考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法虛擬語(yǔ)氣(5)

1、 學(xué)英語(yǔ) 找長(zhǎng)喜LECTURE 5 虛擬語(yǔ)氣本堂目標(biāo)了解使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的各種句型結(jié)構(gòu)或標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)，掌握虛擬條件句與真實(shí)條件句的含義對(duì)比，正確理解虛擬語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)含義。基礎(chǔ)預(yù)習(xí)一、虛擬條件句條件句分兩種：一種是真實(shí)條件句，一種是虛擬條件句。虛擬條件句，即指在一個(gè)虛擬假想的條件下，來(lái)描述說(shuō)話人想象的、非真實(shí)的情景，這些情景是不可能發(fā)生的，與客觀事實(shí)相反的。在這種條件句中，從句和主句都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。虛擬條件句一般用if，unless(=if not)，lest來(lái)引導(dǎo)。我們可以對(duì)現(xiàn)在、過去、將來(lái)這三種情況進(jìn)行虛擬，主句和從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式列表如下：表示虛擬的時(shí)間從句的謂語(yǔ)形式主句的謂語(yǔ)形式現(xiàn)在過去式wou

2、ld/should/might/could + do過去過去完成式would/should/might/could+have done將來(lái)did或were to/should +dowould/should/might/could + do【例1】(07-Text 1)If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer playe

3、rs are most likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.【點(diǎn)睛】If從句表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。If從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)were to，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為would+do形式?！咀g文】如果仔細(xì)查看2006年世界杯聯(lián)賽每個(gè)足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的出生證明，你很可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)明顯的巧合：好的足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員大都在上半年而不是在下半年出生?！纠?】(03-Text 3)If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, t

4、hey argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. 【點(diǎn)睛】本句結(jié)構(gòu)為They argue.。if從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。If從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過去式charged，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為would to?！咀g文】他們聲稱，若鐵路部門對(duì)所有客戶都收取一樣的費(fèi)用，那么發(fā)貨商就可以轉(zhuǎn)向公路或其

5、他的運(yùn)輸方式，從而迫使剩余的客戶承擔(dān)維持鐵路經(jīng)營(yíng)的成本費(fèi)用?！纠?】（95-完形）The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood, as if their immune systems the self-protecting mechanism against diseases had crashed.【點(diǎn)睛】主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般時(shí)態(tài)develop，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了過去完成時(shí)態(tài)had crashed，說(shuō)明as if引導(dǎo)的從句表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)?！咀g文】這些老鼠的血液受到細(xì)菌感染，就好像他們自身的免疫系統(tǒng)預(yù)防疾病的一種自我保護(hù)機(jī)制已經(jīng)

6、被破壞掉了?！練w納總結(jié)】虛擬條件句時(shí)態(tài)從上面的表格及舉例可以看出，虛擬條件句比真實(shí)條件句的時(shí)態(tài)要后退一步。1） 真實(shí)條件句中的現(xiàn)在時(shí)在虛擬條件句中后退成過去時(shí)；2） 真實(shí)條件句中的過去時(shí)在虛擬條件句中后退成過去完成時(shí)；3）真實(shí)條件句中的將來(lái)時(shí)在虛擬條件句中后退成過去將來(lái)時(shí)?！狙a(bǔ)充拓展】真實(shí)條件句與虛擬條件句含義對(duì)比例示含義If I have enough money, I will go to the zoo with you.如果我有足夠的錢，我會(huì)和你一起去動(dòng)物園。暗含“我得數(shù)一數(shù)錢是否夠，如果夠我就和你一起去”，實(shí)際上該句是真實(shí)條件句。If I had enough money, I wo

7、uld go to the zoo with you.如果我有足夠的錢，我會(huì)和你一起去動(dòng)物園。暗含“事實(shí)上我?guī)缀鯖]錢，沒法和你去” ，實(shí)際上該句是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的假設(shè)。If I had had enough money, I would have gone to the zoo with you.如果我當(dāng)時(shí)有錢足夠的錢，我就會(huì)和你一起去動(dòng)物園了。暗含“當(dāng)時(shí)我沒有足夠的錢，如果有的話，我當(dāng)時(shí)就和你一起去了”，實(shí)際上該句是對(duì)過去的假設(shè)。二、wish，if only的虛擬用法wish +that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句或if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。表示虛擬的時(shí)間謂語(yǔ)形式例示與現(xiàn)在相反If only(=I

