計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第1章

1、1Computer English Chapter 1 The History and Future of ComputersChapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-2Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-31. The trends of computer hardware and software 2. Basic characteristics of modern computers 3. Major characteristics of the

2、four generations of modern computers 4. 了解科技英語的特點(diǎn)，掌握科技英語翻譯要點(diǎn)了解科技英語的特點(diǎn)，掌握科技英語翻譯要點(diǎn) Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-4New Words & Expressions:computerlike a. 計算機(jī)似的計算機(jī)似的electromechanical a. 機(jī)電的機(jī)電的, 電機(jī)的電機(jī)的 vacuum tubes 真空管真空管Census Bureau 人口普查局人口普查局 thousands of 成千上萬的成千上萬的 known

3、 as 通常所說的，以通常所說的，以著稱著稱 1.1 The Invention of the Computer Abbreviations: ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 電子數(shù)字積分計算機(jī)，電子數(shù)字積分計算機(jī)，ENIACENIAC計算機(jī)計算機(jī) EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Auto

4、matic Computer) 延遲存儲電子自動計算機(jī)延遲存儲電子自動計算機(jī) BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) 二進(jìn)制自動計算機(jī)二進(jìn)制自動計算機(jī) UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 通用自動計算機(jī)通用自動計算機(jī) Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-5 It is hard to say exactly when the modern computer was invented. S

5、tarting in the 1930s and through the 1940s, a number of machines were developed that were like computers. But most of these machines did not have all the characteristics that we associate with computers today. These characteristics are that the machine is electronic, that it has a stored program, an

6、d that it is general purpose. 很難確切地說現(xiàn)代計算機(jī)是什么時候發(fā)明的。從很難確切地說現(xiàn)代計算機(jī)是什么時候發(fā)明的。從2020世紀(jì)世紀(jì)3030年代到年代到4040年年代，制造了許多類似計算機(jī)的機(jī)器。但是這些機(jī)器大部分沒有今天我們所代，制造了許多類似計算機(jī)的機(jī)器。但是這些機(jī)器大部分沒有今天我們所說的計算機(jī)的所有特征。這些特性是：機(jī)器是電子的，具有儲存的程序說的計算機(jī)的所有特征。這些特性是：機(jī)器是電子的，具有儲存的程序, , 而且是通用的。而且是通用的。1.1 The Invention of the Computer Chapter 1 The History and

7、Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-61.1 The Invention of the Computer One of the first computerlike devices was developed in Germany by Konrad Zuse in 1941. Called the Z3, it was general-purpose, stored-program machine with many electronic parts, but it had a mechanical memory. Another electromechanical c

8、omputing machine was developed by Howard Aiken, with financial assistance from IBM, at Harvard University in 1943. It was called the Automatic Sequence Control Calculator Mark I, or simply the Harvard Mark I. Neither of these machines was a true computer, however, because they were not entirely elec

9、tronic. 第一個類似計算機(jī)的裝置之一是第一個類似計算機(jī)的裝置之一是19411941年由德國的年由德國的Konrad ZuseKonrad Zuse研制的，研制的，叫做叫做Z3,Z3,它是通用型儲存程序機(jī)器，具有許多電子部件，但是它的存儲器它是通用型儲存程序機(jī)器，具有許多電子部件，但是它的存儲器是機(jī)械的。另一臺機(jī)電式計算機(jī)器是由霍華德是機(jī)械的。另一臺機(jī)電式計算機(jī)器是由霍華德. .艾坎在艾坎在IBMIBM的資助下于的資助下于19431943年在哈佛大學(xué)研制的。它被稱為自動序列控制計算器年在哈佛大學(xué)研制的。它被稱為自動序列控制計算器Mark I,Mark I,或簡稱或簡稱哈佛哈佛Mark IM

10、ark I。然而，這些機(jī)器都不是真正的計算機(jī)。然而，這些機(jī)器都不是真正的計算機(jī), ,因?yàn)樗鼈儾皇峭耆娨驗(yàn)樗鼈儾皇峭耆娮踊摹Ｗ踊摹?Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-71.1.1 The ENIACPerhaps the most influential of the early computerlike devices was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC. It was developed by J. Presper Ec

