英語動詞時態(tài)語態(tài)語氣

1、introduction: tense, voice, modal英語動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣簡述-introduction: tense/ voice/ modal 英語中，動詞可以說是最為重要的詞類，它們的變化最多。動詞由于是謂語（predicate）的核心，它們的正確使用決定了句子的表述是否順暢，語義是否清晰。所以有人說，學好動詞則英語學好了大半。學好動詞，我們需要弄清楚它們的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣三種問題。 1動詞時態(tài)（tense） 我們中國人學英語，最大的障礙就是時態(tài)問題。這是因為受母語的影響，在漢語中， 動詞是沒有時態(tài)的概念的。而大部分西方語言，都有時態(tài)的概念。這種差異，有的語言學家將其歸結(jié)

2、為語言思維的差異，這，我們不用深究。 我們只要知道， 英語的動詞一定是有時態(tài)的，時態(tài)-就是一種表示時間和狀態(tài)的主動詞形式。 1.1 現(xiàn)在進行時（present continuous/present progressive）1.1.1 時間：現(xiàn)在（present）-:動作發(fā)生的時間是現(xiàn)在而非過去，一般也就是說話時的時間。 1.1.2 狀態(tài)：正在進行（continuous/progressive）。 什么叫做正在進行？- 指該動作在過去某個時間點開始，直到現(xiàn)在（說話時）仍然繼續(xù)，在一定的時間范圍內(nèi)， 還將繼續(xù)下去。he is working now. dont disturb him! im co

3、oking right now. but after the dinner, can you wash the dishes?掌握現(xiàn)在進行時，我們一定要明確以下概念：1只有具有持續(xù)性概念的動作動詞（action verb）, 才可能有進行時態(tài)， 而表示狀態(tài)或瞬間動作的動詞， 不能使用進行時態(tài)。 這是很容易理解的，因為表狀態(tài)的動詞本身不具有動作性， 如：she is a teacher. the soup tastes delicious. the news sounds disappointing. 這狀態(tài)往往只是表明某種性質(zhì)的是、否。 我們一般不容易混淆，稍稍讓我們感到困惑的是瞬間動作詞，在

4、漢語里， 我們常常把這些詞所對應的動作當作可持續(xù)的， 但在英語里，它們是不可持續(xù)的，往往具有狀態(tài)動詞的特征， 而不強調(diào)動作， 此類詞一般常見的如下：表感情意識狀態(tài)：like/dislike/love/hate/prefer/want/need/know/realize/suppose/mean/ understand/believe/remember感官意識狀態(tài)：see/ hear/ smell/ taste表所屬關(guān)系: 有,包含：belong / contain/consist/depend/seem/have如: im hungry. i want something to eat. do

5、 you understand what i mean? 當think 表示“認為”的意思時，同樣也不用進行時態(tài)：what do you think about this book?2. 即使是動作動詞，同樣也有動作持續(xù)時間長短的問題。有的動作持續(xù)時間短，所以動作一般就發(fā)生在說話時。 he is speaking now, listen carefully. he is sleeping, dont speak loud. 但是，更長時間的動作， 由于這種動作只是從宏觀上看具有持續(xù)性，但其間一定是有間斷的，說話時，該動作不一定發(fā)生，只是說話的時間點包含在該動作的持續(xù)時間內(nèi)。如：he is te

6、aching in our school this year. 這里，is teaching并不是指說話時一定發(fā)生的動作。注意比較：he is teaching right now. dont call him. 1.1.3 構(gòu)造： 助動詞be， 主動詞verb+ ing，參見“詞類概述2.3.4”.陳述句: subject + be + verb-ing: john and tim are playing basketball on the playground.are john and tim playing basketball on the playground?否定句：subject

7、 + be+ not+ verb-ing: thomason isnt working today. he is staying at home. 一般疑問句：be + subject + verb-ing: are you watching tv right now? can you turn it down a little? 復雜（特殊）疑問句：question word+ subject + verb-ing:what are you doing? what are you talking about? where are you going? 1.1.4 用途：1用于表述正在發(fā)生的短

8、動作，即說話時正在發(fā)生。he is watching tv right now. 2. 正在發(fā)生的長動作，但并非說話時一定發(fā)生。 she is learning french. she wants to study in france. 3. 用于談論正在發(fā)生的變化、事件：the population of the world is rising very fast. are you getting better? 4. 已經(jīng)安排好, 將要發(fā)生的個人事務: im leaving next monday. shes coming tomorrow. 1.2 一般現(xiàn)在時（present simpl