8、 wish)+主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞過去式If only (=I wish) my friend was healthy.真希望我的朋友身體健康。與過去相反If only(=I wish)+主語(yǔ)had+動(dòng)詞分詞If only (=I wish) he had talked to her sooner!要是他早點(diǎn)跟她說(shuō)就好了。與將來(lái)相反If only(=I wish)+主語(yǔ)would動(dòng)詞原形I wish they (=If only) would stop making nuclear bombs. 我希望他們能停止制造核彈?！纠緼t the second home, the son of the othe

9、r woman who had gone said, “If only I hadnt insisted on my mothers going to Florida, she would be alive today.”【點(diǎn)睛】本句中if only引導(dǎo)的從句表示對(duì)過去的虛擬，而主句則是對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬，屬錯(cuò)綜時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)句。【譯文】在第二家，另一位已故婦人的兒子說(shuō) ：“如果當(dāng)初我沒有堅(jiān)持讓母親去佛羅里達(dá)，也許她今天還會(huì)活著?！比ould rather的虛擬用法 would rather意為“寧愿、寧可”，其后的賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。would rather有時(shí)也寫作would sooner,

10、would just as soon。表虛擬的時(shí)間從句謂語(yǔ)形式例示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)相反動(dòng)詞過去式Id rather you were not involved in the case. 我寧愿你不卷入這件事。與過去相反had+動(dòng)詞分詞Id rather that you hadnt told me about it.我寧愿你未曾把這件事告訴我。四、as if, as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)中有時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣在as if/though從句中使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表現(xiàn)形式如下：表虛擬的時(shí)間從句謂語(yǔ)形式例示現(xiàn)在(主句和從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)過去式(be用were或was)Summer as it is,

11、it seems as if it were spring. 雖然現(xiàn)在是夏天，但看起來(lái)好像是春天。過去(從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句的動(dòng)作之前)過去完成式Nobody ever touched this machine, but it operates as if it had been repaired. 以前沒人碰過這臺(tái)機(jī)器，但它開起來(lái)好像被修理過似的將來(lái)(從句表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的動(dòng)作之后)would 動(dòng)詞原形Some days go by much more quickly than others. Some hours seem as if they would never end. 有

12、時(shí)時(shí)間過得飛快，有時(shí)時(shí)間似乎永無(wú)盡頭。【例1】If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one being corrected.【點(diǎn)睛】as if引導(dǎo)的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了過去時(shí)態(tài)were，說(shuō)明從句表示的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反?！咀g文】如果我要糾正別人，我會(huì)采取和藹克制的態(tài)度，好像在糾正自己一樣?！纠?】Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by the arrests and said they f

13、elt as if they were being treated like disposable goods.【點(diǎn)睛】as if從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的使用。本句是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為were?！咀g文】鹽湖城的許多移民都對(duì)這次拘捕表示憤慨，他們說(shuō)感覺自己就像是可隨意處理的商品一樣被對(duì)待?！狙a(bǔ)充拓展】as if/though從句也可不用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而用陳述語(yǔ)氣，表示事實(shí)或有很大可能性，這種情況常用在系動(dòng)詞look，seem，taste，smell，sound等后。1)There are clouds in the sky; it looks as if it is going to rain.

14、天空中烏云密布，看起來(lái)要下雨了。(馬上就要下雨)2)It seems as if the boy has lost his way.這個(gè)男孩好像迷了路。五、建議性虛擬語(yǔ)氣建議性虛擬語(yǔ)氣以suggest的用法為典型代表，用于表示建議、要求、命令等語(yǔ)氣。其形式采用“(should +) 動(dòng)詞原形”，其中的should可省略。主要用于以下句式：1. 表示“建議、命令”等的動(dòng)詞這些詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用“should動(dòng)詞原形”的形式，其中should可省略。分類動(dòng)詞例示表示愿望desire, preferWe desire that the tour leader inform us imme

