英語中的句子成分

1、要求能正確判斷句子的類型、分析句子結構、結合語境和句意選擇適當?shù)倪B接詞語、判斷主語和從句的正確語序、恰當選擇主句和從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)。英語中的句子成分主語是句子敘述的主體，用于說明人或事物執(zhí)行某一動作中，表明“誰”或“什么”?？捎擅~、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動名詞和主語從句等來承擔。謂語說明主語所發(fā)出的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。表明“做什么”或“是什么”。常用實義動詞或系動詞加上表語部分來充當。賓語是動作的對象或承受者，常位于及物動詞或介詞后面。賓語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動名詞、賓語從句等來擔任。定語是句子中修飾名詞，代詞或其它名詞化的詞。定語則屬于短語內部

2、修飾名詞的成分，與名詞或相當于名詞詞類的中心詞構成名詞短語，有前置定語和后置定語之分。名詞短語、形容詞短語、動詞不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞和定語從句都可以充當定語。狀語是修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分。狀語根據(jù)語義可分為時間狀語、地點狀語、原因狀語、目的狀語、結構狀語、程度狀語、條件狀語、讓步狀語、方式狀語、方面狀語、伴隨狀語和句子狀語。補語：有些動詞除需要賓語外，還需要有賓語補足語，這樣句子的意義才能完整。賓語和賓補（賓語補足語）在邏輯上有主謂關系，這就是判斷賓語補足語的主要依據(jù)。常用來補充說明結果、程度、趨向、可能、狀態(tài)、數(shù)量等的成分。注意：含有賓補的句子變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，賓補便成

3、了主補。表語：放在系動詞之后用來說明主語的身份、性質、品性、特征和狀態(tài)的，表明“什么”、“怎么樣”。表語常由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、動詞的-ing、從句來充當。he hit me in the face. he是主語，hit是謂語，me是賓語 he is a happy boy. happy是定語 i found nobody was there when i got home. when i got home是時間狀語i found him dead. dead是賓補 he was found dead. dead做主補 i am happy. am是系動詞，happy是表語。

4、英語句結構 英語中按照句子的結構劃分，有簡單句、并列句和復合句對簡單句、并列句和復合句的考查主要包括：句子的結構、連詞的選擇、從句與主句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)、主語和從句的語序、一些習慣用語和特殊的句式應用。一 簡單句：簡單句只有一個主語或并列主語和一個謂語或并列謂語。 英語基本句型-1 主系表結構：本結構是由“主語+系動詞+表語”組成，主要用以說明主語的特征，類屬，狀態(tài)，身份等。 系動詞有: 1.表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound; 2.表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的 remain, stay, keep, continue,

5、stand; 3.表示狀態(tài)變化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow; eg: our english teacher is thirty years old. the cake tastes delicious. the potatoes went bad in the fields. deep water stays still. he was at work. she is in good health. it is beyond my ability. i was at a loss. you are under arrest. 英語

6、基本句型-2 主謂結構：本結構是由“主語加不及物的謂語動詞”構成, 常用來表示主語的動作。 eg：the sun rises. tom has already left. 主語可有修飾語-定語，謂語可有修飾語-狀語。 eg: 1. the red sun rises in the east. 2. they had to travel by air or boat. 3. she sat there alone. 4. he came back when we were eating. 5. weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake。 英語基

7、本句型-3 主謂賓結構:本結構是由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語”構成。賓語成分的多樣化使得這一結構異常復雜。 eg：1. tom made a hole in the wall. 2. i dont know if he can come tomorrow. 3. they havent decided where to go next. 4. she stopped teaching english two years ago. 英語基本句型-4 雙賓語結構：此結構由“主語+及物謂語動詞+間接賓語（人）+直接賓語（事物）”組成。eg： he brings me cookies every d

