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1、Global Warming Vs Rising Sea LevelsParagraph 1 The 20th century saw the greatest increase in 主語 謂語 賓語 temperature of any century (during the last thousand 時間狀語 years), and the 1990s was the warmest decade 主語 系 表語 (since records began). 時間狀語 在過去的幾千年里,相比于其他任何世紀,20世紀 見證了劇烈上升的溫度,而20世紀90年代是有記錄以 來最暖的十年。Pa
2、ragraph 1 (As the temperature rises), (so does the sea levelwith profound consequences for us all). As伴隨狀語 ; so does 倒裝句。語法:倒裝了the sea level-with profound consequence for us all rises. so do.句型一般可用來表示與前面意思相同的倒裝省 略,表示“與.一樣也.” 翻譯:隨著溫度的升高,海平面也升高,這對我們所 有人都產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響。 新單詞: profound pr'faund adj. 深刻的;意義
3、深遠的;淵博的 ,造詣深的Paragraph 2 (The average air temperature at the surface of 主語 the earth) has risen this century, (as has the 動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時 同上一句的 temperature of ocean surface waters). 倒裝,時態(tài)要保持一致 本世紀,地球表面的平均氣溫已經(jīng)上升,海洋表 層的水溫也如此。Paragraph 2 (Because water expands as it heats), a 原因狀語從句 伴隨狀語從句 warmer ocean means
4、higher sea level. 主語 謂語 賓語 由于水體受熱膨脹,一個溫度更高的海洋意味著 有更高的海平面。 Very Good第3段 We cannot say definitely that the 主語 謂語 that引導賓語從句 temperature rises are due to the greenhouse effect, which is a phenomenon created bywhich引導非限定性定語從句the heat energy radiated by the sun and greenhouse gases normally present in th
5、e atmosphere. 我們不能肯定地說溫度升高是由溫室效應一種因太 陽輻射的熱能和普遍存在于大氣中的溫室氣體造成的現(xiàn) 象導致的。 In simple terms , sunlight passes through the 狀語 主語 謂語 atmosphere , warming the Earth . 賓語 分詞短語做狀語 簡而言之,陽光穿過大氣層時,使地表變暖。 In turn , the Earth radiates this energy back towards 狀語 主語 謂語 賓語 space . 反過來,大地再將這束能量反射回太空中。 As it passes throu
6、gh the atmosphere , as引導時間狀語從句 greenhouse gases 主語(water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide) absorb 謂語 part of the energy賓語 , while the remainder escapes into space. while=and,充當連詞連接兩個分句,表示兩件先后發(fā)生的事 當反射的能量穿過大氣層時,溫室氣體(水蒸氣,二 氧化碳,甲烷和氧化亞氮)吸收了部分能量,剩下的 則回到太空中。 This means that some of 主語 謂語
7、系動詞the suns energy主語that引導賓語從句 表語 結(jié)果狀語從句 becomes trapped-thus making the lower part of the atmosphere , and Earth , warmer. 這就意味著太陽的部分熱量被困在大氣層內(nèi), 因此使得大氣層下方 ,還有大地變得更暖。 Very Good英語第4段If the atmosphere accumulated all the trapped heat, then the Earths temperature would just rise and rise, but it doesnt.