15、diately of any change in plans.我們希望旅游團(tuán)領(lǐng)隊(duì)立即通知我們計(jì)劃中的任何變化。表示建議advise, move(提議), propose, suggest, recommendHe suggested we go to tomorrows exhibition together. 他建議我們一起去(看)明天的展覽。表示要求、請(qǐng)求ask, beg, insist, maintain, oblige, request, require, urge(強(qiáng)烈要求)Mikes uncle insists that he (should) not stay in this h

16、otel. 邁克的叔叔堅(jiān)持不住這家旅館。表示命令command, decree, dictate, direct, order, stipulateAs Command-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense.作為武裝總司令，我命令采取一切力量進(jìn)行防御。表示決定decide, determine, resolveIt is decided that no smoking be allowed in the classroom.按規(guī)定在教室里不準(zhǔn)吸煙。其他ar

17、range, deserve, intend(意欲), motion(示意), promise等It has been arranged that they leave the following day.已經(jīng)安排他們?cè)诘诙靻⒊??！纠?】(94-Passage 3)Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children disabled or not to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary s

18、teps to provide that education.【點(diǎn)睛】該句可看作and連接的并列句，后一分句承前省略了主語(yǔ)court decisions。have ordered后that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句是建議性虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其中動(dòng)詞原形take前省略了should。【譯文】法院的裁決已經(jīng)認(rèn)可了所有兒童（無(wú)論殘疾與否）都有權(quán)接受適當(dāng)?shù)慕逃?并且命令公立學(xué)校采取必要步驟提供這種教育?！纠?】Implementing the new science standards and their math counterparts will be the challenge, he and Schmidt ag

19、ree, because the decentralized responsibility for education in the United States requires that any reforms be tailored and instituted one community at a time.【點(diǎn)睛】該題考查require(表要求)后接賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式。即從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要使用should do的形式，should可省略。本句為被動(dòng)用法。【譯文】他和斯奇米德都認(rèn)同，實(shí)施新的科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將是個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)教育權(quán)限的分散要求任何一項(xiàng)改革只能一次對(duì)一個(gè)社區(qū)進(jìn)行調(diào)整

20、和實(shí)施?！纠?】Smith recommends that, whenever possible, you schedule a dental appointment or other discomforting event in the morning so you dont spend the whole day worrying about it.【點(diǎn)睛】復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的從句作recommends 的賓語(yǔ)，該從句運(yùn)用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，schedule之前省略了should。【譯文】史密斯建議在可能的情況下，你可以在早晨安排與牙醫(yī)的約會(huì)或者其他令你感到不安的事情，從而你不會(huì)整天都感到惴惴不

21、安了。【例4】（04-完形）Theories concerning on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others.【點(diǎn)睛】suggest后的that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞engage in前省略了should

22、?！咀g文】關(guān)于個(gè)體研究的理論認(rèn)為，孩子們從事犯罪活動(dòng)是因?yàn)橐郧八麄冏鲥e(cuò)事情時(shí)對(duì)他們的懲罰力度不夠，或是因?yàn)樗麄兺ㄟ^與其他人的交往學(xué)會(huì)了犯罪?！狙a(bǔ)充拓展】suggest與insist的特殊用法特殊用法例示suggest當(dāng)“建議”講時(shí)，后面的賓語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；當(dāng)“暗示”、“略微透露”、“表明”講時(shí)，后面的賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。Her face suggested (表明) that she was ill. So I suggested (建議) that she (should) be sent to the nearest hospital immediately.她的臉色表明她生病了，所

23、以我建議她應(yīng)該立刻被送到最近的醫(yī)院。insist當(dāng)“堅(jiān)決要求”、“硬要”講時(shí)，后面的賓語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；當(dāng)“堅(jiān)持說(shuō)”講時(shí)，不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。Tom insisted (堅(jiān)決要求) Mike (should) apologize to his teacher, but Mike insisted (堅(jiān)持說(shuō)) that he was not wrong at all.湯姆堅(jiān)決要求邁克向他的都是道歉，但邁克堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他根本沒有錯(cuò)誤2. 表示“建議、命令”等的動(dòng)詞過去分詞或形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中一般用于It is / was + 此類動(dòng)詞的過去分詞或形容詞 + 主語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，此時(shí)主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式須用“sho

