英語國家概況Chapter-15

1、英語國家概況英語國家概況australiathink and talklead-inearly historydiscovery and explorationeuropean settlementcolonization the road toward federationaustralia since the 20th centuryhistory exercises location and sizegeographical regions climatemajor cities geography exercises chapter 14: geography and historys

2、ichuan university of science & engineeringwhat do you know about australiai lead-in:sichuan university of science & engineeringcapital:official language:in which city were the 2000th olympic games held?canberra english sydney kangaroo sichuan university of science & engineeringi lead-in:koala sichua

3、n university of science & engineeringi lead-in:emu (鴯鹋鴯鹋) sichuan university of science & engineeringi lead-in:duckmole (鴨鴨嘴獸嘴獸) sichuan university of science & engineeringi lead-in:sichuan university of science & engineeringnational flower?sweet acacia or golden acaciai lead-in:sichuan university o

4、f science & engineeringnational tree?eucalypt or gum treesi lead-in:sichuan university of science & engineeringnational flag?i lead-in:the heptagonal star: six states and one territorythe five stars: the southern cross constellation (南十字星座)sichuan university of science & engineeringi lead-in:sichuan

5、 university of science & engineeringii geography: location and sizeii geography: location and sizesichuan university of science & engineeringthe sixth largest country in the worldlocated in oceania, the southern hemispherecompletely surrounded by water:lying between the indian and pacific oceansnort

6、h: the timor sea, the arafura sea and the torres straiteast: the coral sea, the tasman seasouth: the bass strait, the indian oceanwest: the indian oceansichuan university of science & engineeringii geography: location and sizeii geography: geographical regionssichuan university of science & engineer

7、ingaustralia is one of the oldest continents and the flattest landmass on earth. it can be divided into three geographical regions: the eastern highlands the central lowlands the western plateauii geography: geographical regionssichuan university of science & engineeringmount kosciuszko (科修斯科山科修斯科山)

8、 s o u t h w e s t i n canberra of new south wales the highest point in australia and oceania 2,228 meters above sea levelii geography: geographical regionssichuan university of science & engineeringmurray-darling basin (墨累達(dá)令流域墨累達(dá)令流域)3,370 kilometers long, watershed covers one 7th of the land area o

9、f australia, is australias m o s t i m p o r t a n t agricultural area. the name of this river basin is from the basins two major rivers, the murray and darling rivers.ii geography: geographical regionssichuan university of science & engineeringlake eyre (艾爾湖艾爾湖)the lowest point in the countrysome 1

10、5 meters below sea levelii geography: climatesouthern hemispherevvary greatly from region to regionjanuary and february are the hottest summer months. june and july are the coldest winter months.tropical areahot all year without winter temperate regions of the south: enjoy a moderate climate, with h

11、ot summers and mild winterssichuan university of science & engineeringii geography: climatevaustralia is widely known as “the dry continent” due to its low rainfall. the aridity of australia stems from its proximity to the equator.the coldest areas are the highlands and plateaus of tasmania and the

12、southeastern portion of the mainland.sichuan university of science & engineering the hot and dry conditions of australia bring about recurring droughts across the country. the 1895 to 1903 drought is considered australias worst draught in terms of severity and scale.ii geography: major citiescanberr

13、a 堪培拉堪培拉the capital city of australialocated in the australian capital territory the name “canberra” means “meeting place” in the aboriginal language.sichuan university of science & engineeringcanberra ?canberra houses many breathtaking landmarks and heritage buildings, such as parliament house, the

14、 high court of australia and the national museum of australia.ii geography: major citiessydney 悉尼悉尼t(yī)he capital city of new south wales australias largest and oldest cityhome to a great deal of australias historic sites, wildlife parks, great beaches, waterways and national parks.sichuan university o

15、f science & engineeringsydney ?ii geography: major citiesmelbourne 墨爾本墨爾本australias second largest citythe capital city of victorianit is notable for its distinct blend of victorian and contemporary architecture, extensive tram network, etc.sichuan university of science & engineeringmelbourne ?since

16、 2002, it has been consistently ranked among the worlds most livable cities by the economist.ii geography: major citiesbrisbane布里斯班布里斯班the third largest city in australiathe capital of queensland, situated in the southeast of the provinceabout one hours drive from the gold coast, a famous tourist at

17、traction in australiasichuan university of science & engineeringbrisbane?ii geography: major citiesperth珀斯珀斯the fourth largest city in the countrythe capital of western australiathe largest city in western australiasichuan university of science & engineeringperth?ii geography: major citiesadelaide阿德

