自考國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)學(xué)科考試復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)

1、國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)學(xué)科考試復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)Lesson 1 International Business商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ)：FDI GDP BOT patent copyright value chain franchising (紫色書(shū)10-11頁(yè))考點(diǎn)：國(guó)際商務(wù)貿(mào)易的主要類型（major types of international business） ATrade（貿(mào)易）： a. commodity trade (商品貿(mào)易,也叫有形貿(mào)易visible trade ) b. service trade (服務(wù)貿(mào)易, 也叫無(wú)形貿(mào)易invisible trade) B. Investment (投資): a. for

2、eign direct investment (FDI 外國(guó)直接投資) b. portfolio investment (證券投資) C. Other types (其他類型): a. licensing and franchising (國(guó)際許可與特許經(jīng)營(yíng)) b. management contract and contract manufacturing (管理合同和承包生產(chǎn))翻譯練習(xí):1. 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展,無(wú)形貿(mào)易即使在發(fā)展中國(guó)家的國(guó)際貿(mào)易中所占的比例也逐漸增大With the development of economic globalization, invisible tra

3、de accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries2. BOT是 “交鑰匙”工程的一種流行的變通形式BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey projectLesson 2 Income Level and the World Market商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ):GNP PPP ( purchasing power parity 購(gòu)買力平價(jià)) Staple goods (大路貨) creditor country ( 債權(quán)國(guó)) (紫色書(shū)2

4、5頁(yè))考點(diǎn):國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 (GNP 和GDP)GNP: refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economyGDP: refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita income (人均收入): It is calcu

5、lated by dividing its national income by its populationTriad and Quad (三方組合和四方組合): A. United States B. Western Europe C. Japan D. Canada翻譯練習(xí):1. 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值體現(xiàn)了一個(gè)國(guó)家的全部收入,在衡量國(guó)民收入方面可以互換使用。GNP and GDP indicate a countrys total income. They can be used interchangeably to measure the level of its nationa

6、l income.2. 歐盟作為三方組合的一個(gè)分支，在使我們的市場(chǎng)多元化方面起著相當(dāng)重要的作用EU, as one leg of Triad, plays an important role in the respect of diversifying our marketLesson 3 Regional Economic Integration商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ): tariff rates(關(guān)稅率) settlement (協(xié)議) cartel (卡特爾) free trade area NAFTA(North American Free Trade Agreement北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定) 紫色書(shū)41

7、頁(yè)考點(diǎn):1. 地區(qū)一體化的主要目標(biāo) (Major objectives of regional integration)To better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, at the same time possibly put up barriers to economic activities with non-members2. 地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的四個(gè)層次( Four levels of regional economic integration)

8、A. Free trade area (自由貿(mào)易區(qū))-經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化程度低,內(nèi)部團(tuán)結(jié),但各成員對(duì)外采用各自的貿(mào)易政策B. Customs Union (關(guān)稅同盟)-所有成員對(duì)外都實(shí)行相同的貿(mào)易政策C. Common market (共同市場(chǎng))-共同的對(duì)外政策,生產(chǎn)要素也在各成員國(guó)間流動(dòng)D. Economic union( 經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟)-經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化程度最高, 共同的對(duì)外政策,生產(chǎn)要素也 . 在各成員國(guó)間流動(dòng), 統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)各國(guó)在經(jīng)濟(jì)金融領(lǐng)域的 國(guó)內(nèi)政策,統(tǒng)一貨幣 3. 掌握EU (歐洲聯(lián)盟) , APEC(亞太經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織). OPEC (石油輸出國(guó)組織) 翻譯練習(xí):1. 共同市場(chǎng)具有使商品, 服務(wù),勞動(dòng)

9、力甚至資本,技術(shù)在各成員國(guó)之間自由流通的特點(diǎn).The common market is characterized by the free flow of capital and technology besides goods, services and labor.2. 歐盟是一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)齊全的實(shí)體,其歷史可以追溯到1952年.The European Union is a full-fledged entity, whose history dates back to 1952.Lesson 4 Economic Globalization商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ):Shareholders（股東）， boa