24、uld動(dòng)詞原形”的形式，其中should可省略。分類形容詞表愿望desirable, preferable表建議advisable, proposed, suggestive表請(qǐng)求insistent, urgent, requested表命令dictative表決定decisive, resolved, decided其他promising, arranged【例1】(00-Passage 1)It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inev

25、itably, the retreat from predominance proved painful.【點(diǎn)睛】第一個(gè)句子是含有主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句，it為形式主語(yǔ)，真正主語(yǔ)是that從句，其中的should have narrowed為虛擬語(yǔ)氣；第二個(gè)句子為簡(jiǎn)單句。【譯文】隨著其他國(guó)家日益富裕，美國(guó)的這一優(yōu)勢(shì)地位逐漸下降是不可避免的。惟其不可避免，從優(yōu)勢(shì)地位上退出愈發(fā)痛苦不堪?！纠?】But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our natio

26、n and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.【點(diǎn)睛】并列復(fù)合句。第一個(gè)and連接兩個(gè)并列的分句：第二個(gè)分句的主干為it is critical，it為形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是that our nationactions這個(gè)從句，其中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞base是虛擬式，前面省略了should?！咀g文】可是，科學(xué)確實(shí)給我們提供了通往未來(lái)的最好向?qū)?；考慮到現(xiàn)行措施對(duì)將來(lái)產(chǎn)生的后

27、果，我們的國(guó)家和世界在制訂重要政策時(shí)，最好以科學(xué)為依據(jù)。3. 表示“建議、命令”等的名詞這些名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)該用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式須用“should動(dòng)詞原形”的形式，其中should可省略。分類名詞表愿望desire, preference, wish, hope表建議advice, proposal, suggestion, motion表請(qǐng)求insistence, maintenance, request, requirement, urge, petition表命令command, decree, dictation, direction, order, st

28、ipulation表決定decision, determination, resolution其他arrangement, intention, promise【例】The suggestion that the mayor （should） present the prizes was accepted by everyone.【譯文】由市長(zhǎng)來(lái)頒獎(jiǎng)的建議已被大家接受?！狙a(bǔ)充拓展】注意不是所有表“建議、命令”類的詞后所有的從句都用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如果后面跟的是定語(yǔ)從句，或主語(yǔ)從句就不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。該類名詞后只有表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，此點(diǎn)考生一定要切記。1) This is the sugg

29、estion that he made at the meeting. ()2) This is the suggestion that he should make at the meeting. ()六、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)例示情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may/might是一種特殊的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，可以用在從句中表目的、讓步。1) However hard it may rain, we shall have to go. 不論雨多大，我們都得走。2) He died in order that others might be saved. 他為了拯救別人而死。may/might have done表示本來(lái)可以干某

30、事卻沒有干，突出其可能性；而could/would have done表示本來(lái)能夠做某事，但實(shí)際上卻沒有做。1) He might have given you some help, however busy he was他本可以幫助你，無(wú)論他多忙。 2) Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams. 如果他學(xué)習(xí)再努力一些的話，他本能夠通過考試。should/ought to have done表示過去本應(yīng)該做而沒有做某事；shouldnt/oughtnt to have done表示不該做某事而做了；都含有責(zé)備的意思。1

31、) If he were wise, he should have come to see me. 他如若聰明，就應(yīng)該來(lái)見我。（事實(shí)上沒來(lái)）2) You ought to/should have been more careful in this experiment. 你本來(lái)就該在這個(gè)試驗(yàn)上仔細(xì)點(diǎn)。（事實(shí)上不仔細(xì)）neednt have done表示本來(lái)沒必要做某事，實(shí)際上卻做了。There was plenty of time. She neednt have hurried. 還有很多時(shí)間，她本沒必要著急。（事實(shí)上著急了） 【例1】(07-Text 4)The current state

