版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)
文檔簡(jiǎn)介
1、在英語中,主要有三大從句,即名詞性從句(包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句,同位語從句)、形容詞性從句(即定語從句)、副詞性從句(即狀語從句,包括時(shí)間、條件、結(jié)果、目的、原因、讓步、地點(diǎn)、方式等)。 以下是一些基本的從句的語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)A、定語從句專項(xiàng)講解與訓(xùn)練 一、定語從句概念 定語從句(attributive clause),顧名思義,就是一個(gè)句子作定語從屬于主句。定語一般是由形容詞充當(dāng),所以定語從句又稱作形容詞從句。另外,定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的,故又稱作關(guān)系從句。 定語從句一般放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后,這種名詞或代詞被稱作先行詞。請(qǐng)看示例: The woman who liv
2、es next door is a teacher. 先行詞 定語從句 在所有的從句中,算定語從句最難掌握,因?yàn)闈h語里沒有定語從句,漢語里只有定語,而且總是放在名詞之前來修飾名詞。 二、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系代詞代替前面的先行詞,并且在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,可以作主語、賓語、定語等。常見的關(guān)系代詞有:who, that, which。它們的主格、賓格和所有格如下表所示: 格 先行詞 主格 賓格 所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that (一)關(guān)系代詞who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人
3、,是主格,在定語從句中作主語。例如: An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑師是設(shè)計(jì)房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記在高一時(shí)教我們化學(xué)的那位老師。 Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想應(yīng)聘這個(gè)職位的任何人都必須先通
4、過電子郵件向我們發(fā)送簡(jiǎn)歷。 whom代替人,是賓格,在定語從句作賓語,在非正式英語常可省略。例如: Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我們?cè)趯W(xué)校圖書館里遇到的那位先生你認(rèn)識(shí)嗎? This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 這是我爸爸十年前教的學(xué)生。 The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我見到的那個(gè)女孩名叫瑪麗。(在非正式英語中,主格who代替了賓格whom,亦可省略) whose一
5、般代替人,有時(shí)亦可代替物,是所有格,在定語從句作定語。例如: The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高級(jí)工程師的那個(gè)女學(xué)生過去在國外留學(xué)。 Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我們這兒能看到窗戶的那個(gè)賓館叫什么名字,你知道嗎?(關(guān)系代詞whose指代先行詞hotel,正式用法應(yīng)該用of which。whose window=the window of which,意思是:the wind
6、ow of the hotel。) (二)關(guān)系代詞which的用法 which代替物,在定語從句作主語或賓語,作賓語時(shí)還可省略。例如: I do not like stories which have unhappy endings. 我不喜歡有不幸結(jié)局的小說。(which可以換成that) Tom works for a factory which makes watches. 湯姆在一個(gè)制表廠工作。(which可以換成that) (三)關(guān)系代詞that的用法 that既可指人又可指物,在當(dāng)代英語中大多指物,在定語從句作主語或賓語,作賓語時(shí)還可省略。例如: Is she the girl t
7、hat sells newspapers? 她是賣報(bào)紙的那個(gè)女孩嗎?(that可以換成who) Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge? 放在冰箱的冰激凌哪兒去了?(that可以換成which) Is this the book that you want to buy? 這是你要買的那本書嗎? (that可以換成which,在定語從句作賓語,還可以省略) 三、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 常用的關(guān)系副詞只有三個(gè):when, where, why,在定語從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語。它們的用法大家不妨記住一個(gè)口訣: the time when t
8、he place where the reason why (一)關(guān)系副詞when的用法 關(guān)系副詞when代替的先行詞表示的是時(shí)間,when在定語從句作時(shí)間狀語。例如: In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often. 北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。(when先行詞是months) Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace? 你還記得我們第一次去頤和園的那一天嗎?(when先行詞是day, 當(dāng)代英語里when可以用that