8、 翻譯:如果大氣累積了所有集聚的熱量,那么地 球的溫度會不斷地上升,但是它并沒有。 句型分析:( If the atmosphere accumulated all the trapped 條件狀語 heat), then the Earths temperature would just rise and rise, (but it doesnt). 省略句 這是由If引導的條件狀語從句,but it doesnt 是省略 句,省略了謂語rise。The temperature only rises until the amount of infrared or long wave radi
9、ation leaving the Earth balances the amount of energy coming in from the sun. 翻譯:只有當離開地球的紅外線或長波輻射的量 與來自太陽的能量的量達到平衡時,溫度才會上 升。 句型分析: (The temperature) only (rises) until (the 主語 謂語 amount of infrared or long wave radiation leaving the Earth balances the amount of energy coming in from the sun). 條件狀語 這
10、是由onlyuntil引導的條件狀語從句,相當于“只有。 才。”。 詞匯:Infrared: adj.<物>紅外線的 n.紅外線As long as the amount of greenhouse gases in the air stays the same, and as long as the amount of heat arriving from the sun is constant, an equilibrium is established. 翻譯:只要空氣中溫室氣體的量保持不變,并且 只要來自太陽的熱量是恒定的,那么一個平衡就 被建立了。 句型分析: (As l
11、ong as the amount of greenhouse gases in the air stays the same), and( as long as the amount of heat 條件狀語 條件狀語 arriving from the sun is constant), an equilibrium is established. 這句話是由and鏈接的兩個并列句組成,并且這兩個并列 句都是as long as引導的條件狀語從句,as long as 表示“只 要。就。”詞匯:1,As long as: 只要; 如果; 既然; 由于 (相關詞組)so long as :只
12、要 例句:My mistake won't be discovered as long as nobody tells on me.2, Equilibrium : n.平衡,均勢; 平靜,沉著 同義詞:balance, poise, stability等This is a steady state where as much energy is lost to space as is gained from the sun. 翻譯:這是一個穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài),在這種狀態(tài)下,能 量失去的量與從太陽中獲得的量相持衡。 句型分析: This is a steady state (where as
13、much energy is lost to space as is gained from the sun). 整句話為where引導的地點狀語從句,在從句里又有由as 引導的比較狀語從句:as much as結(jié)構(gòu),表示“和。 一樣多”或“在同等程度上”。In equilibrium ,the natural greenhouse effect maintains the average temperature of Earth at 16 翻譯:在這種平衡下,自然的溫室效應使地球溫度 維持在16 。 句型分析:( In equilibrium) ,(the natural greenhou
14、seeffect) 狀語 主語 (maintains )(the average temperature of Earth at 16) 謂語 賓語 英語第5段1.The Earths atmosphere is made up of 78percent nitrogen and 21percent oxygen. 地球大氣由78%氮氣和21%氧氣組成。 2.Only about 1percent is made up of natural greenhouse gases, but this comparatively small amount (轉(zhuǎn)狀) of gas makes a big
15、 difference. 只有1%是天然溫室氣體,但這些相對少量的氣體有 很大差別。3.Before the Industrial Revolution(which started in England about 200 years ago)the mix of gases (that made (前狀 ) 定從 up the atmosphere) was relatively constant. 組成大氣的這些混合氣體在工業(yè)革命之前(始于約 200年前的英國)是相對恒定的。constitute vt. 組成,構(gòu)成;建立;任命 form n. 形式,形狀;形態(tài),外形;方式;表格 vt. 構(gòu)
16、成,組成;排列,組織;產(chǎn)生,塑造 vi. 形成,構(gòu)成;排列 make up 彌補;組成;化妝;整理 compose vt. 構(gòu)成;寫作;使平靜;排的版 vi. 組成;作曲;排字 comprise of vt. 包含;由組成4.The Industrial Revolution brought new industrial( 定詞 )processes, more extensive agriculture, and a rapid increase( 定詞 ( 后定 ) )in the worlds population. 這次工業(yè)革命帶來新的工業(yè)加工過程,擴大農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn) 和世界人口的激增。5.