9、e/simple present） 1.2.1 時間：現(xiàn)在（present）-動作發(fā)生的時間是現(xiàn)在而非過去的時間。 1.2.2狀態(tài)：一般情況(simple) 。 什么叫做一般情況？-當我們需要對某種狀況進行總結(jié)，說明某事物現(xiàn)在的一般常態(tài)，采用一般現(xiàn)在時，它表明的并不是某一時刻的暫時狀態(tài)。1.2.3構(gòu)造：陳述句：subject + verb+ he likes swimming. she dislikes dishonesty.否定句：subject +do not/does not+ verb+ .: he doesnt like swimming.一般疑問句：do/does + subjec

10、t +verb.: does he like swimming?復雜（特殊）疑問句：question word + do/does + subject + verb.: what does he like? 注意：當動詞be 為主動詞時，它既為主動詞，又為助動詞。如：he is a teacher. he isnt a teacher. is he a teacher? what is this? 1.2.4 用途：1表述某一事物的常態(tài)。 he lives in beijing. she is a teacher in our school. beijing is the capital of

11、 china. he gets up at 6:30. mary visits her mother once a week. 2. 表述一般真實情況、真理。 the sun rises from the east. a water molecule contains one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. there are sixty minutes in an hour.3. 表述時間安排，時刻表：the train leaves at 9:45 p.m. / the new term starts on 1st, september. u 現(xiàn)在進

12、行時/一般現(xiàn)在時的差異 1現(xiàn)在進行時表述現(xiàn)在正在進行的情況，一般現(xiàn)在時表述的是一般情況。 the water is boiling, please turn it off. /water boils at 100 degrees celsius. 2. 現(xiàn)在進行時表述的是現(xiàn)在暫時的情況，一般現(xiàn)在時表述常態(tài)、永久的狀況：john lives in new york. now he is living with his parents in boston. im living with a friend until i find a new apartment. 3. always do sth

13、總是做; always be doing做太多，以致讓人感覺到討厭.he always watches weather forecast at 7:30. /you are always watching tv, you should do something else. 4. 與現(xiàn)在進行時搭配的時間副詞，表現(xiàn)在、目前時間狀態(tài)：now/ right now/ today/ this week/ this year 等; 與一般現(xiàn)在時搭配的時間副詞， 一般表頻度：how often/ usually/often/always/once a week 等：are you cleaning your

14、 house right now? /how often do you clean your house? he is visiting his parents today. /he visits his parents three times once a month. 1.3 一般過去時（past simple/simple past） 1.3.1時間: 過去(past) . 所謂過去, 即業(yè)已逝去的時間, 與現(xiàn)在無關(guān). 我們采用過去時, 表明某事件在過去發(fā)生過, 現(xiàn)在的情況, 我們不知道.1.3.2 狀態(tài)：一般（simple）, 參見“一般現(xiàn)在時”。動詞形變參見“詞類概述”2.3.2。一

15、般過去時就是一般現(xiàn)在時的過去時間的形式。1.3.3構(gòu)造：陳述句：subject + verb ed: he was an physics teacher in our school last year.否定句：subject + didnt/did not+ verb: she didnt like him, so she left him last week.疑問句：did + subject +verb: did you know him at that time?復雜（特殊）疑問句：question word+ did +subject +verb+: what did you do l

16、ast night? did you go shopping? 注意：當動詞be 為主動詞時，它既為主動詞，又為助動詞。如：he was a teacher. he wasnt a teacher. was he a teacher? what was that? 1.3.4 用途：用于敘述過去發(fā)生的事件、過去存在的狀態(tài)等。i visited my parents last week. he was a teacher last year. i finished my work yesterday.1.3.5 特殊過去結(jié)構(gòu)：我們用used to + verb 的結(jié)構(gòu)來表述過去的情況， 表示“過

17、去是/過去發(fā)生過但現(xiàn)在不是/不再發(fā)生了”的意思。there used to be a cinema. (=there isnt a cinema now.) he used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day. (=he doesnt smoke now.) 我們一定要該結(jié)構(gòu)與一般過去時的語義差異：一般過去時僅表示過去的情況， 現(xiàn)在的情況不清楚； 而“used to +verb”結(jié)構(gòu)不僅表示過去的情況，同時也知道現(xiàn)在不再是以前的狀況了。如：he used to be a rich man. (=he isnt a rich man now.)/ he was a rich