9、替代,這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞that就變成了表示時(shí)間的關(guān)系副詞) I havent seen her since the year when I left Tokyo. 自從我離開東京的那一年我就一直沒見到過她。(when先行詞是year,同樣when可以用that代替) (二)關(guān)系副詞where的用法 關(guān)系副詞where代替的先行詞表示的是地點(diǎn),where在定語從句作地點(diǎn)狀語。例如: During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up. 春節(jié)期間,我回到了生我養(yǎng)我的家鄉(xiāng)。(where的先行詞是town) T
10、his is the place where Li Bai once lived. 這是李白曾經(jīng)生活過的地方。(where先行詞是place) 上面這個(gè)句子不可以將where改為that,因?yàn)閠hat不能作為表示地點(diǎn)的關(guān)系副詞。試比較下句: This is the place that Li Bai once visited. 這是李白曾經(jīng)游覽過的地方。(that的先行詞同樣是place,但這個(gè)that是關(guān)系代詞,在定語從句中作賓語,可以省略,還可以用which替換) (三)關(guān)系副詞why的用法 關(guān)系副詞why代替的先行詞表示的是原因,why在定語從句作原因狀語。例如: The reason
11、why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email. 我打電話給你的原因是想問問你是否收到了我的電子郵件。(why先行詞是reason, 當(dāng)代英語里why可以用that替代,這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞that就變成了表示原因的關(guān)系副詞,還可以將why省略) This is the reason why he came late to school. 這就是他為什么上學(xué)遲到的原因。(why先行詞是reason,why可以用that替代,還可以省略) 注意:如果上面的句子將the reason省略,那么這個(gè)句子就變成了(This is
12、 why he came late to school. )表語從句,句子意思絲毫未變。 四、特殊關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語從句 as是個(gè)比較特殊的關(guān)系代詞,一是用在某些句型搭配里,二是獨(dú)立于主句之外。下面分別講解。 (一)在固定搭配asas, soas, suchas, the sameas中,as引導(dǎo)定語從句 You may take as many books as you want. 你想要拿多少書就拿多少。(第一個(gè)as是副詞,修飾many的;第二個(gè)as才是關(guān)系代詞,代替先行詞books,在定語從句中作賓語) I have got such a computer as yours. 我有一
13、臺(tái)你這樣的電腦。(as是關(guān)系代詞,代替先行詞computer,在定語從句中作表語,因?yàn)閥ours后省略了is ) I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin. 我從未見過像桂林那樣美麗的地方。(as是關(guān)系代詞,代替先行詞place,在定語從句中作表語,因?yàn)镚uilin后省略了is ) (二)獨(dú)立于主句之外,as引導(dǎo)定語從句 As we know, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我們所知,地球圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。 As is known to us, (As we know和 As is known to us
14、均為定語從句,as分別作賓語和主語,替代后面的主句。) Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China. 你知道,臺(tái)灣是中國不可分割的一部分。(關(guān)系代詞as指代整個(gè)主句,在定語從句中作賓語。) 五、關(guān)系代詞who, which與that的區(qū)別 (一)關(guān)系代詞who與that的區(qū)別 1. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作主語時(shí),多用主格who。例如: He who loses hope loses all. 失去希望的人就失去一切。(先行詞為代詞he, they, any, all, one等時(shí),多用who) I met Alice, who tol
15、d me that she was learning Chinese. 我遇見艾麗斯,她告訴我她在學(xué)漢語。(在非限制性定語從句中,用who) 2. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作介詞后的賓語時(shí),用賓格whom,不用that。例如: The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. 我們校長(zhǎng)剛才與他談話的那個(gè)人是我們的英語老師。(介詞與關(guān)系代詞緊密相連時(shí),只能用賓格whom,不可用主格who) 注意:介詞與關(guān)系代詞不是緊密相連時(shí),或者說介詞放在句子后面時(shí),這時(shí)可以用主格who,也可用that,還可以省略關(guān)系代詞。因此,上
16、面的這句話還可以有如下四種說法: (1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our Englis
17、h teacher. 第4句簡(jiǎn)潔、自然,所以口語中用得最多。 3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞泛指人時(shí),多用that。例如: He is a man that is never afraid of failure. 他是個(gè)從不怕失敗的人。(that用來泛指人) 4. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在who開頭的疑問句時(shí),應(yīng)用that。例如: Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 用英語同湯姆交談的那個(gè)女孩是誰?(避免重復(fù)使用who,以免造成誤解或語義含混不清) (二)關(guān)系代詞which與that的區(qū)別 1. 當(dāng)先行詞為all, much, little以及不定代
