完整版)何凱文長難句突破講義完整版(含授課內(nèi)容

1、2013考研英語長難句精講班講義-何凱文2013文都考研英語長難句精講班講義第一部分方法論講解英文句子閱讀的實際過程是什么？英文一 mi nd 中文英中文轉(zhuǎn)化過程中在句子層面的障礙語義（詞匯）L語序句子可以是這樣的：There is someth ing by reason of which man is man.There is something. Man is man by reason of （因為）which this thing.世間存在一種東西，人之所以是人，就是這種東西。英語句子的分類：簡單 句和非簡單 句簡單句的定義： 只含有一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子簡單句的障礙來源簡單句沒有障礙的

2、情況：1. 主語+謂語 2.主語+謂語+賓語 3.主語+謂語+雙賓語4.主語+謂語+賓語+賓補5.主語+系+表語（表語為形容詞時候，表語又可以稱作主語補足語）William ， do you take Jerry for your lawful wife, to have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, until death do part you ?簡單句的障礙來源：（問題在于識別和處理）4.狀語1. 定

3、語2.同位語 3. 插入語簡單句的障礙識別及處理方法定語：修飾和限定名詞的成分；根據(jù)位置分為：前置定語；后置定語。（名字n.前后之分）作用和識別：前置定語（可以有多個定語）+nAdj.物主代詞；ving（單）;；ved （單）；n 后置定語：”一形容詞短語現(xiàn)在分詞短語a stude nt un aware of my preseneeOtoman fighting with xiaoguaisou現(xiàn)在分詞 ving+ 介 +名；ving+ 名;ving+連詞+句子 過去分詞短語a picture pain ted by Picassoved+ 介 + 名n. + 動詞不定式短語|a way t

4、o solve this problemto+ v （原形）介詞短語an apple on the table 介+ 名詞 / （介 +代 代詞就是代替名詞的詞語） 表語形容詞作定語后置 a cat alive 表語形容詞充當(dāng)定語后置不定代詞定語后置somethi ng importa nt不定代詞充當(dāng)定語后置處理：前置（翻譯成中文的時候），也可以拆分，特別是后置定語較長的時候。定語從句（不屬于簡單句范疇） 定語從句的作用：1,修飾和限定名詞 2，連接兩個具有共同名詞的句子3，表示因果關(guān)系今生:have three books of which the red is my favorite.

5、（ of which 叫做關(guān)系代詞）前世： I have three books. The red of those three books is my favorite .12013考研英語長難句精講班講義-何凱文 定語從句的識別:（基本結(jié)構(gòu)）名詞+連接詞+句子 r定語從句的連接詞：定語從句的處理方法：人稱代詞 who,whom,which.that,as關(guān)系代詞：物主代詞whose后加非完整句關(guān)系連詞： when, where,why,how后加完整句介詞+關(guān)系代詞（就是介詞短語）：as,that和who 后加 完整句/非完整句 1拆分；2,找指代；3,還原Egl.A poem line

6、describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge/off which they both fall into the river.Eg2. Man is born as a bla nk sheet of paper /on which each culture writes its text.Eg3. America and America ns were prosperous bey ond the dreams of the Europea ns and Asia nswhose econo m

7、ies thewar had destroyed. （ whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句后面表示因果關(guān)系）Eg 4. The sun rises that looks beautiful.練習(xí)：請將下面的兩個句子用定語從句寫成一個句子：The ambition must be highly regarded（認(rèn)同）by people /who are themselves admired.The educated is not least among them.The ambiti on must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admi

8、red,（The ambition must be highly regarded by people ; People are admired by people. ） Among whom educated is not least .The ambiti on must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,（With） The educated not （be ing） least among them.獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)司位語：對一個名詞或句子進行解釋說明的另一個名字。作用：為了增加句子的多樣性和正式性。識別：處理：

9、跳讀f1 A, B, kevin,head of intelligenee service（情報機關(guān)）,is quite NIU.前三種都是對名詞進行說明2 A BA,B都是名字 J 3 A or B4句子一A 這個名字A可以修飾前面句子中的一個名詞，這個名字A也可以修飾前面的句子。句子，A爲(wèi) A of BEg1. The Court supported the medical prin ciple of double effect, a cen turies-old moral prin ciple（名詞的修飾）Eg2.Robots will have to operate with les

10、s human supervision and （并列動詞做謂語 will have to） be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves goals/ that（指代 goals,修飾整個句子 ）pose a real challenge.（句子的修飾）A of B為同位語的條件：A為上義詞，B為下義詞 上下義詞又稱為種屬詞，如fruit -apple ;city-beijing上下義詞的作用：增加語言表達的多樣性，增加語言表達的正式性女口，the computer 上義詞 the invention ;the technol