11、kert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania. The project began in 1943 and was completed in 1946. The machine was huge; it weighed 30 tons and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes. .也許早期最具影響力的類似計算機(jī)的裝置應(yīng)該是電子數(shù)字積分計算機(jī)，也許早期最具影響力的類似計算機(jī)的裝置應(yīng)該是電子數(shù)字積分計算機(jī)，或簡稱或簡稱ENIACENIAC。它是由賓夕凡尼亞大學(xué)的。它是由賓夕凡尼亞大學(xué)的J. Pre

12、sper Eckert J. Presper Eckert 和和John John Mauchly Mauchly 研制的。該工程于研制的。該工程于19431943年開始，并于年開始，并于19461946年完成。這臺機(jī)器極年完成。這臺機(jī)器極其龐大，重達(dá)其龐大，重達(dá)3030噸，而且包含噸，而且包含18,00018,000多個真空管。多個真空管。1.1 The Invention of the Computer Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-81.1.1 The ENIACThe ENIAC was a major a

13、dvancement for its time. It was the first general-purpose, electronic computing machine and was capable of performing thousands of operations per second. It was controlled, however, by switches and plugs that had to be manually set. Thus, although it was a general-purpose electronic device, it did n

14、ot have a stored program. Therefore, it did not have all the characteristics of a computer .ENIAC是當(dāng)時重要的成就。它是第一臺通用型電子計算機(jī)器，并能夠是當(dāng)時重要的成就。它是第一臺通用型電子計算機(jī)器，并能夠執(zhí)行每秒數(shù)千次運(yùn)算。然而執(zhí)行每秒數(shù)千次運(yùn)算。然而,它是由開關(guān)和繼電器控制的，必須手工設(shè)它是由開關(guān)和繼電器控制的，必須手工設(shè)定。定。 因此，雖然它是一個通用型電子裝置，但是它沒有儲存程序。因此，雖然它是一個通用型電子裝置，但是它沒有儲存程序。 因因此此,它不具備計算機(jī)的所有特征。它不具備計算機(jī)的所有

15、特征。 1.1 The Invention of the Computer Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-91.1.1 The ENIACWhile working on the ENIAC, Eckert and Mauchly were joined by a brilliant mathematician, John von Neuman. Together, they developed the idea of a stored program computer. This machine, called

16、the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC, was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a computer. It was not completed, however, until 1951. 在在ENIAC的研制中，一個天才的數(shù)學(xué)家的研制中，一個天才的數(shù)學(xué)家Von Neuman(馮馮.諾伊曼諾伊曼)加入加入到到 Eckert和和Mauchly團(tuán)隊(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì),他們一起提出了儲存程序計算機(jī)的主意。這部他們一起提出了儲存程

17、序計算機(jī)的主意。這部機(jī)器被稱做電子離散變量自動計算機(jī)機(jī)器被稱做電子離散變量自動計算機(jī), 或簡稱或簡稱EDVAC,是第一部包括了計是第一部包括了計算機(jī)所有特征的機(jī)器。然而算機(jī)所有特征的機(jī)器。然而,直到直到1951年，它一直沒有完成。年，它一直沒有完成。 1.1 The Invention of the Computer Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-101.1.1 The ENIACBefore the EDVAC was finished, several other machines were built tha

18、t incorporated elements of the EDVAC design of Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neuman. One was the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer, or EDSAC, which was developed in Cambridge, England. It first operated in May of 1949 and is probably the worlds first electronic stored-program, general-purpose c

19、omputer to become operational. The first computer to operate in the United States was the Binary Automatic Computer, or BINAC, which became operational in August of 1949. 在在EDVAC完成之前，其他一些機(jī)器建成了，它們吸收了完成之前，其他一些機(jī)器建成了，它們吸收了Eckert、Mauchly和和Neuman設(shè)計的要素。其中一部是在英國劍橋研制的電子延遲設(shè)計的要素。其中一部是在英國劍橋研制的電子延遲存儲自動計算機(jī)存儲自動計算機(jī)