18、詞anything, something, everything等時(shí),關(guān)系代詞多用that。例如: All that glitters is not gold. 閃閃發(fā)光物,未必盡黃金。 She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告訴了我。 2. 當(dāng)先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或限定詞the only, the very, all, every, any, no等時(shí),關(guān)系代詞一般都用that。例如: This is the best novel that I have ever read. 這是我讀過的最好的一部小說。 He is t
19、he only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一應(yīng)邀參加舞會(huì)的人。 3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在which開頭的疑問句時(shí),應(yīng)用that。例如: Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一個(gè)是推薦給外賓的賓館?(這里使用that很明顯是為了避免重復(fù)which) 4. 在非限制性定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞一般只用which。例如: Beijing, which is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China, wil
20、l host the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中華人民共和國的首都,將主辦2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)。 5. 介詞后的關(guān)系代詞用which,而不用that。例如: She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了600張郵票,其中60是德國郵票。 六、定語從句的位置 如前所述,定語從句一般總是直接置于所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。有時(shí)候,定語從句與先行詞之間插入了其他的短語,這樣它們被分隔了,這種情況下的定語從句被稱作隔離定語從句。例如: There was a girl upstairs who was
21、 shouting and crying, obviously mad. 樓上有一個(gè)女孩,大喊大叫。很明顯,她瘋了。(定語從句who was shouting and crying修飾the girl,被upstairs所隔開) A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要來一位新老師教你們德語了。(定語從句置于句末以示強(qiáng)調(diào)) B、賓語從句賓語從句是英語復(fù)合句中的其中非常重要的從句之一。它是用一個(gè)句子做另一個(gè)句子的賓語,將這個(gè)句子叫做賓語從句。賓語從句做介詞或及物動(dòng)詞的賓語?,F(xiàn)在從下列三個(gè)方面總結(jié)歸納如下:一,引導(dǎo)
22、詞A,由that 引導(dǎo)的陳述句性的賓語從句,在很多動(dòng)詞如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等動(dòng)詞后。連詞that只起連接作用,在從句中不做句子的成分,也無詞匯意義,在口語中常被省略,但在大多數(shù)情況下還是以不省為好,特別是在筆語中。例:I told him that he was wrong.l在think,believe, suppose, expect等動(dòng)詞引起的賓語從句中,有時(shí)謂語盡管是否定意義,卻不用否定形式,而將think 等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?。例:I dont think you are r
23、ight. (我認(rèn)為你做的不對(duì))l在許多帶有復(fù)合賓語的句子中,that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句經(jīng)常移到句子的后面,而用it做形式賓語。例:We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我認(rèn)為他向每一個(gè)人撒謊是錯(cuò)誤的)B,由連詞if、 whether 引導(dǎo)的表示“是否”的賓語從句。Whether,if 在從句中不做句子的成分,一般情況下,whether和if 可以替換。例:I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow.The teacher asked if/whether we had finished t
24、he experiment.l在介詞后面的賓語從句中不用if引導(dǎo)例:Everything depends on whether we have enough money。l賓語從句中有or not時(shí)不用if引導(dǎo).例:I dont know whether the movie star will come or not.l和不定式連用作賓語時(shí)不用if引導(dǎo).例:Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.C,由wh-引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。連接代詞who,whom,whose, what, which,和連接副詞when, where, why, how 等
25、連接的賓語從句,它們?cè)诰渲屑从羞B接從句的作用,又在句中充當(dāng)句子的成分。例:Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定語)I dont know where he lives. (where 做地點(diǎn)狀語)二,賓語從句的語序,賓語從句從句的語序必須是陳述語序,既連接詞+主語+謂語+其他成分例:I believe that they will come soon.He asked me whether I was a teacher.They wanted to know what they can do for us.二,賓語從句
26、的時(shí)態(tài)。賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)受主句的限制,既:主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),從句根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。主句是一般過去時(shí)態(tài),從句用相應(yīng)的過去的時(shí)態(tài)。如果從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之前,則從句要用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。例:1)She says that she is a student.She said that she was a student.2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3)She says that she has finished her homework al