18、 man last year. (=maybe he is still rich now, maybe he isnt rich now, i dont know.) 該結(jié)構(gòu)的疑問式為：did subject +use to+ verb.: did you use to swim on sundays? 該結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式為：subject + didnt use to +verb: they didnt use to swim on sundays.該結(jié)構(gòu)無現(xiàn)在時， 當我們要表達現(xiàn)在的情況時，用一般現(xiàn)在時。使用該結(jié)構(gòu)時，要注意它與：“be/become/get +used to +doing”的

19、區(qū)別， 后者表示“習慣于”: he is used to doing exercise in the morning. 1.4 過去進行時（past continuous/past progressive） 1.4.1 時間：過去（past）.1.4.2 狀態(tài)：進行中（continuous/progressive）. 過去進行時是現(xiàn)在進行時的過去時間的形式。 1.4.3 構(gòu)造：陳述句：subject was/were + verb-ing.: he was watching tv when i phoned him.一般疑問句：was/were +subject +verb-ing: was

20、he watching tv when you phone him? 復雜（特殊）疑問句：question word +was/were +subject +verb-ing:what were you doing at 8 oclock last night? i was doing my homework.否定句：subject + was/were +verb-ing: i wasnt doing my homework. i was watching tv.1.4.4 用途：過去進行時經(jīng)常與一般過去時同時使用，表示“當發(fā)生時，另一事件正在進行中?！?， 其中，短動作用一般過去時，長動作用

21、過去進行時。 i saw him when i was walking. when he was reading on the beach, he heard somebody call “help!” 當兩個動作均采用一般過去時時， 兩個動作的發(fā)生存在先后順序，注意對比：when he arrived, we had dinner. (=first, he arrived, and then we had dinner.)when he arrived, we were having dinner.(=at the time he arrive, we were having dinner.

22、 )1.5 現(xiàn)在完成時（present perfect simple） 1.5.1時間：現(xiàn)在（present）. 現(xiàn)在完成時的時間是指現(xiàn)在, 它表述的是現(xiàn)在的情況, 與過去無關(guān). 1.5.2 狀態(tài)：完成（perfect）. 現(xiàn)在完成時的狀態(tài)表明: 過去開始的某個動作, 現(xiàn)在有了結(jié)果.所謂完成, 只是一種總結(jié),也許該動作還要持續(xù)下去. 1.5.3 構(gòu)造：陳述句: subject have/has + past participle : i have read fifty pages of the book.否定句: subject +have/has +not +past participle:

23、 i havent finished my work yet.一般疑問句：have/has +subject +past participle: have you finished your work? 復雜（特殊）疑問句：question word + have/has+ subject +past participle: what have you done? how long have you been here? 1.5.4 用途：用于報告最新情況，事件進展：ouch! i have burned my hand. /there is an accident. three men ha

24、ve been killed and one has been heavily injured.用于總結(jié)到目前為止的事件結(jié)果：our company has made a big profit. i havent mailed the letter yet. 1.5.5 時間概念現(xiàn)在完成時的標志時間副詞到目前為止（時間段）：so far/ in the last few years(days, etc)/recently/ since. /for: they have made big progress in the last few years. /have you seen mary re

25、cently? 1.5.6 重要句型：this/that/it is the first/second time has/have+ pp<這是自打以來第幾次> : its very delicious. its the first meal ive had for ages. /henry lost his keys again. thats the third time this has happened. 1.5.7 have/has gone to; have/has been tohave/has gone to: 已經(jīng)去了（已經(jīng)到了， 或還在路上）。 he has go

26、ne to japan.have/has been to: 已經(jīng)去過（現(xiàn)在回來了）。he has been to america. 1.5.8 現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的差異1現(xiàn)在完成時是現(xiàn)在的時態(tài)，與過去無關(guān), 只表示現(xiàn)在的情況。過去的時間只能用一般過去時：he lost his key yesterday. (我們只知道他在過去丟了鑰匙)。 he hasnt found his key. (現(xiàn)在的情況是：他還沒有找到鑰匙。) he died last year. /he has been dead for a year. 2我們用現(xiàn)在完成時報道最新情況，用一般過去時表述細節(jié)： there h

27、as been an accident. a car and a truck collided. 3. 在美式英語(american english)中, 有時一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時并無分別： 與just, yet, already連用：i have just arrived. =i just arrived. have you finished your work yet?= did you finish your work yet? 過去發(fā)生的動作現(xiàn)在有結(jié)果：ive lost my key. have you seen it? = i lost my key. did you see it

28、?用ever /never 表述從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的時段內(nèi)的情況：have you ever driven a car? =did you ever drive a car? / ive never seen her before.= i never saw her before. 4. 現(xiàn)在完成時只表示到說話時之前時間的情況， 而一般過去時表示的是已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事。對比：i have had four cups of coffee this morning. (說話時還在是this morning) i had four cups of coffee this morning. (說話時已不是t

