Chapter2PhoneticsPhonology語(yǔ)音學(xué)與音系學(xué)

1、chapter 2 phonetics & phonologyinstructed by yan shangyuancontents1. speech sounds2. phonetics語(yǔ)音學(xué) 2.1 what is phonetics? 2.2 speech organs 2.3 ipa and broad and narrow transcription 2.4 classification of english speech sounds3. phonology音系學(xué) 3.1 phone音素, phoneme音位 and allophone音位變體 3.2 phonemic音素

2、 analysis 3.3 phonological音系學(xué)的 rules 3.4 suprasegmental超音段的 phonology1.speech sounds sounds which are systematically used in human languages are called speech sounds. sounds made by a human being but not used in language are not considered as speech sounds (coughing, snoring, sneezing).2. phonetics語(yǔ)

3、音學(xué)2.1 what is phonetics? (p.25) the study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages. it is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound making, particularly the sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their transcription, description and classification.three area

4、s of phonetics: (p.26)narticulatory phonetics (發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)): production of speech soundsnauditory phonetics (聽(tīng)覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)): perception of speech soundsnacoustic kustk phonetics (聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)): physical properties of speech sounds2.2 speech organs (p.27) 1-nasal cavity2-lips3-teeth4-alveolar ridge5-hard palate6-velum (s

5、oft palate)7-uvula8-apex (tip) of tongue9-blade (front) of tongue10-dorsum (back) of tongue11-oral cavity12-pharynx13-epiglottis14-larynx15-vocal cords16-trachea17-esophagus according to the function in the sound production, the vocal organs can be divided into three parts: initiator of the air-stre

6、am, the producer of voice and the resonatorrznet.division of vocal organs:2.2.1 the initiator of the air-stream:(1) the initiator includes the lungs and the trachea;(2) the direction of the airstream:noutgoing/ pulmonic: in all languagesnnon-pulmonic sounds: ejectives (擠喉音), clicks (吸氣音), implosives

7、 (內(nèi)爆音in sindhi, igbo)2.2.2 the vocal cords (the producer of voice)(1) pitch depends on the rate of vibration of the vocal cords.(2) vocal cords:ncomplete blockage (totally closed) for producing glottal stop ?:? eni ? iditnvibrating (close together) to produce voiced sounds: m b g z e innot vibrating

8、 (apart) to produce voiceless sounds: p h t2.2.3 three resonators (amplifier and modifier)(1) pharyngeal cavity (咽腔)(2) nasal cavity(3) oral cavityn active articulators: lips, uvular(小舌), the tonguen passive articulators: teeth, alveolar (齒齦), palate (硬顎)2.3 ipa and broad and narrow transcription2.3

9、.1 ipa n international phonetic alphabetn international phonetic association (1886)2.3.2 phonetic transcription: the method of writing down the speech sounds in a systematic and consistent way.2.3.3 broad and narrow transcriptionnbroad transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in our transcr

10、iption.nnarrow transcription: the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail.examples:nnarrow transcription: purephwju bedbedaspirated labialized palatalized slightly longfarmf:m apple p bacon bei?n nasalized velarized glottal stopnbroad transcription: purepju 2.4 classification of en

11、glish speech sounds (p.31)2.4.1 consonants 2.4.1.1 place of articulation 2.4.1.2 manner of articulation 2.4.1.3 voicing 2.4.1.4 description of consonants2.4.2 vowels 2.4.2.1 monophthongs 2.4.2.2 description of vowels 2.4.2.3 diphthongs & triphthongs2.4.1 consonants (p.32) consonants are the soun

12、ds in the production of which there is an obstruction of airstream at some point in the vocal tract.2.4.1.1 place of articulation 2.4.1.2 manner of articulation 2.4.1.3 voicing 2.4.1.4 description of consonants2.4.1.1 place of articulation(p.32)bilabials: labiodentals: dentals: alveolars: palatals:

13、velars: retroflex: glottal: pharyngeal: p b m wf v t d s z l n r t d jk g rh ? (button b?n) (latter l)唇齒音齒音硬顎音軟顎音卷舌音喉音 咽音2.4.1.2 manner of articulation (p.33)nstops/ plosives: oral stops: nasal stops: nnasals:nfricatives:naffricates: nliquids: nglides:p b t d k gm n m n 摩擦音f v s z h破擦音t d 流音l r滑音j w