27、ready.She said that she had finished her homework already.4)She says that she can sing a song in English.She said that she could sing a song in English.l如果賓語從句說的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或事實(shí)時(shí),這時(shí)賓語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例:The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.He told me that Japan is an island country.lCould you te
28、ll me是用來征詢對(duì)方的意見,語氣委婉,并不表示過去。例:Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum?注意事項(xiàng):u由陳述句變成賓語從句時(shí),要注意人稱的變化。例:She said: “I have been to England before.”She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: “Do you like maths?”She asked me if I liked maths.u賓語從句與簡(jiǎn)單句的交換。由連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,如果賓
29、語從句的主語和主句的主語是同一個(gè)人時(shí),可以用“疑問詞+不定式”做賓語的簡(jiǎn)單句結(jié)構(gòu)。例:I dont know what I should do next.I cont know what to do next.He didnt know where he would live.He didnt know where to live.DO SOME EXERCISES:1.Can you see_?A. what hes reading B. what is he readingC. what does he read D. he reads what2.Does Jack come from
30、Japan? Do you know?(合并成一個(gè)句子)Do you know_Jack _from Japan?3._What did your son say in the letter?_He told me that he_ the Disney would the next dayA.will visit B. has visitedC. is going to visit D. would visit4.He didnt know_A.whats the matter B.what the matter isC. what was the matter D. what the ma
31、tter was5.Somebody called you just now,but I didnt know_A.who were they B. who they wereC. who was it D. who it was6.I want to know_A.what is his name B. whats his nameC. that his name is D. what his name is 7.-Could you tell me _she is looking for?-Her cousin,susan.A.that B.whose C .who D.which8.-W
32、hat are you searching the Internet for?-Im trying to find out_.A.What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLUB.How many persons have died in IraqC.How to protect our environmentD.Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea9.Do you know_?(誰正在唱歌)10.Do you know_?(她正在和誰談話)11.Do you know_?(昨天發(fā)生了什么事)
33、The keys: 1 A.2 if ,comes.3D. 4 C. 5 D. 6 D. 7 C. 8 B9 who is singing 10 who she is talking with11 what happened yesterdayC、同位語從句(一) 概念一般來說,在主從復(fù)合句中,用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它通常跟在某些名詞之后,用以說明或解釋該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容??梢愿徽Z從句的名詞通常有:advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, re
34、port, suggestion, word(消息),problem, question, doubt, thought等。例如:They were delighted at the news that their team had won.當(dāng)聽到他們隊(duì)獲勝的消息時(shí),他們欣喜若狂。Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你從哪兒聽說我不能來?有時(shí)同位語從句可以不緊跟在被說明的名詞后面,而被別的詞隔開。 如:The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.他突然想
35、起湯姆可能已經(jīng)還了書了。(二)引導(dǎo)詞尋規(guī)找矩 請(qǐng)仔細(xì)觀察下列句子,注意從句引導(dǎo)詞的用法。1. The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.2. He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there. 3. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5.