29、his morning, 可能是下午或晚上)5對于一般過去時，我們用when/what time 來提問：when did you get there? what time did you get to work this morning?對于現(xiàn)在完成時，我們用how long 來提問：how long have you been here? how long have you known each other? 1.6 現(xiàn)在完成進行時（present perfect continuous/progressive） 1.6.1 時間：現(xiàn)在（present）.現(xiàn)在完成進行時是現(xiàn)在完成時的一種特殊

30、形式，同樣只是與現(xiàn)在時間相關(guān)。 1.6.2 狀態(tài)：完成（perfect）+ 進行（continuous/progressive）?，F(xiàn)在完成進行時只是在完成時的基礎(chǔ)上，加上進行時態(tài)，表明某個持續(xù)動作到目前為止的情況。 1.6.3 構(gòu)造：陳述句：subject have/has +been +verb-ing: he has been waiting for 5 hours.否定句: subject have/has not +been +verb-ing: george hasnt been feeling well recently. 一般疑問句：have/has subject +been

31、+verb-ing: have you been working since 8 this morning? 復雜（特殊）疑問句：question word +have/has subject +been +verb-ing:how long have you been waiting for him? who have you been waiting for？ 1.6.4 用途：現(xiàn)在完成進行時是現(xiàn)在完成時的一種特殊情況，現(xiàn)在完成進行時的動作在說話時可能剛剛結(jié)束，也可能還在延續(xù)我們使用該時態(tài)，主要是要表述一個動作到目前為止的狀態(tài)，我們注重的是該動作的過程，而不是結(jié)果。注意對比：the gro

32、und is wet. it has been raining since this morning. /it has rained three times since this morning. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時時中，一般使用how long 來對動作延續(xù)的狀況提問；現(xiàn)在完成時中，使用how many/how much/how many times 來對現(xiàn)在完成時的動作結(jié)果提問。how long have you been reading? three hours./ since 9 this morning. how many pages have you read? thirty page

33、s. 1.7 過去完成時（past perfect simple） 1.7.1 時間：過去（past）.過去完成時是現(xiàn)在完成時在過去時間的形式，只與過去時間相關(guān)。 1.7.2 狀態(tài)：完成（perfect）。過去完成表達在過去某個時間點之前的情況總結(jié)。1.7.3 構(gòu)造：陳述句：subject had +past participle: they had had dinner when he arrived.否定句: subject had not +past participle: john hadnt finished his work at that time. 一般疑問句：had subj

34、ect +past participle: had you finished cooking before 9 oclock last evening?復雜（特殊）疑問句：question word +had+ subject +past participle:what had you done before they arrived at the party? 1.7.4 用途：我們采用過去完成時對過去某個時間點之前的情況進行總結(jié)，表述在該時間點之前的情況。即把現(xiàn)在完成時的時間點退后到過去。 when i arrived there, they had gone. 1.8 過去完成進行時（p

35、ast perfect continuous） 將現(xiàn)在完成進行時的時間點退后到過去某時間點，就形成過去完成進行時， 用法與現(xiàn)在完成進行時相類似：when we arrived there, they had been waiting for 25 minutes. it had been raining since that morning, so they didnt go out. 1.9 一般將來時（future simple） 嚴格意義上來說，由于在將來時間發(fā)生的動作、狀態(tài)尚未發(fā)生，屬于一種猜測、安排、預料的事件，存在明顯的不確定性。另外，表達將來事件有多種方式，不像其他的時態(tài)有固定明

36、確的結(jié)構(gòu)符號，所以， 有許多語法學家認為并不存在將來時態(tài)，只是存在將來時間概念的表達。我們暫且遵從傳統(tǒng)的語法概念，將下列方式均稱為一般將來時。1.9.1 采用現(xiàn)在進行時結(jié)構(gòu)表達現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)安排好將要發(fā)生的個人事務。 im seeing the doctor tomorrow morning. he is leaving on sunday. 1.9.2 采用一般現(xiàn)在時結(jié)構(gòu)表達由時間表、節(jié)目表等確定要發(fā)生的事情：the train leaves at 9 oclock tomorrow morning. the film starts at 9 oclock tonight. 1.9.3 采用be

37、+going +to 表達已經(jīng)決定但尚未安排將要發(fā)生的事情：they are going to buy a new car next year. are you going to clean the house?be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)也可以表達根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的情況，某事將要發(fā)生： look at the black clouds! its going to rain soon. / i dont feel well. i think im going to be sick. 1.9.4 采用will/shall + verb 結(jié)構(gòu)來表達在說話時才決定的事，或表示猜測：will you atte

