茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查

1、茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查 茶葉是xx區(qū)傳統(tǒng)特色產(chǎn)業(yè),目前全區(qū)共有茶葉種植面積x萬多畝,年產(chǎn)量xx多噸,年產(chǎn)值xx多萬元,注冊茶葉生產(chǎn)企業(yè)十幾家,擁有“xx”牌三山玉葉、“妙手”牌天賜玉葉、“海和森”茶葉、xx驚茗、七頂玉葉等名優(yōu)品牌,其中玉葉茶屢屢在全國各類茶葉評比中獲獎。為進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)茶葉產(chǎn)業(yè),近年來,xx區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)化管理站在茶葉機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)上進(jìn)行了多方面的探索,著力推動茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化的發(fā)展。 一、xx茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)化管理站以落實農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼政策為契機(jī),在全區(qū)大力推廣茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械。截止2011年底,全區(qū)茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械總動力1172kw, 總臺數(shù)627臺,其中茶葉剪修機(jī)105臺,采摘機(jī)

2、40臺,揉捻機(jī)112臺,多功能理條機(jī)78臺,殺青機(jī)49臺,扁形茶葉炒制機(jī)138臺,其它茶葉機(jī)械105臺,基本實現(xiàn)了茶葉生產(chǎn)管理與加工的初步機(jī)械化,大大降低了茶農(nóng)的勞動強(qiáng)度,提高了茶農(nóng)的勞動效益。 (一)茶園管理機(jī)械發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 全區(qū)很多茶園雖已有多個作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)開始利用機(jī)械進(jìn)行作業(yè),但茶園管理總體機(jī)械化水平不高,茶園管理還是以人工作業(yè)為主。由于市場缺少適用的機(jī)械或因為價格原因,茶園的中耕作業(yè)、施肥作業(yè)、植保作業(yè)及灌溉作業(yè)基本是依靠人工完成。對于修剪作業(yè),由于目前市場上修剪機(jī)械技術(shù)成熟,價格合理,我區(qū)許多地方茶園修剪基本實現(xiàn)了機(jī)械化作業(yè)。 (二)茶葉加工機(jī)械發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 相對于茶園管理機(jī)械化發(fā)展來說,我區(qū)茶

3、葉加工機(jī)械化程度有著較高的水平。由于茶葉加工機(jī)械品種多,機(jī)型比較齊全,基本上滿足了我區(qū)茶葉加工產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的需要。目前,我區(qū)的茶葉加工已基本實現(xiàn)機(jī)械化,根據(jù)加工需要,可完成茶葉的初、精加工。 二、北侖區(qū)茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化存在的問題 多年來,北侖區(qū)茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化工作取得了令人鼓舞的成績,但茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化發(fā)展水平還較低, 茶園管理機(jī)械化工作進(jìn)展不快。 1、茶園田間管理作業(yè)機(jī)械缺乏。茶園田間管理作業(yè)機(jī)械短缺,茶園管理還是以人工作業(yè)為主,缺少配套適用的耕作、施肥、植保、灌溉等機(jī)具。因茶園管理機(jī)械對生產(chǎn)基礎(chǔ)有較高的要求,如開展機(jī)采工作,對山地茶園的坡度、梯面、道路、品種、栽培方式等各種基礎(chǔ)條件都有適當(dāng)?shù)囊?而

4、目前不少茶園達(dá)不到要求,不能進(jìn)行機(jī)采等機(jī)械化管理工作。而我國茶葉機(jī)械生產(chǎn)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的茶園田間管理機(jī)械種類不全,且生產(chǎn)的大都是一些通用類機(jī)械,其不適用于茶區(qū)作業(yè)。 2、茶葉加工機(jī)械設(shè)備較落后。雖然我區(qū)每年的茶葉機(jī)械增長迅速,但由于經(jīng)濟(jì)條件、資金投入等諸多因素,絕大多數(shù)茶葉生產(chǎn)加工機(jī)械配套不合理,簡單加工型多,復(fù)式成套型少,傳統(tǒng)粗放型多,高科技、連續(xù)化、清潔化機(jī)械少,制茶單機(jī)自動控制水平不高,難以組成全自動生產(chǎn)線,制茶效率不高,工藝簡單,質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定性不高,造成茶葉色、香、味、形不一致,影響了茶葉加工品質(zhì),進(jìn)而制約了產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展水平。 3、茶葉機(jī)械應(yīng)用效果有待提高。近年來,區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)管理部門雖然經(jīng)常開展制茶機(jī)