36、 We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.6. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station. 7. I have no idea when he will be back小結(jié)歸納 that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)無詞義,也不充當(dāng)任何成分,但通常不可以省略,如句1; whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)意為“是否”,通常不能用if來代替,如句2; 連接代詞who, what等可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句,如句3, 4
37、; 連接副詞where, how, when等可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句, 如句5,6,7。(三) that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句和定語從句 意義不同:同位語從句用來進(jìn)一步說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容;而定語從句用來修飾、限定前面的先行詞。試比較:1. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. 2. The news that you told us is really encouraging.分析 句1中that引導(dǎo)同位語從句,說明“news”的內(nèi)容:我們隊(duì)取得了決賽勝利。 句2中that引導(dǎo)定語從句,對(duì)“news”加以限定:是你
38、告訴我們的,而非來自其他渠道。 that的功能不同:that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)是一個(gè)純連詞,不充當(dāng)任何成分;而引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),不僅起連接作用,而且還指代先行詞并在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語等成分。試比較:1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test. 2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children.分析 句1中 that引導(dǎo) 同位語從句,其中that無詞義,也不充當(dāng)任何成分; 句2中that引導(dǎo)定語從句,that指代promi
39、se,又在從句中充當(dāng)主語,且that可以用which替換。 可否省略:that在引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí),通常不可省略。在引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),若在從句中作賓語,通常可以省略,若作主語則不可以省略。即學(xué)即用I 請(qǐng)用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空,使下列句子意思完整。1. They expressed the hope _ they would come over to China soon.2. The fact _ he didnt see Tom this morning is true.3. Word has come _ some American guests will come to our college fo
40、r a visit next week.4. He cant answer the question _ he got the money from his home yesterday. 5. Do you have any idea _ is actually going on in the classroom? 6. The problem _ we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.II. 下列各句中均有一處錯(cuò)誤,請(qǐng)改正。1. Our team has won the game, that m
41、ade us very happy.2. Ive come with a message from Mr Wang how he wont be able to see you this afternoon.3. He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not.4. Ive read the book where you gave me the day before yesterday.5. One of the men held the pinion when what the book said was
42、right.III 把下列句子翻譯成英語。1. 我向他許諾說我一到北京就給他寫信。2. 他經(jīng)常問我這個(gè)問題,那就是這個(gè)工作是否值得做。3. 他什么也不說,這一事實(shí)使大家都感到驚奇。4. 在我看來,他剛才告訴我的這個(gè)消息是真實(shí)的。5. 他突然想起他本來應(yīng)該去接兒子的。Key:I. 1. that 2. that 3. that 4. how 5. what 6. whetherII. 1 thatwhich 2. howthat 3. ifwhether4. wherethat / which或省略where5. whenthat 6. thathow III. 1. I made a prom
43、ise that I would write to him as soon as I got to Beijing.2. He often asked me the question whether the work was worth doing. 3. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.4. In my opinion, the news (that / which) he told me just now is true5. A thought suddenly came to him that he s
44、hould have picked up his son.D、 狀語從句的種類 1狀語從句的種類 用來修飾謂語動(dòng)詞、其它動(dòng)詞、定語、狀語或整個(gè)句子的從句叫做狀語從句。狀語從句可分為: 1.時(shí)間狀語從句2.地點(diǎn)狀語從句;3.原因狀語從句;4.條件狀語從句;5.目的狀語從句;6.讓步狀語從句;7.比較狀語從句;8.程度狀語從句;9.方式狀語從句;10.結(jié)果狀語從句。 2狀語從句的時(shí)態(tài)特點(diǎn) 一般情況下,時(shí)間和條件狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”表示“一般將來時(shí)”,用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”表示“將來完成時(shí)”。 二 時(shí)間狀語從句 3時(shí)間狀語從句(adverbial clause of time) 1.由w