10、rd of directors（董事會(huì)）， parent company（母公司）， affiliate（子公司）， day-to-day running（日常管理）， multinational corporation（跨國(guó)公司）， home country（母公司所在國(guó)）， host country（東道國(guó)）紫色書(shū)63-64頁(yè)考點(diǎn)：1 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的基本特征和優(yōu)劣勢(shì)：A Basic feature：a. free flow of commodity，capital， technology，service and information b. optimized allocation of r

11、esources（資源優(yōu)化配置）B. Advantages and negative impacts:Advantages: a. new impetus and opportunities to world economic development b. mutual benefits from economic boomsNegative impacts: a. make countries more vulnerable to the adverse events across the global b. not balanced benefits3. 跨國(guó)公司 (multination

12、al corporations)A. organization-parent and affiliates (組織-母公司與子公司)B. features: a. enormous size b. wide geographical spread (廣闊的地域分布) c. needs ,goals and roles (需要, 目標(biāo)和作用): profits, securityC. four types: a. multi-domestic corporation b. global corporation c. transnational corporation d. world compa

13、ny4. 翻譯:a. 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化使得各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)更容易受到全球各地不利事件的傷害。Economic globalization is making the various economies more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.b. 安全對(duì)任何一個(gè)跨國(guó)企業(yè)而言都極為重要,因?yàn)闆](méi)有安全,跨國(guó)企業(yè)組織的生存便無(wú)法保證。Security is extremely important to any MNE because without it, an MNEs survival can never be assured.Lesson

14、 5-6 International Trade (1) (2)商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ): services(勞務(wù)), primary commodities(初級(jí)產(chǎn)品), absolute advantage(絕對(duì)利益), comparative advantage(比較利益), quota(配額), customs union(關(guān)稅同盟), ad valorem duty(從價(jià)稅), specific duties(從量稅), drawback(退稅), MFN(最惠國(guó)待遇), non-tariff barrier(非關(guān)稅壁壘).紫色書(shū): 90頁(yè) 110頁(yè)考點(diǎn):1. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易的定義(definition)

15、:It refers to the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another2. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易的兩個(gè)緣由( Two reasons for international trade)a. the uneven distribution of natural resources among countriesb. international specialization(國(guó)際專業(yè)化)3. 國(guó)際專門(mén)化的兩個(gè)理論(Two theories for international s

16、pecialization)a. The theory of absolute advantage(絕對(duì)利益理論):a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land, and labour)b. The theory of comparative advantage(相對(duì)對(duì)利益理論):Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of producing

17、both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.4. 關(guān)稅壁壘和非關(guān)稅壁壘( tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers)a. tariff barriers: export duty(進(jìn)口稅), import duty(出口稅), -specific duties 從量稅 ad valorem duty. 從價(jià)稅 Compound duty 混合稅b. non-tariff barriers: quotas-the most common form of non-

18、tariff barriers5. 翻譯練習(xí)a. 比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論已成為現(xiàn)代國(guó)際貿(mào)易思想的基石Comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international tradeb關(guān)稅壁壘是限制貿(mào)易最常見(jiàn)的形式 Tariff barriers are the most common forms of trade restriction.Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ)：EDI (電子數(shù)據(jù)交換)，customers clearance (結(jié)關(guān))，dispatch (發(fā)運(yùn))，ICC（國(guó)

19、際商會(huì)）Roll-on-roll-off(滾裝滾卸), incoterms (國(guó)際貿(mào)易通則)，F(xiàn)OB(起運(yùn)港船上交貨價(jià))， CFR (成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)價(jià))，CIF (成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)加保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)價(jià)) 紫色書(shū)132-133頁(yè)考點(diǎn):1.國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的必要性和目的 The necessity and purpose of having IncotermsThe purpose of INCOTERMS is to provide a set of international rules for the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade and a