8、ay. 但若要先說出直接賓語（事物），后說間接賓語（人），則要借助于介詞to或for。eg： he brings cookies to me every day. she made a beautiful dress for me. 用to側重指動作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對著某人。 用for 側重指動作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。 常跟雙賓語的動詞有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等； （需借助for 的） buy

9、, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。 英語基本句型-5 復合賓語結構: 此結構由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”構成。賓語補足語用來補充和說明賓語的性質和特點，若無賓語補足語，則句意不夠完整?？梢杂米鲑e補的有：名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，動詞不定式，分詞等。 如： the sun keeps us warm. i heard him singing. they made tom monitor. he used to do his homework with his radio

10、 on. my mother asked me to clean my room. the teacher made all students finish their homework on time. 用 it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補足語的后面，以使句子結構平衡，是英語常用的句型結構方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語。eg：i found it very pleasant to be with your family. = i found it was pleasant to be with your family. 它們的區(qū)別在于第一個是簡單句第二個是復合句，意思都

11、是一樣的。 英語基本句型-6 there be 句型： 此句型是由“there+be+主語+狀語”構成，用以表達存在關系可以稱“有”。 它其實是全倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動詞 be 之后，there 僅為引導詞，并無實際語意。此句型有時不用be動詞，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等，但一般不用have。eg： there stands a hill in the middle of the park. once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. be 與

12、其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)量上一致，有時態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如： 現(xiàn)在有 there is/are 過去有 there was/were 將來有 there will be；there is /are going to be. 現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 過去曾經(jīng)有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be eg.once,

13、 there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. the weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. there used to be a cinema here before the war. 二并列句。 并列句由并列連詞and, but, or，so等或分號(;)把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構成1.由分號連接。 eg. some people cry; others laugh. lets start early; we have a long way

14、to go. 2.有并列連詞連接 表示選擇關系常用的連詞有：or, eitheror, otherwise等表示轉折關系常用的連詞有：but, still, however, yet, while, when等。表示因果關系常用的連詞有：so, for, therefore等。eg: id like to, but i have lots of homework to do. ive got a cold, so im going to bed. both my father and mother are teachers. its very good, yet i dont like it.

15、 三、復合句 構成：由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成。主句和從句都有完整的主謂結構，但主句是全局的主體，從句只是全句中的一個成分，不能獨立存在。從句通常是用引導詞來引導的，引導詞起連接主句和從句的作用。 分類：名詞性從句（主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句），形容詞性從句（定語從句），副詞性從句（狀語從句）。 1狀語從句（1)狀語從句的分類狀語從句通常修飾主句的動詞或整個句子，由從屬連詞引導，從屬連詞在從句中不充當句子成分。根據(jù)狀語從句所表達的不同意義和功能，可分為時間、地點、原因、條件、目的、結果、讓步、比較、方式等狀語從句。(2)連接狀語從句的詞語時間狀語從句：when, whe

16、never每當，after, before, as, as soon as, hardly/ scarcely.when., no sooner.than.。.一就，while, till, until, since, once。名詞詞組the first time第一次，last time最后一次，every/each time每次，the next time下次，the next day第二天， the moment, the minute, the second, the instant 一就;副詞immediately, instantly, directly等也可作連詞使用。原因狀語

17、從句：because, since, as, now that。地點狀語從句：where，wherever(無論那里)。讓步狀語從句： no matter who/whom/what/which/how/when/where, though, although, as, even if /even though, whatever, whoever, however, wherever, whenever等。條件狀語從句： if, unless, as/so long as(如果;只要)，in case (萬一); on condition that(如果)， suppose, supposi

18、ng, providing, provide。目的狀語從句：in order that (為了)，so that (以便)。比較狀語從句：(not) as/soas，than, the morethe more(越越) 引導。方式狀語從句：as(正如;按照)，as if/as though (好像)引導。結果狀語從句： so that (結果是)， so/suchthat (如此以至于)。（3)從句中的語序復合句中通常采用陳述語序。但是，在下面的幾種情況下，狀語從句多采用倒裝語序：當連詞as, though連接讓步狀語從句時，作表語的名詞、形容詞、動詞通常置于句首，構成部分倒裝語序。例如：mu