20、,或簡稱或簡稱EDSAC，它在，它在1949年年5月首次運(yùn)行，它可能是世月首次運(yùn)行，它可能是世界的第一臺電子儲存程序、通用型計算機(jī)投入運(yùn)行。在美國運(yùn)行的第一界的第一臺電子儲存程序、通用型計算機(jī)投入運(yùn)行。在美國運(yùn)行的第一部計算機(jī)是二進(jìn)制自動計算機(jī)部計算機(jī)是二進(jìn)制自動計算機(jī),或簡稱或簡稱BINAC,它在它在1949年年8月投入運(yùn)行。月投入運(yùn)行。 1.1 The Invention of the Computer Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-111.1 The Invention of the Computer 1.1

21、.2 The UNIVAC ILike other computing pioneers before them, Eckert and Mauchly formed a company in 1947 to develop a commercial computer. The company was called the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Their objective was to design and build the Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC. Because of diffi

22、culties of getting financial support, they had to sell the company to Remington Rand in 1950. Eckert and Mauchly continued to work on the UNIVAC at Remington Rand and completed it in 1951. Known as the UNIVAC I, this machine was the first commercially available computer.像他們之前的其他計算機(jī)先驅(qū)一樣像他們之前的其他計算機(jī)先驅(qū)一

23、樣,Eckert,Eckert和和MauchlyMauchly在在19471947年組成了一家年組成了一家公司開發(fā)商業(yè)計算機(jī)。公司名叫公司開發(fā)商業(yè)計算機(jī)。公司名叫Eckert-MauchlyEckert-Mauchly計算機(jī)公司。他們的目標(biāo)計算機(jī)公司。他們的目標(biāo)是設(shè)計并建造通用自動計算機(jī)或是設(shè)計并建造通用自動計算機(jī)或UNIVACUNIVAC。因?yàn)殡y以獲得財政支持，他們不。因?yàn)殡y以獲得財政支持，他們不得不在得不在19501950年把公司賣給了年把公司賣給了Remington RandRemington Rand公司。公司。Eckert Eckert 和和MauchlyMauchly繼續(xù)繼續(xù)在在R

24、emington RandRemington Rand公司從事公司從事UNIVACUNIVAC的研制工作，并在的研制工作，并在19511951年取得成功。眾年取得成功。眾所周知的所周知的UNIVAC IUNIVAC I機(jī)器是世界上第一部商業(yè)化計算機(jī)。機(jī)器是世界上第一部商業(yè)化計算機(jī)。Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-121.1 The Invention of the Computer 1.1.2 The UNIVAC IThe first UNIVAC I was delivered to the Census Bur

25、eau and used for the 1950 census. The second UNIVAC I was used to predict that Dwight Eisenhower would win the 1952 presidential election, less than an hour after the polls closed. The UNIVAC I began the modern of computer use. 第一臺第一臺UNIVAC I被交付人口普查局用于被交付人口普查局用于1950年的人口普查。在投票點(diǎn)關(guān)年的人口普查。在投票點(diǎn)關(guān)閉后閉后1小時之內(nèi)，

26、第二臺小時之內(nèi)，第二臺UNIVAC I 被用于預(yù)測被用于預(yù)測D.艾森豪威爾會贏得艾森豪威爾會贏得1952年年總統(tǒng)大選?？偨y(tǒng)大選。UNIVAC I開始了現(xiàn)代計算機(jī)的應(yīng)用。開始了現(xiàn)代計算機(jī)的應(yīng)用。Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-13 New Words & Expressions:result in 導(dǎo)致導(dǎo)致, 造成造成結(jié)果結(jié)果 air conditioning 空氣調(diào)節(jié)空氣調(diào)節(jié)take delivery of 正式接過正式接過Navy lieutenant 海軍上尉海軍上尉high-level language