18、萊德阿德萊德the city has well established itself as a center for festivals as well as german cultural influences.the capital of south australiasichuan university of science & engineeringadelaide?ii geography: major citiesdarwin達(dá)爾文達(dá)爾文the capital of the northern territorythe only large city in northern aust

19、raliaa booming tourist destination and an important military basesichuan university of science & engineeringdarwin?iii history: early historythe aboriginal people lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic life.the aborigines were the first inhabitants of australia. most anthropologists believe they migrated f

20、rom asia between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, when low sea levels permitted the simplest forms of land and water travel.sichuan university of science & engineeringiii history: early historythe aborigines used fire as a hunting tool and they had a unique relationship with the environment, their relig

21、ious beliefs were firmly linked to the land and those living things.sichuan university of science & engineeringiii history: discovery and explorationsichuan university of science & engineeringin 1606, dutch navigator willem janszoon sighted the coast of cape york peninsula. (約克角半島)during the 17th ce

22、ntury, the dutch chartered the whole of the western and northern coastlines of what they named new holland. in 1642, abel tasman sailed into the waters of southern australia, discovering and naming the island tasmania after himself.iii history: discovery and explorationsichuan university of science

23、& engineeringin 1770, the english captain james cook sailed along the fertile eastern coast of australia, and named the coast new south wales and formally claimed it for britain.but with the increasing knowledge of the continent, no further detailed exploration.iii history: european settlementsichua

24、n university of science & engineeringcauses: the industrial revolution transformed the country from a largely rural society almost entirely dependent on agriculture to a town-centered one engaged increasingly in commercial manufacturing. however, the rapid population growth in london and other areas

25、 brought about various social problems.the rising crime rate compelled britain to find somewhere to house the population of its overcrowded prisons.iii history: european settlementsichuan university of science & engineeringpenal settlements:1783: the american revolution ended and australia was estab

26、lished as a new penal settlement at botany bay in australia.difficulty :initial failures in farmingsolution:captain john macarthur began breeding fine merino sheep for their wool.iii history: european settlementsichuan university of science & engineeringin may, 1787, the first fleet of 11 ships unde

27、r the command of captain arthur phillip sailed from portsmouth, britain, for australia. they arrived in sydney on january 26,1788, a date now celebrated as australia day. here, phillip established britains first permanent colony.first permanent colony：iii history: european settlementsichuan universi

28、ty of science & engineeringin the following decades, more convicts were transported to the continent and new colonies were established, including hobart (霍巴特) in tasmania, brisbane at moreton bay (莫頓灣) and albany (奧爾巴尼) in western australia.new colonies:iii history: colonizationsichuan university of

29、 science & engineeringfrom the 1820s to the 1880s, australia underwent major processes that laid the foundation of its present society. among these were the establishment of new colonies along the eastern coast, the expansion of sheep and cattle raising in the interior and the discovery of gold and

30、other minerals in the eastern colonies.new colonies: new south wales (1788), tasmania (1852), western australia (1829), south australia (1836), victoria (1851), queensland (1859) iii history: colonizationsichuan university of science & engineeringgrowth of sheep grazing: both farming and mining indu

31、stries underwent rapid development. large-scale grazing also developed in the 1830s and 1840s when new settlers established huge sheep runs.gold rush: due to the gold rush, which made a dramatic contribution to the growth of the economy, the population expanded rapidly.iii history: the road toward f

32、ederationsichuan university of science & engineeringthe federation of the six colonies was achieved after several national conventions and a series of compromises and referenda.the idea of federation was proposed by earl grey, britains colonial secretary, as early as in 1847.in 1901, the six colonie

33、s of australia adopted a federal constitution and the commonwealth of australia was established. iii history: australia since the 20th centurysichuan university of science & engineering“white australia policy”in 1901, the six colonies of australia adopted a federal constitution and became a self-gov

34、erning dominion of british empire.in 1901, the immigration restriction act was passed to restrict non-european immigrants.the immigration restriction act was dismantled after world war ii. today australia has a global, non-discriminatory policy and is home to people from more than 200 countries.iii

35、history: australia since the 20th centurysichuan university of science & engineering“wwi”:australia followed britain into the war in august,1914.during the war, the australian troops, joined by the new zealand forces, were called the australian and new zealand army corps (anzacs) (澳新軍團(tuán)).anzac day (a

36、pril 25) is one of australias most important national holidays to honor all those australians who died in military conflicts.iii history: australia since the 20th centurysichuan university of science & engineering“wwi”:benefits: agriculture and mining industries were booming.it experienced rapid ind

37、ustrial growth in the years following the war.iii history: australia since the 20th centurysichuan university of science & engineeringinterwar years: the great depressionin 1923, economic development plan: “men, money and markets”the great depression of the 1930smain external causes: the collapse of

