英語：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

1、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)The Absolute Structure概念獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（the absolute structure）是由名詞或代詞加上分詞或分詞短語構(gòu)成的一種獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，用于修飾整個句子，而不是一個詞或詞組。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞或分詞短語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的位置相當靈活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗號將其與主句分開。需特別注意的是，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。特點1）獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。 2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。 3）獨立主格

2、結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。 1）Night enshrouding the earth，nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance（黑夜籠罩大地，誰也看不清遠處黑壓壓的一片是什么東西。）Because night enshrouded the earth， nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance 2）He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left

3、 forearm（他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，頭枕著左臂，直挺挺地趴伏著。）He lay at full length upon his stomachHis head rested upon his left forearm.3）The coward was backing，his face being deathly pale，toward another room（那個膽小鬼向另一個房間退去，臉色煞白。）The coward was backing toward another roomHis face was deathly pale.獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)多用于書面語，尤其是描述性語言中，在口語和

4、非正式文體中，一般用從句或兩個句子來代替。 形式名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞名詞/主格代詞+不定式名詞/主格代詞+形容詞名詞/主格代詞+副詞名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語There being +名詞（代詞）It being +名詞（代詞）名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞名詞/主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主謂關(guān)系 The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we w

5、ill go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間是動賓關(guān)系。The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字

6、。 名詞/主格代詞+不定式名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關(guān)系，且強調(diào)的是一次具體性的動作。 He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個飛機模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后，一個回了家，一個去了書店。 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇

7、了空難，無一人生還。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會議不得不取消。 名詞/主格代詞+副詞He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結(jié)束，他們就都回家了 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her b

8、ack towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。 There being +名詞（代詞）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。 It being +名詞（代詞）It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機關(guān)都休息。 It being a h

9、oliday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關(guān)門了。 功能與用法功能：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當于一個狀語從句，常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。用法：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當于一個狀語從句或并列句。 *注：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時間、條件或原因時，相當于一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當于一個并列句，通常放于句末。 用作時間狀語The work done (=After the work had been done), we w

10、ent home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下來 用作條件狀語Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利，他或許能成功。 用作原因狀語An important lecture to be giv

11、en tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發(fā)表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有出租車，我們只好步行。 用作伴隨狀語He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his hea

12、d).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體，而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 表示補充說明We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。 例題Not far from the school there was a

13、garden, _ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C.which D. that Choose the best from the four choices1Ford tried dividing the labor，each worker a

14、 separate taskAassigning Bassigned Cwas assigned Dwould be assigned 2The lecture ，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speakerAbegan Bbeginning Chaving begun Dbeing beginning 3Such the case ，there are no grounds to justify your complaintsAbeing Bis Cwas D

15、to be 4Darkness in，the young people lingered on merrymakingAset Bsetting Chas set Dwas set 5With all factors ，we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goalAbeing considered Bconsidering Cconsidered Dare considered 6A new technique ，the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent

16、 Ato have been worked out Bhaving worked out Cworking out Dhaving been worked out 7On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still，ears ，alert，listening Apointed Bpointing Care pointed Dare pointing 8Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office ，but our work ，we declined the offer Anot being finished Bnot having finished Chad not been finishe