27、 高級語言高級語言 mainframe n. 主機(jī)主機(jī), 大型機(jī)大型機(jī) more and more 越來越多的越來越多的 range from to 從從到到multiprogramming n.多道程序設(shè)計多道程序設(shè)計 time-share n.分時，時間共享分時，時間共享virtual memory 虛擬內(nèi)存虛擬內(nèi)存 from scratch 從頭開始從頭開始compatible a. 兼容的；兼容的； compatibility n. 兼容性兼容性outnumber vt. 數(shù)目超過，比數(shù)目超過，比多多 proliferate v. 增生增生,擴(kuò)散擴(kuò)散 start off v. 出發(fā)出發(fā)

28、, 開始開始 1.2 Computer Generations Abbreviations :VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) 超大規(guī)模集成電路超大規(guī)模集成電路 LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circuit) 大規(guī)模集成電路大規(guī)模集成電路DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) 美國數(shù)字設(shè)備公司美國數(shù)字設(shè)備公司COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) 面向商業(yè)的通用語言面向商業(yè)的通用語言Chapter 1 The History and Futu

29、re of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-141.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 19511958First-generation computers were characterized by the use of vacuum tubes as their principal electronic component. Vacuum tubes are bulky and produce a lot of heat, so first-generation computers were large a

30、nd required extensive air conditioning to keep them cool. In addition, because vacuum tubes do not operate very fast, these computers were relatively slow. 第一代計算機(jī)的特色是使用真空管為其主要電子器件。真空管體積大且第一代計算機(jī)的特色是使用真空管為其主要電子器件。真空管體積大且發(fā)熱嚴(yán)重發(fā)熱嚴(yán)重, ,因此第一代計算機(jī)體積龐大，并且需要大量的空調(diào)設(shè)備保持冷卻。因此第一代計算機(jī)體積龐大，并且需要大量的空調(diào)設(shè)備保持冷卻。此外此外, , 因?yàn)檎婵展?/p>

31、運(yùn)行不是很快，這些計算機(jī)運(yùn)行速度相對較慢。因?yàn)檎婵展苓\(yùn)行不是很快，這些計算機(jī)運(yùn)行速度相對較慢。The UNIVAC I was the first commercial computer in this generation. As noted earlier, it was used in the Census Bureau in 1951. It was also the first computer to be used in a business application. In 1954, General Electric took delivery of a UNIVAC I and

32、 used it for some of its business data processing. UNIVAC I是第一代中最早的商業(yè)化計算機(jī)。如前所述，它在是第一代中最早的商業(yè)化計算機(jī)。如前所述，它在1951年被用年被用于人口普查局。它還是第一部用于商業(yè)應(yīng)用的計算機(jī)。在于人口普查局。它還是第一部用于商業(yè)應(yīng)用的計算機(jī)。在1954年年,通用電氣通用電氣接收了接收了UNIVAC I,并用它進(jìn)行一些商業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)處理。并用它進(jìn)行一些商業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)處理。 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-151.2 Computer Generati

33、ons 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 19511958The UNIVAC I was not the most popular first-generation computer, however. This honor goes to the IBM 650. It was first delivered in 1955 before Remington Rand could come out with a successor to the UNIVAC I. With the IBM 650, IBM captured the majority of

34、 the computer market, a position it still holds today.然而然而,UNIVAC I并不是最流行的第一代計算機(jī)。這一榮譽(yù)屬于并不是最流行的第一代計算機(jī)。這一榮譽(yù)屬于IBM 650。它在。它在Remington Rand能夠造出能夠造出UNIVAC I的后續(xù)產(chǎn)的后續(xù)產(chǎn)品之前的品之前的1955年首次交付使用。憑借年首次交付使用。憑借IBM 650,IBM占有了大半占有了大半計算機(jī)市場，它在今天仍然保持這一位置。計算機(jī)市場，它在今天仍然保持這一位置。Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)

