Generatin in Waitig等待中的一代

1、1who are the generation in waiting and why are they important?what is “waithood”?youth challenges during their transitions to adulthood why are todays youth “in waiting”? how have countries in the region responded to these challenges?a new reform agenda: policy solutions for the youth challenge in t

2、he middle east and north africaintroduction and overviewwho are the generation in waiting?the region is at the apex of its youth bulge, which has put tremendous pressures on markets such as education, labor, marriage, and housing.youth between the ages of 15 and 29 (born between 1980 and 1995) repre

3、sent the largest youth cohort in the middle easts history.who are the generation in waiting?the current generation of youth is in some ways they are better off than previous generations: it is healthier and more educated. near universal primary enrollment and increasing levels of secondary and terti

4、ary enrollment. more equitable distribution of education between women and men.who are the generation in waiting? in other ways, this generation is worse off than previous generations: high rates of unemployment after school completion, with long durations of unemployment. young women are gaining mo

5、re education but face widespread exclusion from the labor market. many youth are coming of age in conflict areas. many youth experience delayed marriage and family formation.why are they important? a large working-age population with fewer dependents can be a huge positive force for economic growth.

6、 with smaller families, it can invest more in their own children, create a more educated next generation. as the future middle class, how it sees the future is critical for social and economic progress. smooth vs. painful transitions to adulthoodschool-to-work transitioneducation: access, equity and

7、 quality educational expenditures and enrollment rates are high. but quality of education remains low. education systems fail to teach relevant skills. promote credentialism instead of skill acquisitionschool-to-work transitionemployment: weak outcomes, long waits unemployment rises with education.

8、duration of unemployment for new graduates is long. young women have lower rates of participation in the labor market and higher rates of unemployment.source: assaad and barsoum 2007school-to-work transitionemployment: declining job quality for new entrants fewer opportunities in the public sector i

9、ncreased informality: one in three jobs are informal. one in ten jobs are private formal sector jobssource: assaad and barsoum 2007delayed marriage and family formation is delayed marriage driven by lack of resources or the desire for more education and lower fertility? the marriage market is closel

10、y linked with the employment market, the education market, and the housing market. source: salehi-isfahani and egel 2007family formation: housing constraintsin mena, housing costs are high at 8 times average annual incomeabout 3 in the us.there are few instruments to leverage future earnings.high up

11、front costs of rentingsource: salehi-isfahani and egel 2007source: world bank -imf 2005institutions and youth exclusion why are todays youth “in waiting”?previous generations benefited from free education, public sector job guaranteesbut for those born in the 1980s and later, these institutions are

12、no longer working. demographic pressures have strained public sector employment and education systems. even if these institutions could accommodate the youth bulge, they are not well suited in a world where innovation and entrepreneurship are the drivers of economic growth.institutions and youth exc

13、lusion in the middle eastsectorinstitutional featureeffects on youth education university admissions policies tracking mechanisms undermine value of vocational education promote rote memorization over investment in skillslabor market employment protections labor laws protect older workers make firms

14、 less likely to hire new, younger employees (lower turnover) contribute to informalityhousing rent controls absence of mortgage facilities limit access for first-time buyers or renters prolong dependency on parents reinforce failure to accumulate physical assetshow institutions effect youth exclusio

15、n in the mena regiona new reform agendasuggested policy proposals for youth inclusion reform university admission policiesreform public sector hiring practicesinvest in scaled-up volunteerism and learning programsdevelop local mechanisms/institutions for support and recognition of innovation on the

16、grassroots level (social entrepreneurship)raise value of informal workprovide social protection instead of job protection for workerspolicy solutions for the youth challenge in menareforms of the institutional environment: increase: incentives to invest in skills instead of diplomas. incentives to s

17、earch for careers instead of permanent jobs. incentives to build creditworthiness.searching for careers: using the informal sector more effectively documenting informal worksocial entrepreneurship.social entrepreneurs utilize good business practices innovation, financial sustainability, and efficiency to fill market gaps and failures. in the right environment, these solutions are tested and adopted by established institutions, creating long-term and scaled up benefits. by empowering young people to identify market opportunities in solving