5、械操作培訓(xùn),但由于現(xiàn)有茶葉生產(chǎn)從業(yè)人員普遍年齡偏大,文化水平低,因此培訓(xùn)效果不是很理想。不少茶農(nóng)仍然采用傳統(tǒng)落后的制茶方法,即使有了一些茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械,對技術(shù)參數(shù)、操作要點(diǎn)掌握不到位,使一些機(jī)械性能得不到有效發(fā)揮,遇到茶葉機(jī)械故障排除、茶機(jī)維修保養(yǎng)、零配件替換等技術(shù)問題還是難以展開。 4、茶葉生產(chǎn)規(guī)模小管理分散。雖然全區(qū)涌現(xiàn)了一批茶葉加工龍頭企業(yè),但單家獨(dú)戶手工加工茶葉的現(xiàn)象仍然存在,影響了性能先進(jìn)但價格較高的茶葉機(jī)械的購置,因此現(xiàn)在推廣的茶機(jī)大部分機(jī)型小、生產(chǎn)能力低、經(jīng)營分散,茶葉機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)成套流水線、連續(xù)化作業(yè)設(shè)備不夠,茶業(yè)機(jī)械的智能化程度較低,導(dǎo)致先進(jìn)的加工機(jī)械利用率不高,影響了茶葉生產(chǎn)、

6、加工整體質(zhì)量的提高。 5、農(nóng)機(jī)化服務(wù)體系薄弱。目前區(qū)各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)機(jī)服務(wù)站人員配備不足,一般每個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)只保留12人,且鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)機(jī)工作人員身兼數(shù)職,農(nóng)機(jī)工作只占極小部分,不能全身心從事農(nóng)機(jī)推廣工作。同時全區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)推廣人員年齡結(jié)構(gòu)不合理,尤其是鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)機(jī)推廣人員,年齡老化。雖然農(nóng)機(jī)推廣人員長期從事農(nóng)機(jī)工作,擁有豐富的實踐經(jīng)驗,但在當(dāng)前農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化大發(fā)展的情況下,特別是面對日益先進(jìn)的新機(jī)具新技術(shù),從事農(nóng)機(jī)推廣工作需要較寬的知識面,能向茶農(nóng)介紹、指導(dǎo)各種新式茶機(jī)的使用性能,知識的缺乏,很難承擔(dān)起推廣任務(wù),必將影響茶葉機(jī)械的推廣工作。 三、北侖區(qū)發(fā)展茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械的建議 1、大力加強(qiáng)茶園基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。茶園基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)對茶

7、園管理機(jī)械化有著重要影響,由于茶園大都建于山坡地上,導(dǎo)致了茶園平整度、道路和水源等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施都比較差,給茶園的機(jī)械化作業(yè)帶來了很大影響。為此,要推進(jìn)茶園標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化建設(shè),對一些不合理的茶園結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,老茶園進(jìn)行改造,逐步做好茶園種植面、道路、栽培方式等整體規(guī)劃建設(shè),創(chuàng)造適合于機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)條件。 2、全面提升茶葉加工機(jī)械化水平。應(yīng)進(jìn)一步加大資金投入與政策扶持力度,大力推動加工機(jī)械的更新?lián)Q代與茶園管理機(jī)械的推廣。把扶持現(xiàn)有的茶葉生產(chǎn)龍頭企業(yè)放在更加突出的位置優(yōu)先發(fā)展,通過龍頭企業(yè)和茶葉加工戶的帶動,積極推進(jìn)茶葉加工機(jī)械化進(jìn)程向更高層次發(fā)展。加快茶葉機(jī)械的更新?lián)Q代,大力推廣先進(jìn)、適用、節(jié)能、環(huán)保的新機(jī)