35、英語1-161.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 19511958At the same time that hardware was evolving, software was developing. The first computers were programmed in machine language, but during the first computer generation, the idea of programming language translation and high-leve

36、l languages occurred. Much of the credit for these ideas goes to Grace Hopper, who, as a Navy lieutenant in 1945, learned to program the Harvard Mark I. In 1952, she developed the first programming language translator, followed by others in later years. She also developed a language called Flow-mati

37、c in 1957, which formed the basis for COBOL, the most commonly used business programming language today.同時，硬件在進(jìn)化同時，硬件在進(jìn)化,軟件也在發(fā)展。第一部計算機(jī)用機(jī)器語言編程，但是在軟件也在發(fā)展。第一部計算機(jī)用機(jī)器語言編程，但是在第一代計算機(jī)期間，程序語言翻譯的概念和高級語言出現(xiàn)了。這些主意大第一代計算機(jī)期間，程序語言翻譯的概念和高級語言出現(xiàn)了。這些主意大部分歸功于部分歸功于Grace Hopper,她在她在1954年是一名海軍上尉，學(xué)習(xí)為哈佛年是一名海軍上尉，學(xué)習(xí)為哈佛Mark I計算

38、機(jī)編程。在計算機(jī)編程。在1952年，她開發(fā)了第一種編程語言翻譯器年，她開發(fā)了第一種編程語言翻譯器,在稍后的數(shù)年內(nèi)在稍后的數(shù)年內(nèi)為其他人所效仿。她還在為其他人所效仿。她還在1957年開發(fā)了一種稱為年開發(fā)了一種稱為Flow-matic的語言的語言,為為COBOL今天最廣泛應(yīng)用的商業(yè)編程語言今天最廣泛應(yīng)用的商業(yè)編程語言奠定了基礎(chǔ)。奠定了基礎(chǔ)。Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-171.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 19511958Other s

39、oftware developments during the first computer generation include the design of the FORTRAN programming language in 1957. This language became the first widely used high-level language. Also, the first simple operating systems became available with first-generation computers. 在第一代計算機(jī)期間在第一代計算機(jī)期間, 軟件方

40、面的其他的進(jìn)展包括軟件方面的其他的進(jìn)展包括1957年年FORTRAN語言的設(shè)計。這種語言成為第一種廣泛使用的高級語言的設(shè)計。這種語言成為第一種廣泛使用的高級語言。同時語言。同時, 第一個簡單的操作系統(tǒng)隨著第一代計算機(jī)而出現(xiàn)。第一個簡單的操作系統(tǒng)隨著第一代計算機(jī)而出現(xiàn)。Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-181.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers: 19591963In the second generation of computers, tr

41、ansistors replaced vacuum tubes. Although invented in 1948, the first all-transistor computer did not become available until 1959. Transistors are smaller and less expensive than vacuum tubes, and they operate faster and produce less heat. Hence, with second-generation computers, the size and cost o

42、f computers decreased, their speed increased, and their air-conditioning needs were reduced.在第二代計算機(jī)中，晶體管取代了真空管。雖然發(fā)明于在第二代計算機(jī)中，晶體管取代了真空管。雖然發(fā)明于1948年年,但第一臺全晶體管計但第一臺全晶體管計算機(jī)直到算機(jī)直到1959年才成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。晶體管比真空管體積小、價格低，而且運(yùn)行快而發(fā)熱年才成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。晶體管比真空管體積小、價格低，而且運(yùn)行快而發(fā)熱少。因此，隨著第二代計算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)，計算機(jī)的體積和成本降低、速度提高，且它少。因此，隨著第二代計算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)，計算機(jī)的體積和成本降

43、低、速度提高，且它們對空調(diào)的需要減少們對空調(diào)的需要減少。 Many companies that had not previously sold computer entered the industry with the second generation. One of these companies that still makes computers is Control Data Corporation (CDC). They were noted for making high-speed computers for scientific work.許多先前不經(jīng)銷計算機(jī)的公司隨著第

44、二代計算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)進(jìn)入計算機(jī)行業(yè)，其中今天許多先前不經(jīng)銷計算機(jī)的公司隨著第二代計算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)進(jìn)入計算機(jī)行業(yè)，其中今天仍然制造計算機(jī)的公司之一是控制數(shù)據(jù)公司仍然制造計算機(jī)的公司之一是控制數(shù)據(jù)公司(CDC),他們以制造用于科學(xué)工作的高速他們以制造用于科學(xué)工作的高速計算機(jī)而著名。計算機(jī)而著名。Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-191.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers: 19591963Remintong Rand, now called Sperr-

45、Rand Corporation, made several second-generation UNIVAC computers. IBM, however, continued to dominate the industry. One of the most popular second-generation computers was the IBM 1401, which was a medium-sized computer used by many businesses.Remintong Rand,現(xiàn)在叫做現(xiàn)在叫做Sperr-Rand公司公司,制造了一些第二代制造了一些第二代U

46、NIVAC計計算機(jī)。然而，算機(jī)。然而，IBM繼續(xù)稱霸計算機(jī)行業(yè)。最流行的第二代計算機(jī)之一是繼續(xù)稱霸計算機(jī)行業(yè)。最流行的第二代計算機(jī)之一是IBM 1401, 這是一部許多企業(yè)使用的中型計算機(jī)。這是一部許多企業(yè)使用的中型計算機(jī)。All computers at this time were mainframe computers costing over a million dollars. The first minicomputer became available in 1960 and cost about $120,000. This was the PDP-1, manufacture

47、d by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). 當(dāng)時所有的計算機(jī)都是價值百萬元以上的大型計算機(jī)。第一臺小型計算機(jī)當(dāng)時所有的計算機(jī)都是價值百萬元以上的大型計算機(jī)。第一臺小型計算機(jī)產(chǎn)生于產(chǎn)生于1960年，價值年，價值12萬美元，它就是由數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)備公司萬美元，它就是由數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)備公司(DEC)制造的制造的PDP-1。 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-201.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers: 19591963Sof

48、tware also continued to develop during this time. Many new programming languages were designed, including COBOL in 1960. More and more businesses and organizations were beginning to use computers for their data processing needs. .在此期間軟件也在繼續(xù)發(fā)展。許多新的編程語言被發(fā)明在此期間軟件也在繼續(xù)發(fā)展。許多新的編程語言被發(fā)明,包括包括1960年發(fā)明的年發(fā)明的COBOL

49、。越來越多的企業(yè)和組織開始使用計算。越來越多的企業(yè)和組織開始使用計算機(jī)以滿足他們的數(shù)據(jù)處理需要。機(jī)以滿足他們的數(shù)據(jù)處理需要。 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-211.2 Computer Generations 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970The technical development that marks the third generation of computers is the use of integrated circuits or ICs i

50、n computers. An integrated circuit is a piece of silicon (a chip) containing numerous transistors. One IC replaces many transistors in a computer; result in a continuation of the trends begun in the second generation. These trends include reduced size, reduced cost, increased speed, and reduced need

51、 for air conditioning.作為第三代計算機(jī)標(biāo)志的技術(shù)發(fā)展是在計算機(jī)中使用集成電作為第三代計算機(jī)標(biāo)志的技術(shù)發(fā)展是在計算機(jī)中使用集成電路或簡稱路或簡稱ICIC。一個集成電路就是包含許多晶體管的一個硅片。一個集成電路就是包含許多晶體管的一個硅片( (芯片芯片) )。一個集成電路代替了計算機(jī)中的許多晶體管，導(dǎo)致。一個集成電路代替了計算機(jī)中的許多晶體管，導(dǎo)致了始于第二代的一些趨勢的繼續(xù)。這些趨勢包括計算機(jī)體積了始于第二代的一些趨勢的繼續(xù)。這些趨勢包括計算機(jī)體積減小、成本降低、速度提高和對空調(diào)的需要減少。減小、成本降低、速度提高和對空調(diào)的需要減少。 Chapter 1 The Histo

52、ry and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-221.2 Computer Generations 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970Although integrated circuits were invented in 1958, the first computers to make extensive use of them were not available until 1964. In that year, IBM introduced a line of mainframe computers cal

53、led the System/360. The computers in this line became the most widely used third-generation machines. There were many models in the System/360 line, ranging from small, relatively slow, and inexpensive ones, to large, very fast, and costly models. All models, however, were compatible so that program

54、s written for one model could be used on another. This feature of compatibility across many computers in a line was adopted by other manufacturers of third-generation computers. 雖然集成電路發(fā)明于雖然集成電路發(fā)明于1958年年,但是直到但是直到1964年才出現(xiàn)了第一臺廣泛使用年才出現(xiàn)了第一臺廣泛使用IC的計算的計算機(jī)。那一年，機(jī)。那一年，IBM推出了稱為推出了稱為System/360的大型計算機(jī)系列。這一系列的計算機(jī)的

55、大型計算機(jī)系列。這一系列的計算機(jī)成為使用最廣泛的第三代計算機(jī)。在成為使用最廣泛的第三代計算機(jī)。在System/360系列中有許多機(jī)型系列中有許多機(jī)型, 從小型的、相從小型的、相對較慢的且價格低廉的機(jī)型，到大型的、非常快的且價格昂貴的機(jī)型。然而對較慢的且價格低廉的機(jī)型，到大型的、非常快的且價格昂貴的機(jī)型。然而,所有所有的機(jī)型都是兼容的，以便在一個機(jī)型上編寫的程序可以用于另一個機(jī)型。這個在的機(jī)型都是兼容的，以便在一個機(jī)型上編寫的程序可以用于另一個機(jī)型。這個在許多計算機(jī)系列間兼容的特征被其他第三代計算機(jī)制造商所采用。許多計算機(jī)系列間兼容的特征被其他第三代計算機(jī)制造商所采用。 Chapter 1 Th

56、e History and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-231.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970The third computer generation was also the time when minicomputers became widespread. The most popular model was the PDP-8, manufactured by DEC. Other companies, including Data General Corporation and Hewlett-Pack

57、ard Company, introduced minicomputers during the third generation.計算機(jī)的第三代也是小型計算機(jī)普及的時代。最流行的小型機(jī)計算機(jī)的第三代也是小型計算機(jī)普及的時代。最流行的小型機(jī)是由是由DECDEC制造的制造的PDP-8PDP-8。其他公司。其他公司, ,包括數(shù)據(jù)通用公司和惠普包括數(shù)據(jù)通用公司和惠普(Hewlett-Packard)(Hewlett-Packard)公司公司, ,在第三代期間開發(fā)了小型計算機(jī)。在第三代期間開發(fā)了小型計算機(jī)。 1.2 Computer Generations Chapter 1 The History

58、and Future of Computers 計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1-241.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970The principal software development during the third computer generation was the increased sophistication of operating systems. Although simple operating systems were developed for first-and second-generation computers, many

59、 of the features of modern operating systems first appeared during the third generation. These include multiprogramming, virtual memory, and time-sharing. The first operating systems were mainly batch systems, but during the third generation, interactive systems, especially on minicomputers, became

60、common. The BASIC programming language was designed in 1964 and became popular during the third computer generation because of its interactive nature.在第三代計算機(jī)期間，軟件的主要發(fā)展是操作系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜化程度提高。雖然為第一在第三代計算機(jī)期間，軟件的主要發(fā)展是操作系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜化程度提高。雖然為第一代和第二代計算機(jī)開發(fā)了簡單的操作系統(tǒng)代和第二代計算機(jī)開發(fā)了簡單的操作系統(tǒng), ,許多現(xiàn)代操作系統(tǒng)的特征首先在第三代許多現(xiàn)代操作系統(tǒng)的特征首先在第三代期間出現(xiàn)。這些特征包括多道