from computer programs?what is the missing element that our theories dont yet (1) for?the answe

54、r is simple:people read newspaper stories for a reason:to learn more about (2) they are interested in.computers, on the other hand，dont. in fact，computers dont(3) have interests;there is nothing in particular that they are trying tofindoutwhentheyread. ifacomputer(4) istobeamodelofstory understandin

55、g ，it should also read for a purpose.ofcourse ，peoplehaveseveralgoalsthatdonotmake (5) toattributeto computers. one might read a restaurant guide (6) order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to (7) _a good place to go for a business lunch.computersdonot get hungry, and computers do not hav

56、ebusinesslunches.howeverthesephysiologicalandsocialgoalsgive(8)toseveralintellectualor cognitive goals.a goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find (9) about the name of a restaurant which(10) the desiredtype offood ，howexpensivethe restaurantis，the location of the restaurant, etc.these are

57、goals to (11)information or knowledge, what we are calling (12) goals.these goals can be held by computers too;a computer(13) want to find out the location of a restaurant ，and read a guide in order to do so(14) the sameway as a personmight. whilesuch a goalwould not(15) outofhungerinthecaseofthecom

58、puter，itmightwellarise outofthegoal to learnmoreabout restaurants.1. a) expressb)explaincaccountd)count2.a)whyb)howc)whatd)when3.a)onceb)evenc)everd)often4.a)programb)instructionc)systemd)function5.a).successb)sensec)scened)point6a)ofb)orc)ind)and7.a)findb)searchc)lookd)watch8.a)wayb)playc)rised)birth9.a)placeb)foodc)referenced)information10.a)ordersb)sellsc)supportsd)serves11.a)acquireb)askc)required)consult12.a)understandingb)learningc)knowledged)awareness13.a)couldb)mightc)shouldd)would14. a) asb) onc)byd) in15. a) ariseb