20、void uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries.3. 三個(gè)最常用術(shù)語(yǔ) (The three most commonly used terms)FOB: Free on Board 裝運(yùn)港船上交貨CFR: Cost and Freight 成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)CIR: Cost, Insurance and Freight 成本,保險(xiǎn)費(fèi),加運(yùn)費(fèi)翻譯練習(xí):a. 折扣是指賣方按照商品的原價(jià)給買方以一定比率的價(jià)格減讓Discount means that sellers offer to b

21、uyers a certain percentage of reduction on the original price.b. 買賣雙方在制定合同時(shí),如果有理解一致的具體規(guī)則可供參照,他們就肯定能簡(jiǎn)單可靠地確定各自的責(zé)任If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to, they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and

22、safely.Lesson 8 Business Contract商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ):Inquiry(詢盤(pán),詢價(jià)), quotation(報(bào)價(jià)單), validity period(有效期), offer(發(fā)盤(pán)), counter-offer(還盤(pán)), offeree(收盤(pán)人), sales confirmation(銷售確認(rèn)書(shū)), Consignment(寄售), fore majeure(不可抗力), business line(業(yè)務(wù)范圍), contract proper(合同正文), article number(貨號(hào)).紫書(shū)150-151頁(yè)考點(diǎn):1.合同的定義(definition)A con

23、tract is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties2.談判過(guò)程及簽定合同(the process of negotiation and the conclusion of the contract)inquiry-quotation- offer and acceptance-counter-offer3.合同的種類(The types of contracts)a. sales contractb.purchase contractc.sales confirmation4. 合

24、同的構(gòu)成(the setting up of a contract)a. the title (合同名稱)b. the contract proper(合同正文)c. The signature of the contracting parties(締約雙方簽字)d. The stipulations on the back of the contract(合同背面的規(guī)定)翻譯練習(xí):a. 在實(shí)盤(pán)情況下,我們通常保留有效期三天 In case of firm offers, we usually keep our offers open for three daysLesson 9 Modes

25、of Trade商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ):Counter trade(對(duì)銷貿(mào)易), hyperinflation(極度通貨膨脹), Reichstock（德國(guó)國(guó)家銀行），protectionism（貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義），Clearing system(票據(jù)交換制度), net positions(凈頭寸), compensation trade(補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易), barter(易貨貿(mào)易), counter purchase(互購(gòu)貿(mào)易)Buyback(回購(gòu)貿(mào)易), centrally planned economies(中央計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家), processing trade(加工貿(mào)易), consignment(寄售貿(mào)易

26、), leasing trade(租賃貿(mào)易)，aution(競(jìng)賣拍賣), agency(代理) 174-175頁(yè)考點(diǎn)：1.對(duì)銷貿(mào)易的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)(major advantages of counter trade)a. helping to deal with foreign exchange shortagesb. promoting exportsc, reducing uncertainty regarding export receiptsd.bypassing international price agreemente. helping countries with debt prob

27、lems to import goods3. 對(duì)銷貿(mào)易的缺點(diǎn)(the drawbacks of counter trade)a. very risky business (conceal the real prices and costs of transactions)b. Companies may suffer losses because they could not get rid of products of poor qualityc. a form of proctectionism翻譯練習(xí)a. “互相捆綁”是易貨貿(mào)易,回購(gòu)貿(mào)易和互惠貿(mào)易的共同特征“Bundling” is t

28、he feature common to barter, counter purchase and buyback.b. 作為一種捆綁貿(mào)易,對(duì)銷貿(mào)易一般是在成熟市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家和市場(chǎng)機(jī)制不完善的國(guó)家間發(fā)生的貿(mào)易As a type of bundled trade, counter trade generally takes place between mature market economies and economies with imperfect market institution.Lesson10 International Payment商務(wù)詞匯: debtor(債務(wù)人), debi

29、t(收方/借方), financial standing(財(cái)務(wù)狀況), credit worthiness(信譽(yù)), periodic payment(分期付款), cash in advance(預(yù)付現(xiàn)金),usance draft(遠(yuǎn)期匯票), documentary draft(跟單匯票), clean draft(光票), documentary collection(跟單托收), D/P(付款交單), D/A(承兌交單).194-195頁(yè)考點(diǎn):1. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易支付的復(fù)雜性(the complexity of payment in international trade):Mutual