11、ogy下義詞 the PC除了定語從句中，其余句子中that充當(dāng)?shù)氖顷P(guān)系連詞，表示只表連接，后面連接的都是完整句。同位語從句：（不屬于簡單句的范疇）32013考研英語長難句精講班講義-何凱文作用：解釋和說明前面一個名詞結(jié)構(gòu)識別：名詞+連接詞（只能用關(guān)系連詞來充當(dāng)，不能用關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)，when,how,that）+句子（完整句）；名詞+that+句子（完整句）處理：從連接詞處切分（連接詞后）例子：背。同位語從句I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its cree

12、d - we hold these truths to be self-evide nt, that all men are created equal.I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and sons of former slave-ow ners will be able to sit dow n together at the table of brotherhood.I have a dream that one day, even the state of M

13、ississippi （同位語）,a state sweltering with the heat of injustice （后置定語），sweltering with the heat of oppression （后置定語），will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.I have a dream （省略了一個 that） my four little children will one day live in a nation/ （定語從句）where theywill not be judged by the co

14、lor of their skin but by the content of their character.I have a dream today!From I Have a Dream Mart in Luther King插入語：作用：增加語言的表達多樣性識別：被兩個逗號或者破折號隔開的成分。 處理：跳讀 P8（任何成分都可充當(dāng)插入語）萬能插入語： Rather tha n:而不是（肯前否后）I ,rather than anyone else,am rather than was,the best,rather than good,teacher,rather than polic

15、e.=i am the best teacher.狀語：狀語在句子中的位置不固定。作用：修飾和限定動詞或形容詞，有時也修飾整個句子（某些副詞來充當(dāng)?shù)?。）例句：She is admittedly reliable.她是可靠的，這是被承認(rèn)的。It is pai nfully即pare nt that she is a liar.很明顯她是一個騙子，這點令人痛心He is obviously in tellige nt. 她非常聰明，這點很明顯。The tomato is tech nically（從嚴(yán)格的意義上來說）a fruit.從嚴(yán)格的意義上來說，西紅柿是一個水果。Chi nas Ion g-

16、term moder ni zatio n program un dersta ndably and n ecessarily emphasizes econo mic growth. 中國長期現(xiàn)代化的羨慕強調(diào)經(jīng)濟的增長，這點是可被理解和必須的。識別：盡量不把狀語放在名詞后廣副詞adv. l y結(jié)尾的，現(xiàn)在分詞短語過去分詞短語 過去不定式短語處理：剝離（從句子中提出來，用“這”開頭）介詞短語獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（欠）例 1:（現(xiàn)在分詞短語，充當(dāng)狀語，跳讀）Using techniques （方法）developed for the offshore oil and gas industry（過去分詞短

17、語作定語修飾現(xiàn)在分詞短語的名字做定語），the DSDP s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger （同位語。跳讀），was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean s surface and drill in very deep waters （水域）（狀語，跳 讀）,extracting samples of sediments and rocks from the ocean floor （狀語，跳讀）.（From TOEFL authentic test）例 2: A few art collecto

18、rs-James Bowde n 川 of Bost on, William Byrd of Virgi nian, and the Alie ns And Hamilt on of Philadelphia-introduced European art traditions to those colonists / privileged （過去分詞，有個特權(quán)） to visit their galleries （翻譯前置），especially aspiring artists, and established （這里是禾口 introduced 并列的）in their respecti

19、vecommunities the idea 動詞 + （介詞 + 名 1 做狀語）+ 名 2” of the value art and the need for institutions 制度 /（省略 了 which are） devoted to its encouragement.（名詞翻譯成動詞）（致力于鼓勵價值藝術(shù)的制度）（FromTOEFL authe ntic test）對一種隔離結(jié)構(gòu)的強調(diào)1. They maintain【with a certain fidelity（忠誠）剝離】 the principle of this school 學(xué)派.2. He elected

20、as his primary duty and happ in ess in his life the th in ki ng activity （思維行動） about the moral problem.動+介1 +名1+介2+名2+名3他選出了關(guān)于道德思維行動當(dāng)做是他一生中最重要的責(zé)任和最大的幸福連接詞（關(guān)聯(lián)詞）or并列）。Y簡單句如何組裝為非簡單句.主句專一原則非簡單句定義：含有一套以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子? 非簡單句的障礙來源：拆分（找連接詞），組合（區(qū)分嵌套非簡單句的構(gòu)成：簡1,簡2,簡3,.簡n 非簡單句的障礙解決方案關(guān)聯(lián)詞和主句專一原則主句專一原則：1. 一個句子只能有一個主 句，主

21、句中沒有關(guān)聯(lián)詞。2. 個句子中有 n個分句， 則只有n-1個關(guān)聯(lián)詞。關(guān)聯(lián)詞分類：1. 關(guān)系代詞：，that,which,who,whom,as,what 等2. 關(guān)系連詞：that,when,where,why,how 等主從復(fù)合句，嵌套句分號；|4.并列連詞：an d,or,but1并列句例證：3. 標(biāo)點符號：廠冒號：和破折號一句子之間的關(guān)聯(lián)方式1. 并列并列連詞的用法1. 連接兩個句子（句間的并列），從連詞后往前尋找并列成分。and 等）2. 連接兩個句中成分可以是從句也可以是短語等（句中并列）3. 并列連詞表示并列的終結(jié)4. 并列常常引起省略（可以是省略并列成分也可以省略連詞如 例 1.

22、 He drank beer, and it made him fat. 句間的并列例2.（形式主語）It is a little upsetting to read that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarianofficer and to find that the line con sists of the no ise of their falli ng and the weights of the officers, Pluff! Pluff! A hun dred and eighty-

23、five kilograms.（句中并列）解析：并列成分為to read and to find例 3. A and B , C and D. A 和 B 一起，并列 C 和 D。如果想A,B并列C,D，中間得加連接詞，此時不能再用 and,可以用如：Complied with;along with ;besids; in additi on to解析：并列連詞表示并列的終結(jié)就意味著:A and B是一個并列成分和C以及D構(gòu)成并列；例4. 背TO see the world in a grain of sand沙一世界 , 一花一天國And a heaven in a wild flower君

24、掌盛無邊， 剎那含永劫。Hold infinity in the palm of your handAnd eternity in an hour.例 5. The love song of the sixth Dalai LamaTshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho （1683- 1707 or 1746 ）, was the Sixth Dalai Lama of Tibet, he was also a well-acclaimed poet.That day, I closed my eyes in the incense fog of the Buddha s Hal

25、theutidetrly hrear（your voice;That mon th, I turned all the prayer wheels, not for my salvati on, but for the touch of your fin gertips;That year, I prostrated myself along the mountain paths, not for my pilgrimage, but for the warmth of being close to you;That life, I turned around mountains and ri

26、vers , I turned around all the Pagodas,not for earning my afterlife, but to meet with you in the way.那一天，閉目在經(jīng)殿香霧中，驀然聽見你頌經(jīng)中的真言。那一月，我搖動所有的轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)筒，不為超度，只為觸摸你的指尖。那一年，磕長頭匍匐在山路，不為覲見，只為貼著你的溫暖。賓語從句只能用that引導(dǎo)動詞（介詞）+連接詞+句子（完整句）動詞+it+形容詞+句子（完整句）it為形式賓語 處理：從連接詞處切分（連接詞后 ），保證切開 的句子是完整句那一世，轉(zhuǎn)山轉(zhuǎn)水轉(zhuǎn)佛塔啊，不為修來生，只為途中與你相見2主從復(fù)合（

27、嵌套）主從復(fù)合句的分類：三大從句：廠名詞性從句：主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句-形容詞性從句：定語從句-副詞性從句：狀語從句常見的關(guān)聯(lián)詞：名詞性從句：關(guān)系代詞：what, who, whom , which,關(guān)系連詞： that, when, where, how, 形容詞性從句：見定語從句副詞性從句：書P23主語從句：連接詞+句子（完整句或者非完整句）+動詞It +be+形容詞+連接詞+句子（完/非）It+不及物動詞+連接詞+句子（完/非）形式主語結(jié)構(gòu)處理：從連接詞處切分（或前或后）表語從句系動詞+連接詞+句子（完整句或非完整句）處理：從連接詞處切分（連接詞前后，由是完整句還是非完

28、 整句判定。 完整句和非完整句由連接詞是代詞還是連詞）狀語從句連接詞+句子（完整句），句子 總體來說是游離于句子之外的。7層次化句子閱讀法：1.層次化結(jié)構(gòu)的表示形式區(qū)分分句間的關(guān)系是并列還是嵌套，一層一層的往下讀。9例 1: However, for many years, physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit lightV. +that賓語從句 spontan eously a nd that stimulated emissi on thus always would

29、 be much weaker.that-先翻譯這一層：但是，很多年以來，物理學(xué)家思考了兩件事情。.that|第一件事情是原子和分子通常更容易自行發(fā)光，第二件受到刺激的發(fā)射通常都更弱例 2: It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families / that occurred through It+不及物動詞+that 主語從句that充當(dāng)主語成分 that +v.一件事情出現(xiàn)了that加拿大再一次朝更小家庭發(fā)展的趨勢that這種趨勢從工業(yè)革命以來就席卷了整個西方

30、世界。all the Western world si nce the time of the In dustrial Revolutio n.（翻譯:since后的提前）例 3: The history of cli nical nu triti on or the study of the relati on ship betwee n health and how the body takes in andA or B形式同位語，跳讀utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinet eras: the first be

31、gan in the nineteenth century and extended into冒號，主從復(fù)合：兩個動詞的并列，簡單句范疇the early twen tieth century whe n it was recog ni zed for the first time that food con tai ned con stitue nts that were essentialN.+when定語從句連詞 形式主語從句 代詞定語從句that+befor huma n fun ctio n and ihat. different foodsprovided different -a

32、mounis otthese essfiniiaLagenis . That+ n.連詞that翻譯時候往前倒）臨床營養(yǎng)學(xué)的歷史能夠被分成四個不同的階段第一個階段開始于19世紀(jì)并且延伸到 20世紀(jì)早期 在那個時候有兩件事情第一次被認(rèn)識到了， 第二件事情不同的食物必須提供必須成分的不同的量第一件事情是食物中包含有人體功能必須的成分這句話翻譯放在最前面同位語：臨床營養(yǎng)學(xué)是研究健康和身體如何去吸收和利用植物物質(zhì)的的學(xué)科。同位語跳讀 插入語跳讀 狀語從句剝離3.完整信息鏈法完整主干法緣起:主謂隔離：主語和謂語之間常加入修飾成份；謂賓隔離：謂語和賓語之間也常加入修飾成份;2013考研英語長難句精講班講義

33、-何凱文解決之道:1句子開頭的第一個獨立名詞（前面沒有出現(xiàn)介詞和關(guān)聯(lián)詞）就是句子的主語，應(yīng)該尋找和其相對應(yīng)的動 !詞。為獨立名詞。That形式主語In the classroom, Kevin is standing on the stage.，wwwwwwwwwV#V#（That Kevin is a good man ） is the truth。2、動詞和賓語之間的成份應(yīng)該跳讀系 和表語動詞+介詞1+名詞1+名詞2 （剝離）例 1. The fact that /artisans, who were looked on as mecha nics or skilled workers i

34、n the eightee nth cen tury, are 主語（單數(shù)名詞）freque ntly con sidered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Moveme nt of the nin etee nthCe ntury.謂語（單數(shù)形式與主語相匹配）a1 b1 c b2 a2讀 a1 a2 b1 b2 c翻譯順序CBA匠人在18世紀(jì)被當(dāng)成技工或熟練工，但是在19世紀(jì)的時候被認(rèn)為藝術(shù)家，這樣的事實歸因于當(dāng)時的工藝運動。例 2. Anyone who has han dled a fossil

35、ized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its moder n coun terpart, 主語謂語the most obvious differe nee being that it is ofte n much heavier.任何處理過化石骨頭的人都知道，化石骨頭和現(xiàn)在骨頭不一樣，最明顯的就是這種骨頭就是重一些。例 3 The no ti on that lear ning should have（ in it） an eleme nt of in spired play would seem 【to the greater

36、 part ofthe academic establishme nt】merely silly.V+ （介+代）+名 這里括號為狀語，拿出來Lear ning should have an eleme nt of in spired in it.Seem to + v.才搭 這里 to+n.為V,+介1+名1形式 【】跳讀 學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)該把具有激發(fā)性的元素包含在其中，這樣的理念對于大多數(shù)的學(xué)術(shù)來講是很傻的。非謂語動詞和獨立主格：非謂語動詞不做謂語的成分。1充當(dāng)主、賓語、表、同位語時，一定是動名詞ving形式.2作定語。本質(zhì)是定語從句的省略（ 句的形式。修飾限定名詞的從句才可以省略），即其句子都可以

37、恢復(fù)成定語從3充當(dāng)狀語。兩個句子主語相同 夫掉一個主語，動詞做相應(yīng)的變化。主動語態(tài)： am/is/are-bei ng：was/were-hav ing bee n: do/does-do ing： did-hav ing done被動 語態(tài)： be done-done否定式 not提前 ：注意：being 可以省略獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，兩個句子主語不同，保留主語，動詞做相應(yīng)的變化，being可以省，也可以加上with 。It is hot today。 I stay at home。- It being hot today 一 I stay at home。I enter the house。A b

38、ook is in my hand。- I enter the house，with a book （being ?。﹊n my hand。例： Preside nt Bush campaig ned to move Social Security to a savi ng-acco unt model, (with ) retirees tradi ng much or all of their guara nteed payme nts for payme nts depe nding on in vestme nt retur ns.with N.+v ing. = trade布什總統(tǒng)大

39、力的將社會保險變?yōu)閮π钅Ｊ?，退休人員將大量和甚至是全部的有保障的收入換成依靠有投入的收入。句型：trade A for B . 把A換成B。How can you not being A know B of A? 你不是 A，怎知道 A 的 B。非正常語序之倒裝句:? 倒裝句的分析方法倒裝句的定義：動詞在句子中的位置和相對位置發(fā)生改變。倒裝的作用是保持句子的平衡。倒裝句的分類：1部分倒裝2完全倒裝倒裝句的處理流程： 識別 還原部分倒裝：1. 部分倒裝的 定義/識別：助動詞，系動詞，情態(tài)動詞被置于主語前。2. 部分倒裝的 還原：將助動詞，系動詞，情態(tài)動詞還原到主語后。完全倒裝：1.完全倒裝定義：

40、動詞前后成分的位置完全倒置。2. 完全倒裝的存在環(huán)境：“主+系+表”倒裝為“表+系+主”3. 能夠在句子中充當(dāng)主語和表語的成份主語n/，代詞 pron/ to do/ + 系 +、-ving(單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù))常見的系動詞Be, come, go, run, walk ,lie, crouch ,sta nd, desce nd ,asce nd, become,表語adj.Adj短語A形容詞性的結(jié)構(gòu)vi ng短語ved短語丿介詞短語/方位副詞(here,there)n/代詞 pron/ to do4. 完全倒裝的判斷流程Step 1形容詞性的結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞短語/方位副詞置于句首，后緊跟系動詞，可判定為

41、倒裝。Step 2 ving置于句首后緊跟復(fù)數(shù)系動詞，可判定為倒裝。Step 3 ving 置于句首后緊跟單數(shù)系動詞，后接名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)，可判定為倒裝。例 1: Herein lay the beg inning of turn from ignorance to denial of the value of nu triti onal therapies in medici ne.例 2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often d

42、istorted Ving+ 系動詞復(fù)數(shù) three sepals and three petals are surrounding the colu mn, into gorgeous, weird, but always fun cti onal shapes.例 3: Young people in Canada ,today, married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors duri ng the Depressi on.例

43、 4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country s impressive Adj +介+n.：形容詞短語=定語從句的省略形容詞短語+系動詞is倒裝populati on growth.Canada s impressive population growth is Basic to any understanding(了解，理解 )of the country in the 20 yearsafter the Seco nd World War句

44、型：Basic to( any understanding) B is A. A 是(了解)B 的基礎(chǔ)。Status quo 現(xiàn)代例 5： Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. 2013考研英語長難句精講班講義-何凱文例 6. Add ing to a woma n sin creased dose of stress chemicals are her in creased opport

45、 un ities ” for stress.例 7: Among the species of seabirds that use the win dswept cliffs to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are com mon murres , Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northerin gannets.例 8: Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained (with a certain fideli

46、ty )the technique and compositionThat was most importa nt, adj + 系v+ 介+n 1+ n2方法和構(gòu)圖原則consistent with those of America s first popular Iandscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Adj +介+n,形容詞短語現(xiàn)在分詞短語修飾careerMountain scenery borderi ng the Huds on River.例 10： In deed, had i

47、t not bee n for the superb preservati on of these fossils, they might well have bee n classified as dino saurs.部分倒裝，if被省略，had/were提前例 11: All would be well ，were reas on the only judge in the creati on ism and evolutio n debate.If被省略Sno wflakes - by Henry Wadsworth Lon gfellowOut of the bosom of the

48、 Air,Even as our cloudy fan cies takeThis is the poem of the air,Out of the cloud-folds of herSudde nly shape in some divi neSlowly in sile nt syllablesgarme nts shake n,expressi on,recorded;Over the woodla nds brow n andEven as the troubled heart doththis is the secret of despair,bare,make in the w

49、hite countenanceLong in its cloudy bosom hoarded,Over the harvest-fieldscon fessi on,now whispered and revealedforsake n,The troubled sky reveals the griefto wood and field.Sile nt, and soft, and slowit feels.Desce nds the snow.? 強調(diào)句的分析方法1.強調(diào)句的構(gòu)成It is (was) + 被強調(diào)對象+ that(who)+ 其他成份時態(tài)除動詞外人：that /who正常語序的成份物：that2.強調(diào)句的處理方法將