17、This rapid increase in human activity meant /that more (賓從) of the gases (which cause the greenhouse effect) were(賓從中的定從)released(被動)into the atmosphere. 人類活動的迅速增長意味著更多引起溫室效應的氣體 排放到大氣中。6.We know this because of measurements made over the(原因狀)last 35 years and the analysis of air bubbles trapped(時狀)
18、(地狀) (連接詞)in ancient ice. 我們知道這是由于根據(jù)過去35年的測量值和在古代冰 川中捕獲的氣泡分析所得知的結(jié)果。7.There is now clear evidence that levels of carbon dioxide,(強調(diào))第六段: The heating may be part of a “natural” variability over a long time-scale that we have not yet recognized in our short 100 years of recording. 在我們簡短的100年的記錄中,我們尚未認
19、識到升溫可能是“自然”長時間尺度可變 性的一部分。 However ,assuming the build up of greenhouse gases is responsible and that the warming will continue ,scientists-and inhabitants of low-lying coastal areas would like to know the extent of future sea level rises.然而,假設與溫室氣體的排放有關而且變暖 仍將繼續(xù),那么科學家和沿海低洼地區(qū)的居 民會想知道未來海平面上升的范圍。英語第七段C
20、alculating this is not easy. 主 系 表 要估算這件事是不容易的。 Models used for the purpose have treated the 主 定 謂 ocean as passive,stationary and 賓 賓補 one- dimensional. 用來估算的模型把海洋看作是被動,固定和一維 的量度。treat asScientists have assumed that heat simply 主 謂 賓從 主 狀 diffused into the sea from the 謂 狀 atmosphere.科學家們假設熱量簡單的從大氣
21、擴散到海水Using basic physical laws, they then predict 伴隨狀語 主 謂 (how much a known volume of water )would 賓從 主 expand for a given increase in temperature. 謂 賓 狀他們運用基本的物理定律預測多少已知體積的的 水可以為給定的溫度增長膨脹。But the oceans are not one-dimensional, 主 系 表 and recent work by oceanographers, 定但海洋運動不是一維的,也不是被海洋學 家研究的近來才有的
22、using a new model which takes into account 主 定從 謂 a number of subtle facets (of the sea)賓 定語 including vast and complex ocean currents)賓從 suggests that (the rise in sea level) may be 謂 賓從 主 情態(tài)動詞 less than some earlier estimates (had 賓 定語 predicted.) 用了一個把考慮了海洋的一些細微方面,包括龐 大而又復雜的洋流的新模型之后,表明海平面上 升幅度可能比
23、之前一些預測的要少一點。idea:Some models are wrong, after using a new model which considers more facet, Scientists find that the rise of sea level would be less than earlier estimates had predicted.treat as:對待;把看作 treat A as B 把A當作B 同義詞組:regard as 例句:What that colon is saying is, I'm about to begin a sequen
24、ce of instructions that I want to treat as a block. 這個冒號的意思是,下面的一系列的指令,要 當做一整塊來對待。 返回take into account :考慮;重視;體諒例句:This takes into account the growth of Americas population and assumes that per-capita energy consumption could drop by 50 percent. 這個數(shù)字已經(jīng)考慮到了人口增長的情況,并 假設人均能源消費量可以下降50%。 返回英語第八段An intern
25、ational forum on climate change,in 1986,produced figures for likely sea level rises of 20cm and 1.4m,corresponding to atmospheric temperature increases of 1.5 and 4.5 respectively.Translation:在1986年的國際氣候變化論壇上得到了海平面幾乎上升了20cm到 1.4m的數(shù)據(jù),相當于大氣溫度分別上升了 1.4到4.5。analysis : An international forum onclimate ch
26、ange是主語,in1986是插入時間狀語, produced是謂語,figures是賓語, for likely sea level rises of 20cm and 1.4m是賓語補足語, corresponding to atmospheric temperature increases of 1.5 and 4.5 respectively. 是同 位語從句Some scientists estimate that the ocean warming resulting from those temperature increases by the year 2050 would r