8、械,淘汰過時的加工工藝和設(shè)備,逐步改變單機(jī)加工作業(yè)向機(jī)電一體化、智能化茶葉生產(chǎn)線的現(xiàn)代化加工方式轉(zhuǎn)變,提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)效率。 3、提高勞動者的技術(shù)水平。要充分發(fā)揮農(nóng)機(jī)技術(shù)人員和茶葉專家的作用, 注重基礎(chǔ)培訓(xùn), 以加工企業(yè)和茶葉大戶為重點(diǎn),深入到村,培訓(xùn)到戶,開展茶葉機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)培訓(xùn),特別是培訓(xùn)和提高農(nóng)戶使用茶葉機(jī)械的意識、素質(zhì)和操作技能,使茶農(nóng)了解茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械性能和機(jī)械操作以及維修、保養(yǎng)等技術(shù)要領(lǐng),學(xué)習(xí)掌握茶園管理、種植采摘、加工等工藝如何適應(yīng)機(jī)械化生產(chǎn),提高生產(chǎn)者的應(yīng)用操作水平, 培養(yǎng)一批茶葉種植加工能手,不斷提高茶機(jī)使用操作技能,發(fā)揮好茶葉機(jī)械的作用。 4、發(fā)展茶葉生產(chǎn)農(nóng)機(jī)社會化服務(wù)組

9、織。針對目前茶園經(jīng)營規(guī)模小, 栽培機(jī)械推廣難的狀況, 要積極引導(dǎo)茶農(nóng)成立茶業(yè)合作社等經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織, 提高產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚化程度,改變單一的農(nóng)戶生產(chǎn)方式,促進(jìn)茶葉生產(chǎn)上規(guī)模、上批量、上檔次、上效益。同時,要重點(diǎn)培育發(fā)展茶機(jī)大戶,鼓勵和支持現(xiàn)有機(jī)戶提供茶機(jī)作業(yè)服務(wù),解決眾多規(guī)模較小茶農(nóng)的實際問題, 促進(jìn)栽培機(jī)械推廣工作的開展, 提升產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展水平。 5、形成一支較高水平的茶葉機(jī)械推廣隊伍。加強(qiáng)茶葉機(jī)械推廣人員自身技術(shù)培訓(xùn),只有茶葉機(jī)械推廣人員自身技術(shù)過關(guān),才能真正起到指導(dǎo)和推廣作用。通過考察學(xué)習(xí)、培訓(xùn),開拓視野,掌握基本理論知識,通過深入調(diào)研和實踐,掌握實際情況和實踐經(jīng)驗。對于茶葉機(jī)械化發(fā)展,農(nóng)機(jī)推廣人員應(yīng)

10、多關(guān)注搜索更多、更好、更適用的茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械,及時引進(jìn)推廣給全區(qū)的廣大茶農(nóng)。 tgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2ohum32wgeauwydiawgmer4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkagtgk tgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2ohum32wgeau

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19、tgz7r4i30ka1dkagtgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2eo8wgqv7xav2ohum32wgeauwydiawger4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkagtgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2ohum32wg

20、eauwydiawgmer4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkagtgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2ohum32wgeauwydiawgmer4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkagtgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2c

21、hhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2ohum32wgeauwydiawgmer4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaggeauwydiawgmer4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkagtgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2ohum3

22、2wgeauwydiawgmer4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkagtgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2ohum32wgeauwydiawger4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkagtgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi

23、2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2ohum32wgeauwydiawgmer4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkagtgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav hhi92tgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkagtgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi

24、92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2ohum32wgeauwydiawgmer4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkagtgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2ohum32wgeauwydiawger4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkagtg

25、kqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2ohum32wgeauwydiawgmer4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkagtgkqcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls50clmtwn60eo8wgqv7xav2ohum32wgeauwydiawgmer4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudx