英語(yǔ)國(guó)家慨況middleages

1、Chapter 8: England in the Middle Ages (1066-1485)Good Times, Bad Times: Figuring it OutFeudal System Land = power Give-and-take relationship Lords Fief (usually land but sometimes a castle, toll bridge, or monastery) Legal protection (court cases, custody) Vassals Loyalty Military support Hospitalit

2、y Gifts and ransomManorsLandControlled by lordRented by peasantsCommon landProperty Tax Investigation! Doomsday Book! Irrevocable judgment! Modern version?Tower of LondonImperial CrownChanging (Cultural) Landscape CastlesLOTS of castles Tower of London, built by William the Conqueror French culture

3、dominates Who speaks French? Who owns language? Middle English emerges in 1300sEnglish is confusing!EnglishFrenchLatinrisemountascendaskquestioninterrogatefastfirmsecuregoodnessvirtueprobityholysacredconsecratedworklaborexertionCommon Law under Henry II Prototype for modern law in US and UK Hard rul

4、er, took power from barons Established trial by jury Guilty verdicts resulted in custom-based sentences, creating legal precedents Equity lawHouse of LordsGreat Council Used to advise the king Made of important nobles Administrators and judges in London Eventual basis for earliest form of Parliament

5、Thomas Becket Henrys friend, was made Archbishop of Canterbury in an attempt to reform the courts Turned on Henry, and was murdered in 1170 The Pope was not happy, so Henry had to “apologize”Canterbury TalesKing John Richards brother, took over when Richard died Not a great king The nobles didnt lik

6、e him because he was both cruel and weak Made him sign the Magna CartaMagna CartaMagna CartaMagna Carta No payment from vassals without consent No freemen punished without jury conviction Free commerce for merchants Vassals can use any means necessary to compel the king to follow the lawHenry III Ch

7、ild king Violated Magna Carta by taking money from the nobles to support his ambitious and failing goals Nobles created the Provision of Oxford, using the Great Council to limit the Kings power Henry disagreed, so the nobles revolted: took Edward hostage and Simon de Monfort took overEarly Parliamen

8、t Commoners were summoned to the council to gain support from the middle class “Parliament” comes from French word meaning “to talk” Parliament split along class lines: House of Lords, House of Commons Edward eventually beat Simon, but Parliament stayedHundred Years War (1338-1453) Constant struggle

9、 between England and France England wanted to expand, control territory on the continent France helped the Scots fight the English Question of succession to French throne Why did England lose? What were the impacts?Black Death Called the Plague What were the effects, physically and socially? How did the Plague lead to Tylers Rebellion?Internal Fighting Tylers Rebellion War of the Roses Two noble houses tried to co