38、 wool and wheat prices and cessation of overseas loans internal factors, including an existing recession and drought, exacerbated the situation.iii history: australia since the 20th centurysichuan university of science & engineering“wwii”:australia followed britain into the war in september,1939.on

39、february 19, 1942, the japanese launched air raids on darwin. in may and june, the japanese attacked sydney harbor and newcastle, causing some casualties and property damage.with the beginning of the pacific war, australia developed a foreign policy independent of britain for the first time.iii hist

40、ory: australia since the 20th centurysichuan university of science & engineering“wwii”:the beginning of a profound shift in australias allegiance away from britain toward the u.s.the united states helped protect australia from the japanese in the battle of the coral sea. with the end of the war, aus

41、tralia entered a boom period.australian servicemen made significant contributions to the allied victory.iii history: australia since the 20th centurysichuan university of science & engineeringpostwar peace & prosperity: the lucky country:in 1960s, the “baby boomers” emerged as an active force and ma

42、de it a period of chance for australiaracial issueslaunched a campaign against the white australia policyalmost 100% employment rate & high standard of living; launched a massive immigration programiii history: australia since the 20th centurysichuan university of science & engineeringthe developmen

43、t: in sep. 1951anzus treaty1983-1996, the australian labor government under bob hawke and paul keatingin 1996, the howard governmentin 1972, the whitlam governmentin nov. 1999a public referendumthe sydney olympic games & the sydney paralympic gamesiv exercises:sichuan university of science & enginee

44、ringi. read the following statement and decide whether they are true (t) or false (f). in terms of landmass, australia is the sixth largest country in the world. 2. the name “sydney” means “meeting place” in the aboriginal language. 3. the first documented european expedition to australia was made b

45、y abel tasman. 4. australia day is on january 26, which originates from the establishment of the first british colony on this day in 1788. tfftiv exercises:sichuan university of science & engineeringi. read the following statement and decide whether they are true (t) or false (f). 5. there was a per

46、iod of great economic expansion in australia following the gold rush in the 1850s. 6. the purpose of the immigration restriction act in 1901 was to restrict european immigrant numbers. tfiv exercises:sichuan university of science & engineeringi. read the following statement and decide whether they a

47、re true (t) or false (f). 7. the economy in australia developed rapidly by means of the policy of “men, money and markets” in the 1920s. 8. it was britain that helped protect australia from the japanese in the battle of the coral sea during world war . tfiv exercises:sichuan university of science &

48、engineeringii. choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. _ is the lowest point in australia. a. lake eyre b. the great artesian basin c. mount kosciuszko d. the great victoria desert2. _ is australias capital. a. sydney b. melbourne c. brisbane d. canberra 3. britains fi

49、rst permanent colony was founded in _ . a.1606 b.1770 c.1787 d.1788addiv exercises:sichuan university of science & engineeringii. choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.4.the commonwealth of australia was established in _ . a.1847 b.1885 c.1900 d.19015.the movement to ga

50、in recognition of aboriginal rights was started in the _ . a.1950s b.1960s c.1970s d.1980s 6.australia completely abolished the white australia policy during the government of _ . a. earle page b. gough whitlam c. joseph lyons d. stanley brucedbbiv exercises:sichuan university of science & engineeri

51、ngii. choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements. 7.the following were all aspects of the economic reforms which took place between 1983 and 1996 except _ . a. enlarging the scale of the mining industry b. deregulating the financial market c. reducing tariffs d. privatizing

52、the state-owned enterprisesaiv exercises:sichuan university of science & engineeringii. choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.8.the howard governments foreign policies were based on relations with four key countries, namely, _ . a. the u.s., japan, britain, china b. the

53、 u.s., japan, china, indonesia c. the u.s., japan, britain, china d. the u.s., britain, china, chinabiv exercises:sichuan university of science & engineeringiii. give brief answers to the following questions.1. why did the six colonies want the country unified at the end of the 19th century?at the e

54、nd of the 19th century, the six colonies found that the separation of governments and markets had restricted their development. they also realized that they needed to pursue uniform immigration rules in order to keep the unwanted immigrants out. moreover, they feared that the mainland european count

55、ries would invade or colonize australia. so they all wanted to have the country unified. iv exercises:sichuan university of science & engineeringiii. give brief answers to the following questions.2. what is the “anzac day”?during world war i, the australian and new zealand army corps (anzacs) took part in some of the bloodiest battles, such as the gallipoli campaign, leaving one of the glorious chapters in australian history. the australians were very proud of their bravery and indomitable spirit. now april 25 is celebrated as anzac day