38、nd the meeting tomorrow? yes, i will.where will you be this time next year?ill be in australia.助動詞shall 僅用于第一人稱后。 i shall be tired this evening. will/shall 這種助動詞多半帶有一種 意愿性的意味，明顯具有語氣詞的特征，這也就是許多語法學家不將這種結(jié)構(gòu)視為一種時態(tài)。 我們使用will +verb 結(jié)構(gòu)在如下場合：1 表示愿意提供 ：i dont have any money. i will give some to you. 2 表示同意：wh

39、en you finish reading the book, can you lend it to me?of course, i will.3 表示許諾.: thanks for lending me the money. ill pay you back on sunday. 4 表示請求別人: will you be quiet? i cant hear anything. /will you open the window, its too hot. 在使用如下結(jié)構(gòu)時使用will：probably/ i expect/ (im)sure/ (i ) think/ (i )dont t

40、hink/ i wonderill probably finish my work tomorrow. i wonder what will happen. 正確使用表述將來時間的事件的結(jié)構(gòu)， 一定要先弄清該事件的性質(zhì)。 1.10過去將來時（past future） 我們采用was/were +going to do 的結(jié)構(gòu)來表達在過去時間將要發(fā)生的事件，但實際上并沒有發(fā)生。i was going to cross the road when somebody shouted “stop!”i thought it was going to rain but then the sun came

41、 out at last. 此外表將來時間概念的還有: 將來進行時（future continuous/progressive）將來完成時（future perfect）2動詞語態(tài)（voice）2.1 主動語態(tài)/被動語態(tài)英語中的動詞還有語態(tài), 即根據(jù)主語與動詞之間的關(guān)系分為: 主動語態(tài)(active ) 主語是動作的執(zhí)行者； 被動語態(tài)（passive）-主語是動作的接受者。采用主動還是被動語態(tài)， 我們考慮的主要是是否需要表述主語。the boy broke the window.(a) the window was broken by the boy.(b) the window was br

42、oken. (c)在句(a)中，我們采用主動語態(tài)，主要是要表述動作的執(zhí)行者是the boy.在句(b)中，我們采用被動語態(tài)， 主要是要表述the window was broken 這樣狀態(tài)，采用by the boy來表述動作的執(zhí)行者， 具有一種附帶表述的意味。在句(c)中，我們采用被動語態(tài)，完全不需要表述動作的執(zhí)行者。 語態(tài)與時態(tài)是共存的， 前面我們所述的均是動詞采用主動語態(tài)的情況。不同時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)概述如下：時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)例句一般現(xiàn)在時be +past participlethe house is cleaned by mary every day.一般過去時was/were + past pa

43、rticiplethe house was built in 1989.現(xiàn)在進行時am/are/is+ being +past participlethe house is being built.過去進行時was/were +being +past participlethe house was being built when we arrived here.現(xiàn)在完成時 have/has +been +past participlethe house has been built near the lake.過去完成時had +been +past participlethe house

44、had been built for 10 years at that time.此外，非謂語動詞的不定式（infinitive）和 現(xiàn)在分詞（present participle） 也存在被動形式，見后文。2.2 特殊被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)2.2.1 be born 我們一般說：was/ were born, 因為be born 往往是過去的事情， 如：he was born in 1998. 但我們說：how many babies are born every day? 2.2.2 有時我們用get 代替be， 用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)中，這種情況往往是用在口語中，而且表示的必須是動作。這里，get 是主動詞

45、，存在助動詞的問題。 i dont often get invited to parties. = i am not often invited parties. im surprised jane didnt get offered the job. = im surprised jane wasnt offered the job. 3動詞語氣（modal）英語動詞還存在語氣（又稱情態(tài)），使用語氣助詞（又稱情態(tài)動詞）（modal auxiliary）與動詞構(gòu)成語氣表達。我們要注意：用于語氣助詞后的動詞雖然沒有“數(shù)”（即主語動詞一致）的要求，但仍然有時態(tài)、語態(tài)的問題。根據(jù)語氣助詞的功能，我們

46、一般將語氣分為以下幾類：3.1 能力（ability）: 表述能否的狀況，能力。 現(xiàn)在：can; be able to。 i can speak five languages. = i am able to speak five languages. 過去：could; was/were able to. his grandfather could speak five languages. 3.2 可能性（possibility）: 表述某事物的可能性- could/may/might /mustthe phone is ringing. it may/might/could be john. 3.3 不可能（impossibility