32、 of affairs may have been encouraged though not justified by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage.【點(diǎn)睛】該句的主干為The current state of affairs may。其中may have been encouraged表示對(duì)過去動(dòng)作的一種推測(cè)，為虛擬語(yǔ)氣?！咀g文】雖然不能因?yàn)槿狈?duì)數(shù)據(jù)泄漏的法律制裁（在美國(guó)，不在歐洲）而認(rèn)為這些事件是正當(dāng)?shù)?，但目前的情形可能是這種缺乏所促成的?！纠?】 (99-Passage

33、5) How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything.【點(diǎn)睛】前面問句中,would have considered表示虛擬，介詞結(jié)構(gòu)of an apple falling up作定語(yǔ)，修飾considered的賓語(yǔ)the possibility;后句包含because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句?！咀g文】有多少人會(huì)考慮過蘋果向上飛到樹上的可能性？牛頓考慮過，因?yàn)?/p>

34、他不想對(duì)任何事情進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。【例3】Specialists in history and economics, have shown two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was marked by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.【點(diǎn)睛】Specialistshave shown tw

35、o things為句子主干。冒號(hào)后兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)并列的同位語(yǔ)從句，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明two things；后一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句中的may have improved為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表虛擬?！咀g文】歷史學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)方面的專家已經(jīng)證明了兩件事：從1650年到1750年期間以極度貧困為特征，而工業(yè)化顯然沒有使這種狀況惡化；事實(shí)上卻可能改善了絕大多數(shù)平民百姓的生活條件。重點(diǎn)講解 一、虛擬條件句的倒裝形式在if從句中，如果有were，should，had，would等詞時(shí)，則可以省去句首的if，然后將were, should, had提前至句首，采用倒裝形式表示條件。(這種情況不限于虛擬語(yǔ)氣，主句為陳述語(yǔ)氣時(shí)也可用此結(jié)構(gòu)。

36、)【例1】（95-翻譯）For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 【點(diǎn)睛】該句是由and連接的并列句，后一分句中的had he grown up是虛擬條件句中省略if的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，相當(dāng)于if he had grown up表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)?！咀g文】例如

37、，它們并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公，因此，它們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)，會(huì)有多大的才干?！纠?】The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ought to have lost all practical value by the time they were finished. 【點(diǎn)睛】該句的主干是calculationsought to have lostpractical value。其中had they been done是省略了if的條件句，助動(dòng)詞had提到句首，構(gòu)成倒裝

38、結(jié)構(gòu)；ought to have lost為虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示對(duì)過去的推測(cè)。【譯文】數(shù)百萬(wàn)次的運(yùn)算，如果用手工進(jìn)行，等到完成時(shí)恐怕早就失去一切實(shí)用價(jià)值了。二、錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句即主句和從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致：一個(gè)是與現(xiàn)在(或?qū)?lái))事實(shí)相反，一個(gè)是與過去事實(shí)相反。這時(shí)要根據(jù)其各自所表示的時(shí)間采用適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語(yǔ)形式，而不采取通常的時(shí)態(tài)搭配形式?！纠?98-語(yǔ)法)Had in not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving at it is.【點(diǎn)睛】主句謂語(yǔ)是wo

39、uld not be，表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在虛擬。從邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)看，從句應(yīng)該是表示過去的虛擬，因?yàn)橥顿Y人的投資發(fā)生在過去，屬于錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句?！咀g文】若不是因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)有大眾及時(shí)投資，我們公司就不會(huì)像現(xiàn)在這么景氣了。三、含蓄虛擬條件句虛擬條件有時(shí)不是通過if從句明顯地表達(dá)出來(lái)，而是隱含在副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或上下文中。經(jīng)常表示這種含蓄條件的有：常見連接詞例示otherwise, or1)We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.我們不知道他的電話號(hào)碼，否則我們?cè)缇徒o他打電話了。2) He must have h

40、ad an accident, or he would have been here then. 他一定出事故了，不然他早就該到了。with, withoutNelson could have won the fight, with a little more training and a better manager. 如果有更多的訓(xùn)練和一個(gè)好的管理人的話，納爾遜是可以贏得這場(chǎng)拳擊比賽的。but forBut for the fog, we should have reached our destination in time. 如果不是有霧，我們?cè)究梢约皶r(shí)到達(dá)目的地。（but for =