27、aise the sea level by between 10 cm and 40 cm. Translation:一些科學家估計到了2050年,由于這些溫度上升引起的海洋變暖可能使海平面上 升10cm到40cm。Analysis: Some scientists 是主語,estimate是謂語, that the ocean warming resulting from those temperature increases by the year 2050 would raise the sea level by between 10 cm and 40 cm. 是that引導的賓語從句
28、, 其中: ocean warming 是從句的主語, resulting from those temperature increases是從句的條件 狀語, by the year 2050 是從句的時間狀語, would raise 是從句的謂語, the sea level 是從句 的賓語, between 10 cm and 40 cm是從句的結(jié)果 狀語This model only takes into account the temperature effect on the oceans;it does not consider changes in sea level bro
29、ught about by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers,and changes in groundwater storage. Translation:這種設想僅能解釋溫度在海洋方面的影響;卻不能解釋由于冰層和冰川融化,或 地下水儲量變化所帶來的海平面變化。Analysis: This model 作主語, takes intoaccount 是謂語, the temperature effect 是賓語, on the oceans是定語;it是形式主語,代替了This model , does not consider 是謂語, chang
30、es 是賓語, in sea level 是定語, brought about by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers,and changes in groundwater storage. 是賓語補足語When we add on estimates of these,we arrive at figures for total sea-level rises of 15 cm and 70 cm respectively. Translation:當我們加上這些因素時,我們 將得到海平面總上升的數(shù)據(jù)分別為15cm和 70cm。Analysis:
31、When 先行詞,引導時間狀語從句,第一個 we 是從句的主語, add on 是 從句的謂語, estimates是從句的賓語, of these是定語;第二個we主語, arrive at 是 謂語, figures是賓語, for total sea-level rises of 15 cm and 70 cm respectively是賓 語補足語。生詞: forum:論壇;climate:氣候; corresponding:相當于; atmospheric:大氣; respectively:分別地; account:解釋; melting:融化; glaciers:冰川; groun
32、dwater:地下水英語第九段 It is not easy trying to model accurately the enormous complexities of the everchanging oceans, with their great volume, massive currents and sensitivity to the influence of landmasses and the atmosphere. 鑒于海洋的體積巨大,大量的潮流與陸地 與大氣的敏感影響,對不斷變化的海洋建 立一個龐大的復雜的模型是不容易的。 For example, consider h
33、ow heat into the water, and heat only the surface layer of the sea? (warm water is less dense than cold, so it would not spread downwards) 舉個例子,需要考慮熱量如何傳遞到海洋 的。是直接從溫度高的空氣垂直散開到海 水中嗎?還有,熱量只是停留在海水的表 層嗎?(溫度高的水密度比溫度低的水低, 停留在表層,不會向下傳遞)。 Conventional models of sea-level rise have considered that this is th
34、e only method, but measurements have shown that the rate of heat transfer into the ocean by vertical diffusion is far lower in practice than the figures that many modelers have adopted. 常規(guī)模式認為這是海平上升的唯一方法, 但是測量的結(jié)果表明,熱量通過垂直傳遞 的方式傳入大海的傳導率遠比實際的低。 很多設置模型的科學家都接受了這個事實。Global Warming Vs Rising Sea LevelsPar
35、agraph tenGlobal Warming Vs Rising Sea LevelsMuch of the early work, for simplicity, ignored the fact that water in the oceans moves in three dimensions.譯文:簡單來說,早期的研究工作忽視了一個現(xiàn)實, 即海洋中水的運動是處在三位空間中的。for simplicity:為簡單起見。The fact that :引導同位語從句,that后面引導的句 子用來說明fact的內(nèi)容。Global Warming Vs Rising Sea LevelsBy
36、 movement, of course, scientists don't mean waves, which are too small individually to consider, but rather movement of vast volumes of water in huge currents.譯文:當然,由于那些單獨的海浪力量過于弱小, 所以科學家在這里所指的并不是簡單的海浪,而是指 那些蘊藏于潮汐中的巨大水體的運動。 by movement:在這里作為方式狀語。 notbut:不是而是。 which:引導的定語從句,修飾waves。 Tooto:太以至于不能.