14、 (semi-vowels)the ipa consonant chart:white represents standard british english consonants.2.1.4.3 voicing (p.30)nvoiceless:nvoiced: p t k s f t hb d g z v d m n j w r l2.4.1.4 description of consonants p: voiceless bilabial stopb:s:kh:n:voiced bilabial stopvoiceless alveolar fricativevoiceless vela

15、r aspirated stopvoiced alveolar nasal2.4.2 vowels (p.34) vowels are speech sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the airstream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.2.4.2.1 monophthongs mnf單元音2.4.2.2 description of vowels2.4.2.3 diphthongs &

16、triphthongs2.4.2.1 monophthongsmonophthongs: the quality of sound remains constant throughout the articulation. (1) the tongue height (2) the position of the highest part of the tongue body (3) the lip-rounding (4) the length (5) the tension (6) how open the mouth is openedvowel quadrilateral ( dani

17、el jones) front central back high i: u:(close) i u e : mid ?: ?low a a:(open) unrounded rounded long (tense) - short (lax)2.4.2.2 description of vowelsi: high front tense (long) unrounded vowelu?high back lax (short) rounded vowellow back lax (short) rounded vowelcentral lax (short) unrounded vowel2

18、.4.2.3 diphthongs & triphthongs(p.35)diphthongs a single movement of the tongue. raising diphthongs: ei ai ?i u au centralizing diphthongs: u i triphthongs a double movement of the tongue. they are produced by a glide from one vowel to another and then to a 3rd rapidly and continuously. e.g: ai,

19、 au, in wire and hour.exercise 4 (page 45):example: p b m feature: bilabial, stop, consonant(1) g p t d k b: features: stop, consonant(2) u u: ?: features: back, rounded, vowelexercise 5:(1) : voicing: voiceless - voiced(2) p: f place: bilabial - labio-dental manner: stop - fricative(3) i: e height:

20、 high - half-high(4) b: m cavity: oral - nasal(5) s: place: alveolar - palatal(6) s: place: alveolar - dental voicing: voiceless - voiced 3. phonology音系學(xué) (p.36)3.1 phone, phoneme and allophone 3.2 phonemic analysis 3.2.1 minimal pairs 3.2.2 complementary distribution 3.2.3 phonetic similarity 3.2.4

21、distinctive features3.3 phonological rules3.4 suprasegmental phonology which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs? pat, pen, more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, pit, heelpat-fat pat-pit heat-heel tape-tale bun-ban bell-bet meal-heel exercises

22、:describe the english sounds: _ d _g _ h _l _ s _u: _ i _ _ _keys: voiceless dental fricative d voiced alveolar stop g voiced velar stop h voiceless glottal fricative l lateral s voiceless alveolar fricative u: high back tense rounded vowel i high front lax unrounded vowel low front lax unrounded vo

23、wel low back lax unrounded vowelassignments:nread the textbook again and try to fully understand what we have learned;ndo exercises 1 and 6 on p.45;nread the following sections of chapter 2. 3.1 phone, phoneme & allophonenphone音素音素: a phonetic unit of sound or segment. it doesnt distinguish mean

24、ing.nphoneme音位音位: an abstract phonological unit with distinctive value. (/ /)nallophones音位變體音位變體: the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments. allophones are phones.eg: /k/ kh p khji:p khw ? :l khjwu skw ? :3.2 phonemic analysis (音位分析音位分析)3.2.1 minimal pairs

25、 最小對(duì)立項(xiàng)最小對(duì)立項(xiàng) (p.38) : when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are minimal pairs. e.g. pill & bill, pin & bin, heard & head & hide free variants自由變體自由變體: different sounds

26、of the same phoneme caused by dialect, habit or individual preference, etc. e.g: either ( i: ai: ) economics ( i:k n ?miks ek n ?miks )free variation自由變體現(xiàn)象自由變體現(xiàn)象(p.39) : the phenomenon of free variants.3.2.2 complementary distribution 互補(bǔ)分布互補(bǔ)分布 the relation between two speech sounds that never occur