30、trust is hard to build. Both the exporter and the importer face various political risks, commercial risks etc.2. 在一定條件下的兩種支付方法:a. cash in advance or partial cash in advance (預(yù)付現(xiàn)金和部分預(yù)付現(xiàn)金) b.open account(記賬交易)3. 匯票(the draft/ bill of exchange)a. definition: an unconditional order to a bank or a custom

31、er to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the futureb. sign draft and usance draft (即期匯票和遠(yuǎn)期匯票)c. clean draft (光票:匯票不附單據(jù)) and documentary draft (跟單匯票:隨同匯票一起的有相關(guān)的單據(jù),如提單,發(fā)票,保險(xiǎn)單)4. 跟單拖收 (documentary collection)a. D/P: 付款交單: documents will not be released to the importer until p

32、ayment is effectedb. D/A: 承兌交單: documents handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter翻譯練習(xí):a. 許多國(guó)際交易是通過(guò)匯票支付的,匯票是對(duì)銀行或顧客的支付命令A(yù) lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft that is an order to a bank or a customer to payb. 即期匯票要求受

33、票人見(jiàn)到匯票后立即付款A(yù) sight draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.Lesson11-12 Credit (1),(2)商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ):Applicant (申請(qǐng)人), opening bank(開(kāi)證行), corresponding bank(關(guān)系行), advising bank(通知行), confirming bank(保兌行). Reimburse(付款), unit price(單價(jià)), partial shipment(分批裝運(yùn)). Clean credit(光票信用證), revocab

34、le credit(可撤消信用證), irrevocable credit(不可撤消信用證). Maturity(到期日,償還日), capital turnover(資金周轉(zhuǎn)率), face value(面值), discount(貼現(xiàn)), deferred payment(延期付款), revolving credit(循環(huán)信用證). 紫色書(shū)220頁(yè) 345頁(yè)考點(diǎn):1.信用證獨(dú)特的具有代表性的特征 The bilateral security雙邊保證2.信用證的相關(guān)當(dāng)事人及其在信用證業(yè)務(wù)中的作用-聯(lián)系淘寶的例子 A. the applicant (開(kāi)證) B. the opening ba

35、nk(開(kāi)證行) C. the advising bank(通知行) D. the negotiating bank(議付行) E. the confirming bank(保兌行)4. 信用證的局限性(limitation)a. inability to provide absolute securityb. being more expensive than other forms of payment翻譯練習(xí)1. 信用證的目的是通過(guò)銀行信譽(yù)為國(guó)際支付提供便利The objective of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by m

36、eans of the creditworthness of the bank.2. 信用證極大地方便并促進(jìn)了國(guó)際貿(mào)易,然而它并不能給締約雙方提供絕對(duì)安全The letter of credit has greatly facilitated and promoted international trade. However, it can not provide absolute security for the contracting parties.Lesson13 Major Documents Required in World Trade商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ):Documents(單據(jù)), ta

37、ke delivery of (提貨), bill of lading(提單). Consignee(收獲人), air bill(空運(yùn)提單), cargo receipt(鐵路運(yùn)單), commercial invoice(商業(yè)發(fā)票), certificate of quality(品質(zhì)證書(shū)). Insurance policy(保險(xiǎn)單) 紫色書(shū)上269頁(yè)考點(diǎn):1,主要單據(jù) (major types of documents)a. commercial invoice 商業(yè)發(fā)票b. packing list 裝相單c. the bill of lading 提單d.insurance pol

38、icy and insurance certificate 保險(xiǎn)單和保險(xiǎn)證書(shū)e.various certificate 其它各種證書(shū)翻譯練習(xí):1. 提單的簽發(fā)日期絕不能晚于信用證所規(guī)定的時(shí)間The date when the bill of lading is issued can by no means be later than that stipulated in the credit2. 貨物一裝上船,請(qǐng)即電告收發(fā)人You are requested to notify the consignee by cable as soon as the goods are shipped.Le

