宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 多恩布什第十版課件（英文）Chapter_01 Introduction

1、1-1Chapter 1Introduction Item Item Item Etc.McGraw-Hill/IrwinMacroeconomics, 10e 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.1-2What Is Macroeconomics?Macroeconomics is the study of the behavior of the economy as a whole and the policy measures that the government uses to influence itU

2、tilizes measures including total output, rates of unemployment and inflation, and exchange ratesExamines the economy in the short and long runShort run: movements in the business cycleLong run: economic growthMacroeconomics aggregates the individual markets vs. microeconomics examines the behavior o

3、f individual economic units and the determination of prices in individual markets 1-3Macroeconomics In Three ModelsStudy of macroeconomics is grounded in three models, each appropriate for a particular time period1.Very Long Run Model: domain of growth theory focuses on growth of the production capa

4、city of the economy2.Long Run Model: a snapshot of the very long run model, in which capital and technology are largely fixed The given level of capital and technology determine the level of potential outputOutput is fixed, but prices determined by changes in AD3.Short Run Model: business cycle theo

5、riesChanges in AD determine how much of the productive capacity is used and the level of output and unemploymentPrices are fixed in this period, but output is variable1-4Very Long Run GrowthFigure 1-1a illustrates growth of income per person in the U.S. over last century growth of 2-3% per yearGrowt

6、h theory examines how the accumulation of inputs and improvements in technology lead to increased standards of livingRate of saving is a significant determinant of future well being and economic growth.Insert Fig.1-1 here1-5The Long Run ModelIn the long run, the AS curve is vertical and pegged at th

7、e potential level of outputOutput is determined by the supply side of the economy and its productive capacityThe price level is determined by the level of demand relative to the productive capacity of the economyConclusion: high rates of inflation are always due to changes in AD in the long runInser

8、t Figure 1-2 here1-6The Short Run ModelShort run fluctuations in output are largely due to changes in ADThe AS curve is flat in the short run due to fixed/rigid prices, so changes in output are due to changes in ADChanges in AD in the short run constitute phases of the business cycleIn the short run

9、, AD determines output, and thus unemploymentInsert Figure 1-4 here1-7The Medium RunHow do we get from the horizontal short run AS curve to the vertical long run AS curve?The medium run AS curve is tilting upwards towards the long run AS curve positionWhen AD pushes output above the sustainable leve

10、l, firms increase pricesAs prices increase, the AS curve is no longer pegged at a particular price levelInsert Figure 1-5 here1-8The Phillips CurvePrices tend to adjust slowly AD drives the economy in the meantimeThe speed of price adjustment is illustrated by the Phillips curve, which plots the inf

11、lation rate against the unemployment rateIn the short run, AS curve is relatively flat, and movements in AD drive changes in prices, output, and unemploymentInsert Figure 1-6 here1-9Growth and GDPThe growth rate of the economy is the rate at which GDP is increasingMost developed economies grow at a

12、rate of a few percentage points per yearFor example, the US real GDP grew at an average rate of 3.4 percent per year from 1960 to 2005Growth rate is far from smooth (See Figure 1-1b)Growth in GDP is caused by:1.Increases in available resources (labor and capital)2.Increases in the productivity of th

13、ose resources1-10The Business Cycle and the Output GapBusiness cycle is the pattern of expansion and contraction in economic activity about the path of trend growthTrend path of GDP is the path GDP would take if factors of production were fully utilizedDeviation of output from the trend is referred

14、to as the output gapOutput gap = actual output potential outputOutput gap measures the magnitude of cyclical deviations of output from the potential level Insert Figure 1-7 here1-11Insert Figure 1-8 here1-12Inflation and the Business CycleThe inflation rate can be estimated by the percentage change in the consumer price index (CPI)CPI is a price index that measures the cost of a given basket of goods bought by the av