37、。 currents : n.電流(current的復數(shù));潮流;氣流。Global Warming Vs Rising Sea LevelsTo understand the importance of this, we now need to consider another process-advection.譯文:為了了解他的重要性,現(xiàn)在我們需要考慮另一種 運動-平流運動。advection dvek()n : n. 熱之水平對流;空氣之水平運動。Global Warming Vs Rising Sea LevelsImagine smoke rising from a chimney
38、. On a still day it will slowly spread out in all directions by means of diffusion.譯文:想象一下,在風和日麗的天氣中,煙霧從煙筒 里升起,通過擴散的形式慢慢向各個方向散開。 spread out:展開;鋪開;伸張。in all directions:四面八方;全面地;向各方面。by means of:用的方式。Global Warming Vs Rising Sea LevelsWith a strong directional wind, however, it will all shift downwind
39、.譯文:然而,當一股強烈的定向風吹來,煙霧將會全 部轉(zhuǎn)向下風向。however:插入語,強調(diào)語氣的轉(zhuǎn)折。Global Warming Vs Rising Sea LevelsThis process is advection-the transport of properties(notably heat and salinity in the ocean)by the movement of bodies of air or water, rather than by conduction or diffusion.譯文:這個過程就是對流,即通過空氣或水體本身的 運動來實現(xiàn)某些特性(在海洋中
40、特指熱量和鹽度)的 運輸,而不是憑借傳到作用或者擴散作用。 本句主體為一主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 rather than引導的狀語從句表轉(zhuǎn)折。Global Warming Vs Rising Sea Levels英語第十一段Massive ocean currents called gyres do the(主語) (后置定語 (謂語)moving.(賓語)These currents have far more capacity to store(主語) (謂語) (賓語)heatthan does the(定語)atmosphere. Indeed.譯文: 巨大的洋流做運動成為旋渦。這些水流能比大氣儲
41、存更多的熱量。事實確實如此Just the top 3m of ocean contains (主語) (謂語) more heat than the whole of the atmosphere. (賓語) (定語) 譯文 : 僅在海洋表層三米包含的熱量比整個大氣層 都多。The origin of gyres lies in the fact that more 主語 謂語 賓語 定語 heat from the Sun reaches the Equator than the Poles,and naturally heat tends to move from the former
42、to the latter. 譯文:旋渦的起源在于一個事實,到達赤道的太陽 熱量比到達兩極的多,而事實上熱量傾向于從前者 運動到后者。Warm air rises at the Equator, and draws (主語) (謂語(介賓短語做狀語) (謂語) more air (賓語) beneath it in the form of winds(the "Trade Winds")that,together with other air movement, provide the main force driving the ocean currents. (定從)
43、譯文: 熱空氣在赤道上空升起,同時以風(信風) 的形式拉起下面更多的空氣,伴隨著其他的空氣運動, 這些提供驅(qū)動洋流的主要動力。英語作業(yè)12段Water itself is heated at the Equator and moves poleward, twisted by the Earths rotation and affected by the positions of the continents. 海水在赤道上被加熱然后流向兩極,其 流向會被地球的旋轉(zhuǎn)和大陸的位置所影 響。 后面分句省略主語it rotation n. 1 旋轉(zhuǎn);轉(zhuǎn)動 2 輪流;輪換;<農(nóng)>輪作The
44、 resultant broadly circular movements between about 10°and 40°North and South are clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. 作為結(jié)果而產(chǎn)生的在10到40度北緯和南 緯的洋流在北半球是順時針流動,而在 南半球則是逆時針流動。 紅色部分為主句,黑色部分修飾主語 movementresultant adj. 因而發(fā)生的, 必然產(chǎn)生 的 clockwise adj. 順時針方向的
45、 hemisphere n. 半球;地球的半球They flow towards the east at mid latitudes in the equatorial region. 在赤道區(qū),洋流在中緯度向東流動。 latitude n. 1 緯度 2 特指的緯度地區(qū) 3 自由, 自由范圍They then flow towards the Poles, along the eastern sides of continents, as warm currents. 之后洋流作為暖流 沿著大陸東岸向極地移 動。 current adj. 1 現(xiàn)在的, 現(xiàn)行的 2 通用的, 通行的, 被普遍
46、接受的 n. 1 水流, 氣流 2 電流 3 趨向, 趨勢, 傾向When two different masses of water meet, one will move beneath the other depending on their relative densities in the subduction process. 當兩股不同的洋流相遇時,其中一股會 移動到另一股的下方,這取決于兩股洋 流的相對密度之差。 紅色部分原因狀語The densities are determined by temperature and salinity. 密度由溫度和鹽度決定。 densi
47、ty n. 1 密集, 稠密 2 物化密度The convergence of water of different densities from the Equator and the Poles deep in the oceans causes continuous subduction . 來自海洋深處赤道和極地不同密度洋流的 匯合引起持續(xù)的消減。 subduction n. 減去;減法 convergence n. 集中,收斂;集合This means that water moves vertically as well as horizontally. 這意味著水既垂直移動又水平移動。 vertically adv. 1 垂直地;直立地;陡峭地 2 在頂點 3 <植>(葉等)直生地 horizontally adv. 水平地;橫地Cold water from the Poles travels at depth
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