19、ch as i have traveled, i have never seen anyone whos as capable as john。try as she might, carol couldn't get the door open。strange though it may seem, i like housework。在so/such.that.。.結果狀語從句中，so+形容詞/副詞或such+名詞置于句首時，主句采用部分倒裝語序。例如：so successful was her business that marie was able to set up new br

20、anches elsewhere.such was the force of the explosion that windows were blown out。在hardly/scarcely.when., no sooner.than.。.句式中，把hardly/scarcely/no sooner置于句首時，第一個分句采用部分倒裝語序，即把第二個分句用陳述語序。例如：scarcely had he sat down when there was a knock at the door。 however與形容詞、副詞一起引導讓步狀語從句，句子采用陳述語序。例如：however amusin

21、g the story is, i have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week。 在the +比較級the+比較級句式中，只是把形容詞或副詞置于句首，句子仍然采用陳述語序。例如：education is about learning and the more you learn, the more equipped for life you are。(4)從句和主句中謂語動詞的時態(tài)在復合句中，主句和從句的謂語動詞時態(tài)一般遵循以下的規(guī)律： 表示“同時”意義的連詞as, when, as soon as, the mo

22、ment, while 等連接的時間狀語從句，主句和從句時態(tài)基本一致。例如：as time passed, things seemed to get worse。 表示“將來”意義的條件、時間和讓步狀語從句中多用一般現(xiàn)在時，而主句用一般將來時，被稱為“主將從現(xiàn)”。例如：tom wont go to sleep unless his mother tells him a story。once i get him a job, hell be fine。 since引導的時間狀語從句多用一般過去時，而含有since從句的主句通常用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如：i havent met her since i

23、left university。在句式hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan中，第一個分句中過去完成時，第二個分句用一般過去時。例如：she had hardly sat down when the phone rang。 在as if/though 引導的狀語從句中，如果表示一種與事實相反夸張，從句多用一般過去時或過去完成時。例如：she stared at me as though i were a complete stranger。(5)狀語從句的省略當從句的主語與主句的主語相同時，被動結構的狀語從句，可省略與主句相同的主語和助動詞，保留連詞+過去分詞;主

24、動結構的狀語從句，可省略與主句相同的主語和助動詞，保留連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞。例如：we all know that, if not carefully dealt with, the situation will get worse。though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university。(6)狀語從句被用于強調結構中狀語從句作為被強調部分用于強調結構時，一律用it is/was that，不能用when代替that。句子用陳述語序。注意：當強調not until +時間/時間狀語時，主句的謂語動詞不再采用倒裝語序。例如

25、：it was not until the war was over that the soldier was able to return home。2 名詞性從句(1)名詞性從句分類：按照在句中的功能，名詞性從句分為：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句四種。(2) 名詞性從句的連接詞名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：that無詞義，在從句中不擔任成分，有時可被省略;表示“是否”用whether，只有在賓語從句中，whether可被人if代替。whether和if在從句中不擔任成分。如果從句缺少主語、表語、賓語、或定語等句子成分，用連接代詞what, whatever, who, whoe

26、ver, whom, whose, which;如果從句缺少狀語，用連接副詞when, where, how, why。由于連接代詞與連接副詞在句中不再是疑問句，因而從句中謂語不用疑問語序。連接代詞與連接副詞在從句充當句子成分，而連接詞whether 和if(是否)，在從句中不充當句子成分，只起連接作用。(3) 名詞性從句中的特殊時態(tài) 在以下三種主語從句中，主語從句的謂語動詞要用“should+動詞原形”， should可省略。(1)it is+形容詞+that句型。常見的形容詞有important, necessary, natural, funny, strange, surprising