41、 if it = if it were not for.或if it had not been for.或but that）in the past, in sbs positionA man in his position might have done the same thing.任何處在他位置上的人都可能做同樣的事。under要是在情況下Under the leadership of a less experienced person，the experiment would have failed.假設(shè)在一個(gè)缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，實(shí)驗(yàn)準(zhǔn)會(huì)失敗。in case1)The games

42、 will be posteoned in case it snows.2)The games will be posteoned in case it (should) snow.（in case從句既可用陳述語(yǔ)氣，也可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。in case it snows 比in case it should snow可能性大些）on condion that在條件下The guards allow the tourists to go into the woods on condition that they (should) do no harm to the animals.守衛(wèi)讓游客進(jìn)入森林

43、的條件是他們不能傷害動(dòng)物。given (that), provided (that)Given more time, I would have been able to finish the test.如果那時(shí)多給一些時(shí)間，我就能做完考題。suppose/supposing (that)假設(shè)Suppose/supposing that there were no gravity, objects would not fall to ground when dropped.假設(shè)沒有重力的話，物體就不會(huì)落下地面?！纠?】(95-Passage 5)Without forgetting, adapt

44、ive ability would suffer, for example, learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.【點(diǎn)睛】Without forgetting為含蓄虛擬條件句，相當(dāng)于if there were no forgetting，表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，故主句中用了would suffer。【譯文】如果沒有遺忘，適應(yīng)能力就會(huì)受影響，例如，十年前也許正確的行為現(xiàn)在可能不再正確了?！纠?】Without the prospect of such a monopoly, it

45、 is widely believed, there would be a diminished motivation to invent, and in the long run society as a whole would suffer from a slower rate of technological advance.【點(diǎn)睛】without表示一種含蓄的虛擬，因此主句中用了would be和would suffer，表達(dá)一種與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)?！咀g文】人們普遍認(rèn)為，如果沒有這種壟斷前景，人們進(jìn)行發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的動(dòng)力就會(huì)衰減，長(zhǎng)此以往，整個(gè)社會(huì)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的速度就會(huì)變慢。四、It is/w

46、as + that從句結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣1. important, necessary類的形容詞 在“It is / was 形容詞 + that從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)中此類結(jié)構(gòu)常用“should動(dòng)詞原形”作從句的謂語(yǔ)。此時(shí)should可省略。這類形容詞有三類：分類形容詞表重要important, crucial(緊要的)，vital, imperative(絕對(duì)必要的)表必要necessary, essential, obligatory(必須履行的), compulsory表正確appropriate, fair, just, right, proper, reasonable等【例】(05-Text

47、 2)If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.【點(diǎn)睛】該句是由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，主句中包含it is crucial that句型，that后的表語(yǔ)從句運(yùn)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，be前省略了should?！咀g文】如果我們準(zhǔn)備保護(hù)大氣，那么保證這些新電廠的環(huán)保達(dá)標(biāo)就至關(guān)重要。2. 表示驚奇、不滿、失望、關(guān)心等類的情感詞在此類“It is/was +形容詞或名詞 + that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，從句的謂語(yǔ)有“shoul

48、d+動(dòng)詞原形” 和“should have動(dòng)詞過去分詞” 這兩種形式，should一般不可省，意義“竟然，居然”，表示說(shuō)話人的驚異、懊悔、失望等情感。這類詞主要有以下：分類名詞/形容詞表驚奇surprising, astonishing, amazing, shocking, strange, odd表警醒a(bǔ)larming, tragic表害怕frightening, dreadful表生氣annoying, irritable, lamentable表失望discouraging, disconcerting, disappointing表懊悔a pity, a shame, regrett

49、ed, deplorable表困惑perplexing, bewildering表著急anxious, concerned, eager, urgent, keen其他incredible, unthinkable, embarrassing, upsetting, ridiculous表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在事情的驚訝、懊悔等從句謂語(yǔ)用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”；表示對(duì)過去事情的驚訝、懊悔等從句謂語(yǔ)用“should have動(dòng)詞過去分詞”?！纠?)Its ridiculous that he should behave like that! 他居然會(huì)那樣做，真是荒謬!2)It is very stran