39、sson14 International Transportation商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ):Finished products (制成品), deregulation(撤消管制規(guī)定), productivity(生產(chǎn)率), cost economies(成本節(jié)約), intermediate products(中間產(chǎn)品), natural product provinces(產(chǎn)品自然領(lǐng)域), Inventory(存貨,庫(kù)存), freight transportation(貨物運(yùn)輸) 紫色書(shū)292頁(yè)考點(diǎn):1.五種主要運(yùn)輸方式 The five major modes of transportation W

40、ater ,rail, truck, pipeline, and air2.改變運(yùn)輸業(yè)的四大因素 The four factors that are substantially changing transportationa. transportation deregulationb. just-in-time inventory systemsc. competition based on high level of customer serviced. globalization of business翻譯練習(xí):a.在當(dāng)前市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)十分激烈的情況下,出口商必須加快貨運(yùn),以快取勝At a t

41、ime when competition is fierce, exporters can beat their competitors by speeding up shipment.b.運(yùn)輸對(duì)工業(yè)社會(huì)的發(fā)展和運(yùn)行起著至關(guān)重要的作用Transportation is fundamental to the development and operation of an industrial society.Lesson15-16 Insurance (1), (2)商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ):Insured(保戶), Insurer(承保人), margin(保險(xiǎn)金), underwriter(保險(xiǎn)商), po

42、ol(共同款項(xiàng)), cargo insurance(運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)), marine insurance(海上保險(xiǎn)), indemnity(賠償), ruin(損失), insurable interests(可保險(xiǎn)權(quán)), principle of utmost faith(最大誠(chéng)信原則), forwarding charge(遠(yuǎn)期費(fèi)用) 紫色書(shū) 307,322頁(yè)考點(diǎn):1.保險(xiǎn)的定義(definition)It can be defined as a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides fo

43、r payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk 2.保險(xiǎn)的三個(gè)主要原則(Three main principles of insurance)a. insurable interestb. utmost good faithc. indemnity兩個(gè)輔助原則(two sub-principle of insurance)a. contributionb. suborgation翻譯練習(xí):a. 貨物保險(xiǎn)通常有火險(xiǎn), 海上保險(xiǎn)和意外事故保險(xiǎn) Cargo insurance include

44、s fire, marine and accident insurance.b. 沒(méi)有可保利益的保險(xiǎn)合同是無(wú)效的。而任何根據(jù)這類合同提出的所賠都不會(huì)受理An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertainedLesson 17 The International Monetary System and Exchange Rate商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ)：Change of rate（匯率），gold standar

45、d（金本位），reserve currency（儲(chǔ)備貨幣）， clean float（自由浮動(dòng)），dirty float（有干預(yù)浮動(dòng)），discount（貼現(xiàn)），medial rate（中間價(jià)）考點(diǎn)：1匯率（exchange rate）A fixed exchange rateB flexible exchange rateC major factors influencing exchange rate： a international balance of payment b.inflation erest rateD. Common measures for intervent

46、ion in exchange rate a. buying or selling foreign currency b. raising or lowering discount rate c. foreign exchange control翻譯練習(xí): 盡管國(guó)際收支賬面平衡,但在有錯(cuò)誤與遺漏項(xiàng)目時(shí),差額是非常龐大的,每一項(xiàng)都會(huì)有盈余或赤字,如果在3年或5年期間盈余抵消了虧損.則仍然認(rèn)為國(guó)際收支是平衡的。While the balance of payment is always in accounting balance，the odds are astronomical that it

47、would be so without the statistical discrepancy item. There would be a surplus or a deficit in almost every case, but the balance of payment would nevertheless be considered in equilibrium if over three-to-five year period the surpluses more or less canceled out the deficits.從18-20課,商務(wù)術(shù)語(yǔ)請(qǐng)參照紫色書(shū)上每課后面的商務(wù)詞匯復(fù)習(xí),記一些常見(jiàn)的Lesson 18 Internatio