27、in the same environment. e.g: ph and p=, which are the allophones of /p/, as in words peak and speak, are in complementary distribution. clear l in lead and dark in deal, which are allophones of the phoneme / l /, are in complementary distribution. a condition for two or more segments in complementa

28、ry distribution to be assigned to the same phoneme音位. e.g:ph & p=: l & : +bilabial +bilabial +lateral +lateral +voiceless +voiceless +voiced +voiced +plosive +plosive +alveolar +velarized +aspirated -aspirated3.2.3 phonetic similarity 語(yǔ)音相似性語(yǔ)音相似性 the features that a phoneme possesses, making

29、it different from other phonemes. they are language-specific (what distinguishes meaning in one language does not necessarily do so in another language). 3.2.4 distinctive features 區(qū)別性特征區(qū)別性特征(p.39) a phoneme has a bundle of features: e.g: /m/ / /p/ +consonantal -consonantal +consonantal +bilabial -r

30、ounded +bilabial +voiced +voiced -voiced +nasal +front -nasal -continuant +continuant -continuant . +low . . . . . . .discussion: h (onset position) (coda position) +glottal +velar +oral +nasal +fricative +stop +voiceless +voiced are the two sounds h & in complementary distribution? do they belo

31、ng to the same phoneme?3.3 phonological rules (p.35)3.3.1 assimilation rule (p.35): a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. regressive assimilation: the following sound influences the preceding sound 逆同化progressive assimilation: the preceding sou

32、nd influences the following sound 順同化n1. nasalization -nasal +nasal/_+nasal e.g: can, tann2. dentalization e.g: tenth, ninthn3. velarization e.g: sink, mink 水貂，貂皮衣n4. devoicing e.g: five past /faif pa:st/ liaison: the phenomenon of the linking of words in speech, in particular when the second word b

33、egins with a vowel.njoin the final consonant of one word with the initial vowel of the following word: post officenlink the final vowels : and to a following vowel by adding the r sound: her own, the idea of3.3.2 liaisonlez()n 連讀 (p.35):nmake smooth transitions when words are separated by more than

34、two consonants: next topicnmake smooth transitions when the preceding word ends with a vowel and the following word begins also with a vowel sound by adding a slight j (after i: or i) or w (after u: or u) : my arm, two othersnchange the pronunciation of some final and initial consonants: did you ? e

35、lision: the loss of a sound or sounds in speech. this loss may be a consonant or vowel. elision is typical of rapid, casual speech. e.g: suppose spuz factory fktri mostly musli3.3.3 elision l()n省音(p.35):3.3.4 rule orderingunderlying representation: si:tz bedz keisz1. epenthesis: si:tz bedz keisiz2.

36、devoicing: si:ts bedz keisizsurface representation: si:ts bedz keisiz3.4 suprasegmental phonology (p.40) 超音段音系學(xué)超音段音系學(xué): those aspects of speech which involve more than single sound segments, including syllable, stress, tone and intonation.3.4.1 the syllable (p.40)the sonority theory 響度說(shuō)響度說(shuō) 1. voicele

37、ss stops: p t k 2. voiceless fricatives: f s h 3. voiced stops: b d g 4. voiced fricatives: v z 5. nasals and laterals: m n l 6. trills, flaps and approximants: r w j 7. high vowels: i: i u: u 8. mid vowels: e 9. low vowels: ?: ? ansyllable as phonological structural unit: (p.41) onset rhyme peak co

38、damonosyllableone syllable. eg: sit, pig, name, stop, vestpolysyllablemore than one syllable. eg: apple, button, mammal, university, studenta syllable must have a nucleus (核心) or peak (峰) which is often a vowel, sometimes a consonant plays the part of a nucleus. note: table consists of a syllable te

39、i and a syllable bl, in the first syllable, the nucleus is ei, while in the second one it is the consonant l to function as the nucleus (apple, bottle, mammal, etc). similarly, n can also have such function in english. eg: button (cotton, mutton, etc). na syllable must have a nucleus.na syllable that has no coda is an open syllable.na syllable that has a coda is a closed syllable.nenglish syllable is (c) c)c) v (c)c)c)c), sixthscvcccc siksgs, spring cccvc spri , eye v ainchinese syllable is (c)v(c ). 方cvc