45、hen, while, as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。 【區(qū)別】when, while和as的區(qū)別:when引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。并且when有時(shí)表示“就在那時(shí)”。 While引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的,并強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生(或者相對(duì)應(yīng))。并且while有時(shí)還可以表示對(duì)比。例如: While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,was reading和was watching同時(shí)發(fā)生) As表示“一邊一邊”,as引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作
46、,一般用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生;as也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)“一先一后。 As we was going out, it began to snow.當(dāng)我們出門時(shí),開始下雪了。(as強(qiáng)調(diào)句中兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著先后發(fā)生,而不強(qiáng)調(diào)開始下雪的特定時(shí)間) 2.由before和after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。注意before引導(dǎo)的從句不再用否定式的謂語,并且當(dāng)before引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后,有時(shí)譯成“就,才”。還要注意主句和從句之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系。當(dāng)主句用將來時(shí),從句總是用現(xiàn)在時(shí);如果before引導(dǎo)的從句謂語用的是過去時(shí),則主句動(dòng)詞多用過去完成時(shí),這樣以便體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后。After表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后。主
47、句和從句的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系正好與before引導(dǎo)的從句相反。 3.由till或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。till和until一般情況下兩者可以互換,但是在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞時(shí),必須用否定形式;如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí),用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表達(dá)的意思不同。例如: 4.由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。 since引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。一般情況下,從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí),而主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。但在It is 時(shí)間since從句的句型中,主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如: 5.由as soon
48、 as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。這些連詞都表示“一就”。 【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)when / before, no soonerthan相當(dāng)于as soon as之意。主句用過去完成時(shí),從句用一般過去時(shí)。當(dāng)hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首時(shí),主句應(yīng)用倒裝語序。 6.由by the time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化:在一般情況下,如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí),主句的謂
49、語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí);如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用將來完成時(shí)。 7.由each time, every time和whenever引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。 8.由as long as和so long as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。這兩個(gè)連詞表示“有多久就多久”。 三 地點(diǎn)狀語從句 4地點(diǎn)狀語從句 (adverbial clause of place) 地點(diǎn)狀語從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導(dǎo),已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型,例如: 句型1:Where地點(diǎn)從句,(there)主句。 【注意】此句型通常譯成“哪里哪里就”;主句在從句后面時(shí),there可用可不用;如果主句在從句的
50、前面時(shí),一般都不用there。 句型2:Anywhere/ wherever地點(diǎn)從句,主句。 狀語從句是句子的狀語由一個(gè)從句充當(dāng),來修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞,形容詞或副詞等。狀語從句都由從屬連詞引導(dǎo),與主句連接,放在句末時(shí),一般不在前面加逗號(hào)。 狀語從句根據(jù)它表示的意思可分為時(shí)間,原因,條件,比較,結(jié)果,目的等類。 時(shí)間狀語從句:是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as 等從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。 時(shí)間狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞不能用一般將來時(shí),只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 原因狀語從句: because, si