27、, astonishing(令人驚訝的)等。2) it is +名詞+that句型。常見的名詞有pity, shame, advice, suggestion,proposal(提議，建議)， requirement, request, desire, order等。(3) it is+動詞的過去分詞+ that句型。常見的動詞有advise, order, propose, request, suggest, demand, require等。在insist(堅持)， urge (催促)， order(命令)， command(命令)， suggest(建議)，advise(建議)，reco

28、mmend(建議，推薦)， request(請求，要求)， demand(要求)，require(要求，需要)等動詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”， should可省略。 在含有advice, order, demand, proposal(提議)， requirement, suggestion等名詞的表語從句、同位語從句中，謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”，should可省略。在一些表示驚訝、意志等感情色彩的名詞性從句中，謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”或“should +have done”，譯為“竟然，居然”。例如：i am surprised /shoc

29、ked that you should speak in such a way。i find it astonishing that he should be so rude to his mum。it is strange /surprising that she should not have been invited。i am glad that your story should have won the first prize。3定語從句(1)定語從句的分類定語從句分為限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句兩種。限制性定語從句對先行詞起修飾和限制作用，而非限制性定語從句對先行詞起補充和解釋說

30、明作用。通常限制性定語從句與先行詞之間沒有逗號，而非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間有逗號隔開。(2)定語從句的關系代詞和關系副詞定語從句一般由關系代詞和關系副詞引導。關系代詞有：who, whom, whose, which, that, as;關系副詞有：when, where, why。關系代詞和關系副詞必須位于從句之首，主句的先行詞之后，起著連接先行詞和從句的作用，同時在從句中又充當句子成分。(3)關系代詞和關系副詞的用法：當先行詞為人時用who 作主語，whom作賓語;當先行詞為物或整個句子時用which，可作主語或賓語;先行詞為人、物時用that ，可作主語或賓語; whose用作定語，

31、可指人或物; 關系副詞when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語;where(指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語);why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。(4)限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句：從句與主句關系密切，去掉從句，主句意義不完整，甚至不合邏輯。例如：i was the only person in our office who was invited。(去掉定語從句，句意就不完整) 非限制性定語從句：從句與先行詞關系不密切，去掉定從句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗號隔開，不能that用引導。例如：his movie won several awards at the film

32、 festival, which was beyond his wildest dream. (去掉定語從句，主句的意思仍完整)(5)使用定語從句時需注意的幾個問題用that而不用 which的情況：先行詞為不定代詞all, anything, nothing, much;先行詞有最高級修飾，有序數(shù)詞修飾;先行詞有only, very, any等詞修飾;先行詞既有人又有物時。例如：there is nothing that can prevent him from doing it。the first place that they visited in guilin was lijing。t

33、his is the best coffee maker that i have ever been made。mr smith is the only foreigner teacher that he knows。 用which而不用 that的情況：引導非限制性定語從句;指代整個主句的意思;用于介詞 的后面+ 關系代詞。例如：chans restaurant on baker street, which used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. for many cities in the world, there is n

34、o room to spread our further, of which new york is an example。 關系代詞as的用法a. 當現(xiàn)行詞為 the same +名詞，such+名詞時，要用關系代詞as引導定語從句。例如：i want to buy the same shirt as yours。such machines as are used in our workshop are made in germany。b. as可指代主句的內容，引導的非限制性定語從句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后。常用于下列句型：as is known to all, as is sa

35、id, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as i expect 等。例如： he got the first place again in this mid-term examination, as we expected。c. as 引導非限制性定語從句時與which的區(qū)別當主句和從句語義一致時，用as引導;反之，用which來引導非限制性定語從句;當非限制定語從句為否定意義時，常用which引導。例如：he made a long speech, as we expected。he made a long speech, w

36、hich was unexpected。關系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞單數(shù)還是用復數(shù)應由先行詞決定。例如：the man who lives downstairs makes it a rule to run in the park in the morning。 引導定語從句的關系副詞有時可以用“介詞 + which”來代替。例如：october 1, 1949 was the day on which (= when) the new china was founded。在”介詞+關系代詞”結構中，關系代詞只能用which和whom，且不能省略;如果介詞在句末，關系代詞可用whi