50、ge that he should have left without saying good-bye. 真奇怪，他連一句“再見”也沒說(shuō)就離開了。3)Its unthinkable that they should have denied my request.他們竟然拒絕我的請(qǐng)求，這是不可思議的。五、其他句型中虛假語(yǔ)氣的使用1It is (high, about) time后的定語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣在該類“It is (high, about) time + that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，that從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“一般過去式”，表示“差不多/早該是的時(shí)候了”，其中that可以省略。【例】 If I we

51、re in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.【點(diǎn)睛】句子中有兩處虛擬語(yǔ)氣。一處是if I were.，另外一處是it is time that.句型。在It is time that.句型中that后的從句中的動(dòng)詞要用過去式?！咀g文】如果我是在演電影的話，現(xiàn)在該是我雙手抱頭痛哭一場(chǎng)的時(shí)候了?！狙a(bǔ)充拓展】It istime用法區(qū)別句子形式含義區(qū)別例示Its time(that) 主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的過去式有“已經(jīng)晚了，早應(yīng)該做”的含義，是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表主觀設(shè)想Its time w

52、e started work.我們?cè)缭撻_始工作了。Its time ( for賓語(yǔ)) 動(dòng)詞不定式表一種“事實(shí)”，是陳述語(yǔ)氣Its time to start work.該開始工作了。Its the first (second, third) timethat從句從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用完成體來(lái)表示一種經(jīng)歷It was the first time that such a precaution had to be taken.采取這種預(yù)防措施還是第一次。2for fear that, in order that, so that, lest引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣此類從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 should

53、 (could, might) + 動(dòng)詞原形。在以lest引導(dǎo)的從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should + 動(dòng)詞原形，should有時(shí)可以省略。引導(dǎo)詞例示for fear that以免We spoke in whispers for fear (that) we might wake the roommate.我們低聲談話，以免吵醒室友。in order that為了，以便The heroes gave their lives in order that we might live a happy life.為了我們過上幸福生活，英雄們獻(xiàn)出了自己的生命。so that為了，以至于I did this

54、so that I might have a couple of weeks to prepare my paper.我做這是為了有幾星期來(lái)準(zhǔn)備我的論文。lest 以防She always studies hard lest she (should) lag behind.她總是努力學(xué)習(xí)以防落后。3強(qiáng)式連接代詞或副詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中用虛擬語(yǔ)氣 這些強(qiáng)式連接代詞或副詞有：though, so long as, although, even if, even though, whether, whatever, wherever, whoever, however, whichever, no

55、 matter what (who, how)等。這些詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形，表示推測(cè)、讓步等含義，但主句一般用陳述語(yǔ)氣。引導(dǎo)詞例示even ifWe wouldnt lose heart even if we should fail ten times.就是再失敗十次.我們也不會(huì)灰心。whetherWe must finish the work before we go home, whether it be early or late.無(wú)論時(shí)間早晚，我們必須在回家前干完工作。so long asSo long as a volume hold togethe

56、r, I am not disturbed as to its outer appearance.只要分量足，我不介意外包裝。whereverWherever you might go, you would be welcome.無(wú)論你到哪里，都會(huì)受到歡迎。howeverHowever dangerous it might be, I would have a try.不管有多危險(xiǎn)，我都要試一試。六、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊用法 虛擬語(yǔ)氣還用在一些比較特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)中，這些結(jié)構(gòu)可以總結(jié)如下：特殊結(jié)構(gòu)例示W(wǎng)hat if“要是怎么辦”What if I should fail?萬(wàn)一失手了，我該怎么辦？（完整的句子為What should I do if I should fail?）If only“要是就好了”If only I had come to the party yesterday.要是我昨天來(lái)參加晚會(huì)就好了。If you would“如果你愿意”。相當(dāng)于please，表示禮貌的請(qǐng)求。If you would put your address on the back of the check.請(qǐng)?jiān)谥钡谋趁鎸懮夏牡刂贰s it were“姑且這么說(shuō)”，通常插在句子中間。He is,