51、nce, as和for都表示原因。because語勢(shì)最強(qiáng),回答why提出的問題,用來說明人所不知的原因。當(dāng)能夠很明顯的看出原因或人們已知原因,就用as或since。 由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末,且前面有逗號(hào),則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因,而是多種情況加以推斷,就只能用for。 目的狀語從句:表示目的狀語的從句可以由in order that, so that,等詞引導(dǎo)。 結(jié)果狀語從句:結(jié)果狀語從句常由so.that 或 such.that引導(dǎo),要掌握和區(qū)分這兩個(gè)句型, 首先要了解so和such后面分別跟什么詞。such是形容詞,修飾名詞或名詞詞組,so是副詞,只能修
52、 飾形容詞或副詞。so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用,形成固定搭配。 如:The box is so heavy that I cant carry it. 讓步狀語從句:是由though, although 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。E、表語從句 表語從句就是用一個(gè)句子作為表語。說明主語是什么或者怎么樣,由名詞、形容詞或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語充當(dāng),和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。 表語從句只能置于主句之后,而主句的動(dòng)詞只能是聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞。 名詞性從句在be等系動(dòng)詞后作表語時(shí)被稱為表語從句, 例如: The problem is how we can get the
53、 things we need.問題是我們?cè)鯓幽芘轿覀冃枰臇|西。(how 在表語從句中充當(dāng)方式狀語)/ The scissors are not what I need. 這把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表語從句中充當(dāng)賓語)/ What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告訴他的是我會(huì)給他找個(gè)好劇本。(what在主語從句中作直接賓語, that作為表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞在該表語從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分, 不能省略)/ That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要對(duì)你講的。(what在表語從句中充
54、當(dāng)直接賓語)/ That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考試不及格的原因。(why 在表語從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語) “That is why.”是常用句型, 意為“這就是的原因/因此”, 其中why引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在句中作表語, 該句型通常用于針對(duì)前面已經(jīng)說明過的原因進(jìn)行總結(jié), 又如: That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮, 這就是現(xiàn)在這個(gè)老太婆出現(xiàn)在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne對(duì)老婦人顯得蒼老憔悴深感詫異, 說話人對(duì)她講述了其中的原因之后,用這一句來進(jìn)
55、行概括)。/ That is why I came. 這就是我來的原因。 下面是兩個(gè)與“That is why.”形式相似的結(jié)構(gòu), 它們與“That is why.”結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系要能夠辨析清楚: (1)“That is why.”與“That is the reason why.”同義, 只不過從語法結(jié)構(gòu)上講, “That is the reason why.”中why引導(dǎo)的是個(gè)定語從句, 將其中的the reason去掉則與“That is why.”結(jié)構(gòu)一樣, 例如: That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 這就是我不能同意的理由。 (2)“That is because.”句型中從屬連詞because引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在此作表語, 這也是個(gè)常用句型, 意為“這就是為什么/因?yàn)椤?。“That i
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 專用版全新幼兒園承包協(xié)議模板下載版A版
- 2024鐵礦石銷售合同中的環(huán)境保護(hù)附加條款規(guī)范3篇
- 2025年度廠房建設(shè)施工后期維護(hù)合同范本4篇
- 二手服務(wù)器租賃服務(wù)詳細(xì)合同2024年版一
- 二零二五年度生態(tài)修復(fù)工程出渣承包服務(wù)協(xié)議3篇
- 2024遺產(chǎn)房產(chǎn)繼承轉(zhuǎn)讓合同
- 2025年度拆除工程竣工驗(yàn)收合同樣本下載4篇
- 2024年能源管理服務(wù)協(xié)議
- 二零二四年城市綠化帶設(shè)施維護(hù)勞務(wù)分包服務(wù)協(xié)議3篇
- 二零二五版地磅租賃與物流配送一體化服務(wù)協(xié)議
- 釘釘OA辦公系統(tǒng)操作流程培訓(xùn)
- 新生兒科年度護(hù)理質(zhì)控總結(jié)
- GB/T 15934-2024電器附件電線組件和互連電線組件
- 《工貿(mào)企業(yè)有限空間作業(yè)安全規(guī)定》知識(shí)培訓(xùn)
- 高層次人才座談會(huì)發(fā)言稿
- 垃圾清運(yùn)公司管理制度(人員、車輛、質(zhì)量監(jiān)督、會(huì)計(jì)管理制度)
- 《建筑工程設(shè)計(jì)文件編制深度規(guī)定》(2022年版)
- 營銷人員薪酬考核方案
- 2024至2030年中國it外包服務(wù)行業(yè)市場(chǎng)深度分析及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)預(yù)測(cè)報(bào)告
- 工程項(xiàng)目計(jì)價(jià)結(jié)算付款情況統(tǒng)計(jì)表
- GB/T 20554-2024海帶
評(píng)論
0/150
提交評(píng)論