37、ch, that, whom, 口語中也可用who，且可省略。例如：the man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about is proves to be friendly。注意事項1.狀語從句與其它相似結構的辨析 it is/was+被強調的時間狀語+ that+其它句子成分，其特點是去掉it is/was和that原句仍然成立。例如：it was at midnight that we got home。 it is/was+時間+when/before+從句 表示“當發(fā)生時，時間是”。例如：it was late evening when the

38、 doctor arrived。 it will be/was+時間段+before+句子，表示“要過才會發(fā)生某事”或“過了發(fā)生了某事”。例如：it will be years before we find a cure for cancer。 it is/has been + since +句子， 表示“自從以來，時間過了”。例如：its three years since i last saw her。2定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別在定語從句中，關系代詞或關系副詞作某種句子成分，定語從句對先行詞起修飾和限制作用，而在同位語從句中，從對前面的抽象名詞起補充和解釋作用，連接詞不在從句中充當句子成

39、分。例如：we heard the news that our school team had won the game. (同位語從句， that在從句中不作句子成分)the news that he told me yesterday proves true. (定語從句， that 在從句中作told的賓語)the possibilities that she was offered seemed very great. (定語從句， that 在從句中作offered的賓語)she is worried about the possibility that she might lose

40、 her job。( 同位語從句， that在從句中不作句子成分)精典名題導解1.(2008山東) he found it increasingly difficult to read, _ his eyesight was beginning to fail。a. though b. for c. but d. so考點解析：前句表示一個結果，而后句表示原因，因此應填for。連詞for連接的并列句總是放在后面。最佳答案為b。2. (2008全國ii)stand over there, _ youll be able to see the oil painting better。a. but

41、b. till c. and d. or考點解析：句首的祈使句和第二個分句的時態(tài)暗示空白處應填and, 構成“祈使句+and+并列句”結構。并列句表示條件，而and后的并列句表示結果。最佳答案為c。3.(2008湖南) _ the internet is of great help. i dont think its a good idea to spend too much time on it。a. if b. while c. because d. as考點解析：句意為：“雖然因特網(wǎng)非常有用，但是我認為上網(wǎng)花費時間太多不是好事”。連詞while表示“雖然，盡管”，連接讓步狀語從句，最佳答

42、案為b。4. (2008山東)youd better not leave the medicine _ kids can get at it. (2008山東)a. even if b. which c. where d. so that考點解析：句意為：“你最好不要把藥品放在孩子們能拿到的地方”，空白處之前為主句，之后為狀語從句，表示地點，因此應選連接詞where，最佳答案為c。5. (2008全國i卷) the lawyer rarely wears anything other than jeans and a t-shirt _ the season。a. whatever b. wh

43、erever c. whenever d. however考點解析：句中含有讓步狀語從句whatever the season is，其中is被省略。句意為：“無論是什么季節(jié)，那個律師總是穿著牛仔褲和短袖汗衫”。最佳答案為a。6.(2008湖南) when asked _ they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved.a. what b. why c. whom d. which考點解析：asked之后跟一個賓語從句，從句中的needed缺少賓語，因此空白處應填what, 最佳答案為a。7.(20

44、08天津) the last time we had great fun was _ we were visiting the water park。a. where b. how c. when d. why解析：從空白處到句末為表語從句，從句中主語、謂語、賓語齊全，但缺狀語。結合句意“上次我們開心是當我們去水上樂園的時候”，因此選when, 最佳答案為c。8. (2008上海) it has been proved _ _ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life。a. if b. because c. when d. that考點解析：it為形式主語，代替的是主語從句，因從句中句子成分完整，句子意義明確，因此應用that連接，最佳答案為d。9. (2008上海) we went through